CONDITIONS IN SOLUTION DURING THE FORMATION OF GIBBSITE IN DILUTE ALUMINUM SALT SOLUTIONS: III. HYDROXYALUMINUM PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS DURING THE NEUTRALIZATION OF ALUMINUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE

1969 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-396 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Turner ◽  
G. J. Ross
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Aluminum Salt ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Chloride Solutions

Experiments were made to determine the relative amounts of solid phase hydroxyaluminum to polynuclear ionic hydroxyaluminum formed, according to methods developed by one of the authors, during titrations of dilute AlCl3 solutions with a base. With both 10−3 and 10−2 M AlCl3 solutions, and with both fast (less than 5 minutes) and slow (12 hours) titrations, the solid phase and the polynuclear ions were present at each degree of neutralization at which measurements were made. During the greater part of the titrations the solid phase was the major product with the fast titrations, and the polynuclear ions were the major product with the slow titrations. Beyond about 80% neutralization the polynuclear ions began to decrease in concentration until at 100% the solid phase approached 100% of the products regardless of the rate of titration. There was a considerable amount of Cl associated with the solid phase during most of each titration, but the Cl/Al molar ratio of the solid approached zero as neutralization approached 100%.

HYDROLYTIC REACTIONS AND PROPERTIES OF DILUTE ALUMINUM SALT SOLUTIONS

1982 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-569 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. SHAH SINGH
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectra ◽  
Aluminum Chloride ◽  
Aluminum Sulfate ◽  
Aluminum Nitrate ◽  
Aluminum Salt ◽  
Salt Solutions ◽  
Subtraction Technique ◽  
Dilute Solutions ◽  
Average Composition ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

Experiments were done to characterize the hydrolyzed solutions of aluminum nitrate, aluminum chloride and aluminum sulfate. The hydrolysis of the dilute solutions (10−3M) was accomplished under reflux process at 92 °C. The results showed that anions associated with Al have an effect on hydrolysis of aluminum and the order of ease of hydrolysis for similar concentrations of Al was NO3 > Cl > SO4. The average composition of the hydroxyaluminum cation (Aln(OH)m) was calculated as [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] for hydrolyzed solutions of Al(NO3)3, AlCl3, and Al2(SO4)3, respectively. The infrared spectra of the hydrolyzed species of aluminum were obtained by a subtraction technique and infrared peaks at 1410 cm−1 and 1085 cm−1 in the AlCl3 system and at 1435 cm−1 and 1070 cm−1 in the Al2(SO4)3 system were assigned to polynuclear hydroxyaluminum species having been formed due to reflux process.

The formation of iron(III) oxide hydroxides from iron(II) oxalate

1976 ◽  
Vol 29 (10) ◽  
pp. 2149 ◽  
Author(s):  
RJ Atkinson
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Intermediate Product ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Oxidation Process ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Bubble Flow ◽  
Air Bubble ◽  
Dissolved Iron ◽  
Complete Reaction ◽  
Iron Concentrations

FeC2O4,2H2O(s) suspensions in sodium hydroxide solutions were oxidized by a fast air-bubble flow at room temperature until complete reaction had occurred. With amounts of NaOH in the range OH/Fe initial mole ratio ≤1.0, the reaction is FeC2O4, 2H2(s)+ OH-(aq)+ �O2(g) → ⅔γFeOOH(s)+1/3Fe(C2O4)33-(aq)+13/6H2O With OH/Fe mole ratio ≥ 2.0 the reaction is FeC2O4, 2H2(s)+ 2OH-(aq)+ �O2(g) → αFeOOH(s)+(C2O4)33-(aq)+ 5/2 H2O Mixtures of goethite (α-FeOOH) and lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) form at intermediate OH/Fe mole ratio. The oxidation process occurs in a solid-phase intermediate product. Comparisons with similar oxidations of iron(11)sulphate solutions showed that γ-FeOOH formation was favoured and α-FeOOH formation inhibited in the iron(11) oxalate oxidation. These differences are related to pH and dissolved iron concentrations.

scholarly journals Comprehensive characterization of humic-like substances in smoke PM<sub>2.5</sub> emitted from the combustion of biomass materials and fossil fuels

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (20) ◽  
pp. 13321-13340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingjun Fan ◽  
Siye Wei ◽  
Mengbo Zhu ◽  
Jianzhong Song ◽  
Ping'an Peng
Keyword(s):  
Coal Combustion ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Total Carbon ◽  
Atmospheric Environment ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Resonance Spectroscopy ◽  
Molar Ratios ◽  
Biomass Materials

Abstract. Humic-like substances (HULIS) in smoke fine particulate matter (PM2.5) emitted from the combustion of biomass materials (rice straw, corn straw, and pine branch) and fossil fuels (lignite coal and diesel fuel) were comprehensively studied in this work. The HULIS fractions were first isolated with a one-step solid-phase extraction method, and were then investigated with a series of analytical techniques: elemental analysis, total organic carbon analysis, UV–vis (ultraviolet–visible) spectroscopy, excitation–emission matrix (EEM) fluorescence spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The results show that HULIS account for 11.2–23.4 and 5.3 % of PM2.5 emitted from biomass burning (BB) and coal combustion, respectively. In addition, contributions of HULIS-C to total carbon and water-soluble carbon in smoke PM2.5 emitted from BB are 8.0–21.7 and 56.9–66.1 %, respectively. The corresponding contributions in smoke PM2.5 from coal combustion are 5.2 and 45.5 %, respectively. These results suggest that BB and coal combustion are both important sources of HULIS in atmospheric aerosols. However, HULIS in diesel soot only accounted for  ∼  0.8 % of the soot particles, suggesting that vehicular exhaust may not be a significant primary source of HULIS. Primary HULIS and atmospheric HULIS display many similar chemical characteristics, as indicated by the instrumental analytical characterization, while some distinct features were also apparent. A high spectral absorbance in the UV–vis spectra, a distinct band at λex∕λem ≈  280∕350 nm in EEM spectra, lower H ∕ C and O ∕ C molar ratios, and a high content of [Ar–H] were observed for primary HULIS. These results suggest that primary HULIS contain more aromatic structures, and have a lower content of aliphatic and oxygen-containing groups than atmospheric HULIS. Among the four primary sources of HULIS, HULIS from BB had the highest O ∕ C molar ratios (0.43–0.54) and [H–C–O] content (10–19 %), indicating that HULIS from this source mainly consisted of carbohydrate- and phenolic-like structures. HULIS from coal combustion had a lower O ∕ C molar ratio (0.27) and a higher content of [Ar–H] (31 %), suggesting that aromatic compounds were extremely abundant in HULIS from this source. Moreover, the absorption Ångström exponents of primary HULIS from BB and coal combustion were 6.7–8.2 and 13.6, respectively. The mass absorption efficiencies of primary HULIS from BB and coal combustion at 365 nm (MAE365) were 0.97–2.09 and 0.63 m2 gC−1, respectively. Noticeably higher MAE365 values for primary HULIS from BB than coal combustion indicate that the former has a stronger contribution to the light-absorbing properties of aerosols in the atmospheric environment.

Study of solid-phase reaction between CsNO3 AND V2O5 in the molar ratio 6:5

1980 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ľ. Žúrková ◽  
K. Gáplovská ◽  
V. Suchá
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Solid Phase Reaction ◽  
Phase Reaction

scholarly journals Effect of hydrothermal pretreatment of corn stover with pH adjustment on properties of pulp and hydrolysate

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 6826-6839
Author(s):  
Junjun Kong ◽  
Ling Zhang ◽  
Ziyi Niu ◽  
Rina Wu ◽  
Gaosheng Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Corn Stover ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Hydrothermal Pretreatment ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
High Yield ◽  
Pulp Yield ◽  
Industrial Utilization ◽  
The Relationship

In view of environmental and economic issues, co-production technology with pulp as the major product is an important developmental direction in biorefinery. In this paper, high-yield pulp was prepared by hydrothermal pretreatment with controlled pH and subsequent mechanical refining using corn stover as raw material. By adding acetic acid or sodium hydroxide, the properties of the hydrolysate and the pulp were altered. Reducing the pH during hydrothermal pretreatment resulted in more cellulose and hemicellulose being released, while less lignin was released. Increased pH led to more lignin being released, while dissolution of carbohydrates did not change significantly. A maximum pulp yield at pH 5.84 of hydrolysate was obtained when 3.0% sodium hydroxide was used. The strength of pulp is highly related to the removal of lignin during hydrothermal pretreatment. The relationship between pH value in hydrothermal pretreatment and the physical properties of the pulp was established and could be further used for prediction and as guidance for process control. Moreover, the results could be used to develop technologies for industrial utilization of agricultural straw to co-generate fiber and other bio-based products.

scholarly journals Manganese carbonate-zinc glycerolate, synthesis, characterization and application as catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil

2016 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 431-443
Author(s):  
Xiaochan Zhu ◽  
Hui Liu ◽  
Dejan Skala
Keyword(s):  
Soybean Oil ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Mixed System ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Manganese Carbonate ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Working Parameters

In this study, mixed system containing manganese carbonate (MnCO3) and zinc glycerolate (ZnGly) was synthesized, and tested as solid catalyst for transesterification of soybean oil and biodiesel production. The samples of MnCO3/ZnGly before and after usage for transesterification process were characterized using different techniques: determination of basic strength, determination of specific surface area according to Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), measuring the mass change using thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), investigating the solid phase content and presence of different specific elements and groups by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The effects of different working parameters of transesterification were also investigated: temperature (438-458K), duration of transesterification (0-3.5h), methanol to oil molar ratio (12:1-36:1) and used amounts of catalyst (1-5 mass%). The reusability and stability of MnCO3/ZnGly were analyzed and obtained results showed that MnCO3/ZnGly exhibited a good activity with 100% TG conversion and 81.5% FAME yield with fresh catalyst, and can give 95-100% TG conversion and 62-78% FAME yield after 13 repeated use of same amount of catalyst without regeneration processes. Content of Mn and Zn in biodiesel and glycerol was analyzed by ICP-AAS after each reuse of catalyst.

scholarly journals Crystal structure of 1,4-bis[5-(2-methoxyphenyl)-2H-tetrazol-2-yl]butane

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (12) ◽  
pp. 1844-1847
Author(s):  
Young Min Byun ◽  
Farwa Ume ◽  
Ji Yeon Ryu ◽  
Junseong Lee ◽  
Hyoung-Ryun Park
Keyword(s):  
Title Compound ◽  
Methoxy Group ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Major Product ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Dihedral Angles ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Compound C ◽  
Crystallographic Study ◽  
Centrosymmetric Dimers

The title compound, C20H22N8O2, was synthesized by the coupling reaction of a sodium tetrazolate salt and dibromobutane in a molar ratio of 2:1. The reaction can produce several possible regioisomers and the title compound was separated as the major product. The X-ray crystallographic study confirmed that the title compound crystallizes in the monoclinic P21/c space group and possesses a bridging butylene group that connects two identical phenyl tetrazole moieties. The butylene group is attached not to the first but the second nitrogen atoms of both tetrazole rings. The dihedral angles between the phenyl groups and the adjacent tetrazolyl rings are 5.32 (6) and 15.37 (7)°. In the crystal, the molecules form centrosymmetric dimers through C—H...O hydrogen bonds between a C—H group of the butylene linker and the O atom of a methoxy group.

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