NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS UPTAKE, TRANSLOCATION, AND UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY OF WHEAT IN RELATION TO ENVIRONMENT AND CULTIVAR YIELD AND PROTEIN LEVELS

1990 ◽  
Vol 70 (4) ◽  
pp. 965-977 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. CLARKE ◽  
C. A. CAMPBELL ◽  
H. W. CUTFORTH ◽  
R. M. DePAUW ◽  
G. E. WINKLEMAN
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Cultivar Differences ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Available Water ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest Index ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest

A field study was carried out in four environments to determine the effects of available water and cultivar on N and P uptake, translocation, and utilization efficiency of wheat (Triticum spp.) cultivars with varying grain yield potential and protein concentration. Two common wheat (T. aestivum L.) cultivars, Neepawa and HY320, and two durum (T. turgidum L. var. durum) cultivars, DT367 and Wakooma, were studied. HY320 and DT367 had higher grain yield potentials and lower protein concentrations than Neepawa and Wakooma. Total plant N and P uptake was proportional to available water, and was strongly associated with dry matter accumulation. From 67 to 102% of plant N and 64–100% of P present at harvest had been accumulated by anthesis. Postanthesis uptake of N and P was greater under moist than under dry environments. There were few cultivar differences in uptake of N or P, and any differences observed were related to variations in plant dry matter. Nitrogen harvest index ranged from 71 to 85% and P harvest index ranged from 81 to 93%. Both indices responded to environment in the same way as grain harvest index; there were no cultivar differences for either N or P harvest index. From 59 to 79% of N and 75 to 87% of P present in vegetative tissues at anthesis was translocated to the grain; translocation did not vary among cultivars. The efficiency of utilization of N and P in production of harvest biomass and grain was directly proportional to water availability and was greater in the high yield cultivars HY320 and DT367 than in Neepawa and Wakooma. There was no evidence that selection for N uptake, translocation, or utilization efficiency would be useful in wheat breeding.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L. var. durum, nitrogen harvest index, phosphorus harvest index

DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND REDISTRIBUTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN IN WHEAT

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 311-322 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK M. McMULLAN ◽  
PETER B. E. McVETTY ◽  
AILEEN A. URQUHART
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest Index ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest

Dry matter and nitrogen (nitrate and reduced) accumulation and redistribution in four different spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes grown at field density were studied on a plant part and whole plant basis over the growing season for 2 yr. The four cultivars displayed significant differences in plant part and total plant dry matter, harvest index, nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen harvest index and nitrogen translocated values at most sample dates in both years. Grain yield was highly correlated with dry matter accumulation (r = 0.88**), while grain nitrogen content was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content (r = 0.95**). Nitrogen harvest index and plant nitrogen content were correlated at anthesis (r = 0.61**), while, as a consequence of this, the amount of nitrogen translocated was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content at anthesis (r = 0.87**). Nitrogen harvest index and harvest index were highly correlated (r = 0.83**), indicating that they may be related processes. Since plant dry matter and plant nitrogen content were not significantly correlated, it should be possible to select simultaneously for these traits to effect grain yield and grain nitrogen content increases on a per-plant basis. Further research will have to be done to determine how these changes will relate to grain nitrogen concentrations and grain yield per unit area.Key words: Wheat, dry matter, nitrogen, yield, protein, Triticum aestivum L.

Inheritance of grain protein concentration, grain yield, and related traits in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Genome ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 857-864 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. L. McKendry ◽  
P. B. E. McVetty ◽  
L. E. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Gene Action ◽  
Grain Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest Index ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest

The inheritance of grain protein concentration (GPC), grain protein yield (GPY), total nitrogen at maturity (TNM), nitrogen harvest index (NHI), grain yield (GY), total dry matter (TDM), and harvest index (HI) were studied in two spring wheat crosses, 'HY521/UM684' and 'HY521/Sinton' in 1985 at Winnipeg and Portage la Prairie, Manitoba. Analysis of variance of parental performance by location indicated that the parents differed significantly for all traits measured and that genotype by location interactions accounted for less than 8% of the observed variation. Generation means analyses indicated that all traits were primarily under genetic control in both crosses with additive gene action being significant for all traits studied. Dominance gene action was detected for all traits but the degree and direction was both trait and genotype specific. Additive × additive epistasis was significant for GPY, TNM, GY, and TDM, but again, was genotype specific. Variance analyses indicated a large genetic component of the variation relative to the environmental component for all traits studied. F2 broad sense heritabilities were moderately high for GPC (0.57–0.76), GPY (0.57–0.76), TNM (0.56–0.73), NHI (0.39–0.59), GY (0.51–0.70), TDM (0.65–0.79) and HI (0.50–0.67). Narrow sense heritabilities were moderately high for GPC (0.50–0.75) and HI (0.49–0.58) but were somewhat lower for GPY (0.26–0.48), TNM (0.27–0.38), NHI (0.24–0.38), GY (0.27–0.39) and TDM (0.32–0.65). Implications of the results of this study on breeding for simultaneous improvement in GPC and GY are discussed.Key words: bread wheat, heritability, grain protein yield, total nitrogen at maturity, nitrogen harvest index, total dry matter, harvest index, breeding strategies.

DRY MATTER AND NITROGEN ACCUMULATION AND REDISTRIBUTION AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO GRAIN YIELD AND GRAIN PROTEIN IN OATS

1988 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 983-993 ◽  
Author(s):  
PATRICK M. McMULLAN ◽  
PETER B. E. McVETTY ◽  
AILEEN A. URQUHART
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Nitrogen Content ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Plant Part ◽  
Plant Nitrogen ◽  
Grain Nitrogen ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Nitrogen Harvest ◽  
Plant Basis

Dry matter and nitrogen (nitrate and reduced) accumulation and redistribution in four different spring oat (Avena sativa L.) genotypes grown at commercial field density were studied on a plant part and whole plant basis over the growing season for 2 yr. The four cultivars displayed significant differences in plant part and total plant dry matter, harvest index, nitrogen content, nitrogen concentration, nitrogen harvest index, and nitrogen translocated values at most sample dates in both years. Grain yield per plant was correlated with dry matter accumulation (r = 0.80*). Harvest index was highly correlated with grain yield per plant (r = 0.88**). Grain nitrogen content was highly correlated with plant nitrogen content (r = 0.94**). Nitrogen harvest index and harvest index were highly correlated (r = 0.86**), indicating that they may be related processes. Since plant dry matter and plant nitrogen content were not significantly correlated, it should be possible to select simultaneously for these traits to effect grain yield and grain nitrogen content increases on a per plant basis. Further research will have to be done to determine how these changes will relate to grain nitrogen concentrations and grain yield per unit area.Key words: Avena sativa L., oat, dry matter, nitrogen, yield, protein

scholarly journals Effect of Heat and Drought Stress on Sorghum (Sorghum Bicolor). II. Grain Yield

1993 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Q. Craufurd ◽  
J. M. Peacock
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Evaporation Rate ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Stress Treatment ◽  
Early Stress ◽  
Thermal Growth ◽  
Early Late

SummaryThree early and four later flowering lines of sorghum were subjected to three drought stress treatments (early, late and early plus late stress) in the field during the dry season at Hyderabad in India. Mean diurnal temperature and evaporation rate were uniformly high throughout the experiment. The late and early plus late stress conditions were severe, while the early stress was mild.Grain yield was affected by both the timing and the severity of the stress. The largest reduction (87%) in grain yield resulted from stress imposed during booting and flowering (late stress) in the early flowering lines; the same stress treatment on vegetative plants had no effect on grain yield. Increasing the duration of severe stress on vegetative plants (early plus late stress) reduced grain yield by 50–60%.Grain yield was strongly and positively correlated with the number of grains m-2. Variation in grain yield was associated with variation in total dry matter rather than with harvest index, which was only reduced when stress occurred at flowering. Treatment effects on thermal growth rates (g m-2 °Cd-1) during the phase from booting to flowering confirmed that growth during this phase is the major determinant of yield potential (number of grains). The importance of phonology in research into drought resistance is discussed.

The predictive value of parental, F1 and early generation hill-plot testing for yield among rapidly advanced hexaploid triticales

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 51 ◽  
Author(s):  
RM Trethowan ◽  
NL Darvey
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Harvest Index ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Hill Plot ◽  
Plot Yield ◽  
Backcross Populations ◽  
Large Plot ◽  
Rapid Generation ◽  
Hill Plots

Rapid generation turnover techniques were used to identify parental, single cross or backcross populations with yield potential in triticale. Both complete (complete rye genome) and substituted (2D/2R substitution) triticale karyotypes were crossed. Temperature and light controlled greenhouses, immature seed germination, embryo culture and off season nurseries were used to advance three generations in 11 months. Due to seed limitations in the early generations, hill-plots were used to measure total dry matter, grain yield and harvest index. Mid-parent, F2 and F3 hill-plot yield was equivalent to or better than dry matter and harvest index for the prediction of F4 hill-plot yield. Both hill-plot yield (r = 0.54) and dry matter (r = 0-51) were significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with large plot grain yield at the same site in the same year. The best predictors of F4 hill-plot yield were mid-parent, F2 and F3 mean hill-plot yield with phenotypic correlations of 0- 26� 0.17, 0.3510 -03 and 0.44� 0.06 respectively. The F1 (r = -0.02�0.12) provided no association with F4 hill-plot yield, reflecting the high average heterosis for yield (22%) observed in this material. Mid-parent, F2, F3 and F4 dry matter and yield means were significantly lower in inter-karyotypic crosses than intra-karyotypic crosses; however, the relationship between generations appeared to be independent of karyotype. A response to visual selection of individual spikes from hill-plots was obtained at two sites for dry matter and grain yield.

Contribution of Stem Dry Matter to Grain Yield in Wheat Cultivars

1991 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 53 ◽  
Author(s):  
PC Pheloung ◽  
KHM Siddique
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Percentage Reduction ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
Activity Increase ◽  
Structural Carbohydrate ◽  
Days After Anthesis

Field experiments were conducted in the eastern wheat belt of Western Australia in a dry year with and without irrigation (1987) and in a wet year (1988), comparing three cultivars of wheat differing in height and yield potential. The aim of the study was to determine the contribution of remobilisable stem dry matter to grain dry matter under different water regimes in old and modern wheats. Stem non-structural carbohydrate was labelled with 14C 1 day after anthesis and the activity and weight of this pool and the grain was measured at 2, 18 and 58 days after anthesis. Gutha and Kulin, modern tall and semi-dwarf cultivars respectively, yielded higher than Gamenya, a tall older cultivar in all conditions, but the percentage reduction in yield under water stress was greater for the modern cultivars (41, 34 and 23%). In the grain of Gamenya, the increase in 14C activity after the initial labelling was highest under water stress. Generally, loss of 14C activity from the non-structural stem dry matter was less than the increase in grain activity under water stress but similar to or greater than grain activity increase under well watered conditions. Averaged over environments and cultivars, non-structural dry matter stored in the stem contributed at least 20% of the grain dry matter.

scholarly journals Phosphorus acquisition and internal utilization efficiency in tropical maize genotypes

2008 ◽  
Vol 43 (7) ◽  
pp. 893-901 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sidney Netto Parentoni ◽  
Claudio Lopes de Souza Júnior
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Selection Index ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Available P ◽  
Phosphorus Acquisition ◽  
Tropical Maize ◽  
Maize Genotypes ◽  
Plant P Uptake ◽  
Soil Available P

The objective of this work was to determine the relative importance of phosphorus acquisition efficiency (PAE - plant P uptake per soil available P), and phosphorus internal utilization efficiency (PUTIL - grain yield per P uptake) in the P use efficiency (PUE - grain yield per soil available P), on 28 tropical maize genotypes evaluated at three low P and two high P environments. PAE was almost two times more important than PUTIL to explain the variability observed in PUE, at low P environments, and three times more important at high P environments. These results indicate that maize breeding programs, to increase PUE in these environments, should use selection index with higher weights for PAE than for PUTIL. The correlation between these two traits showed no significance at low or at high P environments, which indicates that selection in one of these traits would not affect the other. The main component of PUTIL was P quotient of utilization (grain yield per grain P) and not the P harvest index (grain P per P uptake). Selection to reduce grain P concentration should increase the quotient of utilization and consequently increase PUTIL.

scholarly journals   Effect of elevated CO2 and temperature on phosphorus efficiency of wheat grown in an Inceptisol of subtropical India

2012 ◽  
Vol 58 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 230-235 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
A. Swarup ◽  
A.K. Patra ◽  
J.U. Chandrakala ◽  
K.M. Manjaiah
Keyword(s):  
Grain Yield ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Phosphorus Efficiency ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
P Efficiency ◽  
Plant Parts ◽  
P Fertilizer ◽  
P Utilization

In a phytotron experiment, wheat was grown under two levels of atmospheric CO<sub>2</sub> [ambient (385 ppm) vs. elevated (650 ppm)], two levels of temperature (ambient vs. ambient +3&deg;C) superimposed with three levels of phosphorus (P) fertilization: 0, 100, and 200% of recommended dose. Various measures of P acquisition and utilization efficiency were estimated at crop maturity. In general, dry matter yields of all plant parts increased under elevated CO<sub>2</sub> (EC) and decreased under elevated temperature (ET); however, under concurrently elevated CO<sub>2</sub> and temperature (ECT), root (+36%) and leaf (+14.7%) dry weight increased while stem (&ndash;12.3%) and grain yield (&ndash;17.3%) decreased, leading to a non-significant effect on total biomass yield. Similarly, total P uptake increased under EC and decreased under ET, with an overall increase of 17.4% under ECT, signifying higher P requirements by plants grown thereunder. Although recovery efficiency of applied P fertilizer increased by 27%, any possible benefit of this increase was negated by the reduced physiological P efficiency (PPE) and P utilization efficiency (PUtE) under ECT. Overall, there was ~17% decline in P use efficiency (PUE) (i.e. grain yield/applied P) of wheat under ECT. &nbsp;

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