A PROPOSED METHODOLOGY FOR ASSESSING THE RELATIVE IMPACT OF ACID RAIN AND NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON ACIDITY OF AGRICULTURAL SOILS IN CANADA

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 611-627 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. R. COOTE ◽  
S. SHAH SINGH ◽  
C. WANG
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Microbial Reduction ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Reduction Plant ◽  
Sulfate Leaching

Acid rain and N fertilizers both contribute to soil acidity, but no method has been available to compare their relative impacts. A simple model (SOLACID) is presented to assess quantitatively the acidifying effects of precipitation and N fertilizers on agricultural soils. Acid rain has been treated as a dilute solution of NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 and associated acids. Soil and plant pathways are considered for [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text]and [Formula: see text] by way of leaching, gaseous losses from microbial reduction, plant uptake and removal, and organic immobilization and mineralization. Leaching of [Formula: see text] was the factor to which the model was most sensitive. A relationship between base saturation and base cation leaching is described. Field data reported from 21 treatments at six experimental sites were used to test the model, which provided reliable estimates of final pH (r2 = 0.92**) and of changes in base saturation (r2 = 0.86**). Compared with previously published methods, the model provided the best estimates of lime requirements as computed from field measurements (r2 = 0.87**). Key words: Ammonia, sulfate, leaching, nitrification

Laboratory and field measurements of HONO emissions from agricultural soils in Guangdong of China 

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Baobin Han ◽  
Peng Cheng ◽  
Yihang Yu ◽  
Wenda Yang ◽  
Zhilin Tian ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Emission Rate ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Pore Space ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Laboratory Studies ◽  
Release Rates ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Flux Measurements ◽  
Soil Flux

<p>Laboratory studies indicated that soil could produce considerable nitrous acid (HONO) emissions, which is the main primary source of hydroxyl radical (OH) in the troposphere. However, very few field observations of HONO emission from soil were reported. In order to relate laboratory results and field measurements, we measured HONO emissions from 7 representative agricultural soils (rice, vegetables, orchards, peanuts, potatoes, sugarcane and maize) in Guangdong under controlled laboratory conditions, and took flux measurements on 2 of them (rice and vegetables) by dynamic chambers in the field. Generally, release rates of HONO from the seven soils increased with temperature and varied with soil moisture, and the optimum release rates can be reached under specific values of water-filled pore space (WFPS), which is considered to be beneficial to nitrification. The seven soils' optimum release rates ranged from 1.24 to 43.19 ng kg<sup>-1</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, and the Q<sub>10</sub> (It is defined as the multiple of the increase of soil gas emission rate when the temperature increases by 10℃) ranged from 1.03 to 2.25. Formulas were deduced from the lab results to express HONO emissions for every soil. Flux measurements on two soils varied around -1 to 4 ng N m<sup>-2</sup> s<sup>-1</sup>, and both showed similar diurnal variations with peaks around noontime and very low even negative values during nighttime. There were good correlations between HONO fluxes and soil temperature (R<sup>2</sup>=0.5). Furthermore, irrigation enhanced the HONO emission substantially. However, a large discrepancy existed between soil HONO emissions measured in lab and low HONO fluxes in field. More investigations are needed to explain the paradox.</p>

Soil respiration and N2O emission in croplands under different ploughing practices: a case study in south-east China

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shutao Chen ◽  
Yao Huang
Keyword(s):  
Soil Respiration ◽  
Soil Temperature ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Cropping Season ◽  
Significant Difference

Studies on the CO2 and N2O emission patterns of agricultural soils under different ploughing practices may provide an insight into the potential and magnitude of CO2 and N2O mitigation in highly managed farmland soils. In this study, field measurements of soil respiration and N2O flux with different ploughing depths were performed in the 2003–04 wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), 2004 maize (Zea mays L.), and 2004–05 wheat seasons. Soil temperature and moisture were simultaneously measured. Results showed that, in each cropping season, the seasonal variation in soil respiration developed with a similar pattern for different treatments, which was primarily regulated by soil temperature. This work demonstrates that ploughing depth can influence long-term loss of carbon from soil, but this was contingent on preceding cropping types. Given the same preceding cropping practice, no significant difference in N2O emission was found among different ploughing depths in each cropping season.

scholarly journals Mobilization and Leaching of Trace Elements (Fe, Al and Mn) in Agricultural Soils as Affected by Simulated Acid Rain

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (17) ◽  
pp. 9891-9896 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rab Nawaz ◽  
Preeda Parkpian ◽  
Muhammad Arshad ◽  
Farooq Ahmad ◽  
Hathairatana Garivait ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trace Elements ◽  
Acid Rain ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Simulated Acid Rain

Effects of grassland afforestation on exchangeable soil and soil solution aluminium

Soil Research ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 1003 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. L. Adams ◽  
M. R. Davis ◽  
K. J. Powell
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Pinus Nigra ◽  
Base Saturation ◽  
Conifer Forest ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Hill Slope ◽  
Soil Solutions ◽  
The Impact

The impact of land use change from grassland to conifer forest on the aluminium (Al) concentrations in soils and soil solutions was examined. Soils from grassland were compared with those from adjoining 15–19-year old forest stands at 3 contrasting pairs of sites in South Island, New Zealand. The site pairs were on a terrace [Pinus nigra/P. ponderosa, and grassland (CP)], and a hill slope [Pseudotsuga menziesii and grassland (CF)] in the Craigieburn range, Canterbury, and a hill slope in the Lammerlaw Range, Otago [P. radiata and grassland (LP)]. The sites had never been cultivated or fertilised, and for each pair the forest and grassland were similar in terms of soil and topography. The 1 M KCl exchangeable and 0.02 M CaCl 2 extractable Al levels at 0–10 cm were higher in forest than in grassland topsoil at CP and LP (P < 0.01). In soil solutions there was a trend for both ‘reactive Al’ and Al bound in labile organic complexes to be higher in forest soil at all sites, but site-pair differences were only significant at LP, and only for ‘reactive Al’. The increase in ‘reactive Al’ at this site was linked to the low pH and low base saturation. The ratios of exchangeable and soil solution Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ to ‘reactive Al’ were substantially lower in forest than grassland soils at all sites. Aluminium complexation capacity (Al-CC) values at all sites were higher in forest soil solutions than in grassland soil solutions. For the grassland and forest sites at LP, the Al-CC correlated strongly with the amount of soluble fulvic and humic matter present, as estimated from soil solution UV absorbance at 250 nm. In soils with the lowest percentage base saturation and buffering capacity (LP), afforestation of pastoral grassland with Pinus radiata significantly reduced soil pH and base cation levels, while increasing both soil and soil solution Al concentrations. Under such conditions (base saturation <20%), the increase in ‘reactive Al’ concentrations in soil solutions under fast growing conifer tree species may be sufficient to affect Mg uptake.

Effects of rainfall acidity and ozone on foliar leaching in red spruce (Picea rubens)

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 487-496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger G Sayre ◽  
Timothy J Fahey
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Low Ph ◽  
Picea Rubens ◽  
Red Spruce ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Cuticle Formation ◽  
Canopy Leaching ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Calcium Pool

The effects of acid rain and ozone on the leaching of chemicals from the canopy of red spruce (Picea rubens Sarg.) saplings was measured over a 4-year treatment period. The saplings were exposed to various levels of ozone and to acid rain (pH 3.1, 4.1, and 5.1) using open-top chambers. No effects of ozone treatments on canopy leaching were observed. Significant effects of rainfall pH on canopy leaching of Ca2+ and Mg2+ were observed, and post-hoc analysis indicated that these effects were associated only with the most acidic treatment (pH 3.1). In the low pH treatment (high NO3- and SO42-) significant canopy retention of both NO3- and SO42- were observed. The observed increase in base cation leaching flux from the red spruce canopy in the low pH treatment was particularly prominent early in the growing season (June) probably reflecting incomplete cuticle formation in the young foliage. Although the annual magnitude of extra Ca2+ leaching from the canopy of red spruce trees in the low pH treatment was small relative to the foliar calcium pool (about 10%), if this leaching preferentially depletes a physiologically important pool, it may influence tree health.

Nitrous oxide production from granular nitrogen fertilizers applied to a silt loam soil

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (5) ◽  
pp. 521-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Tenuta and E. G. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Nitrous Oxide ◽  
Field Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Silt Loam ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Oxide Production ◽  
Nitrous Oxide Production

One field and two laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the relative magnitude and pattern of N2O production from several granular N fertilizers including urea, ammonium nitrate, calcium nitrate, ammonium sulfate and, in a laboratory experiment, monoammonium and diammonium phosphates. Several parameters, in particular soil water content, were studied for their roles in N2O production with these fertilizers. The field experiment was conducted at the Elora Research Station (20 km north of Guelph) on Conestoga silt loam during July on a site previously cropped to barley. Three methods were employed to assess N2O production following N fertilizer treatments in the field experiment, viz., soil cover, soil core and profile distribution. The data with each method revealed that incorporated urea produced the greatest quantity of N2O especially in the first few days following application. Shortly after urea application and incorporation (10 cm), N2O was detected at a depth of 50 cm indicating gas produced in the tilled layer was transported to lower depths. Data obtained with the intact core method showed that nitrification preceeded denitrification as the source of N2O produced during a wetting event as air-filled porosity decreased from 65% to less than 50%, respectively. The laboratory experiments showed that under aerobic conditions N2O production was generally greater with urea than the other N fertilizers. The greater production of N2O with urea was associated with N2O-accumulation. In the second laboratory experiment, saturating the soil following 14 d of aerobic incubation showed enhanced N2O production with ammonium phosphate fertilizers. Our findings indicate refinement of methods to predict N2O emissions based on N fertilizer source use and moisture can reduce uncertainties in national estimates of N2O emissions from agricultural soils. Key words: Nitrous oxide production, nitrogen fertilizers, soil atmosphere profiles, nitrification, denitrification, air-filled porosity

Field measurements of nitrogenase activity in soils amended with wheat straw

1983 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 725 ◽  
Author(s):  
MM Roper
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
New South ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Field Capacity ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Straw Decomposition ◽  
Indirect Measure ◽  
South Wales

Nitrogenase activity and decomposition of straw were examined in situ in two areas (Gunnedah and Cowra) representative of large areas of the New South Wales wheat belt. Measurements of nitrogenase activity were made by adapting the acetylene reduction assay for use in the field. Evolution of CO2 was monitored as an indirect measure of decomposition of straw. The addition of straw to soil stimulated nitrogenase activity which was related to the amount of straw added and the rate of straw decomposition. There were significant levels of activity provided the soil was moist and warm. Nitrogenase activity increased with mean daily soil temperature (up to at least 30�C) and decreased as the soil dried from field capacity. It is concluded that nitrogen fixation by free-living nitrogen-fixing microorganisms in soils amended with straw may contribute to the nitrogen status of the soil and thus reduce the need for nitrogen fertilizers.

scholarly journals Nitrogen, science, and environmental change: the politics of the Green Revolution in Chile and the global nitrogen challenge

2017 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 777 ◽  
Author(s):  
William San Martín
Keyword(s):  
Cold War ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Green Revolution ◽  
Biodiversity Loss ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Knowledge Network ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Public Attention ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
N Fertilizers

Abstract The widespread use of nitrogen (N) fertilizers during the second half of the 20th century radically transformed agricultural production and ecosystems on a global scale. Although the "N challenge" or the "N problem" has had limited public attention compared to biodiversity loss and climate change, scientists consider N pollution a leading ecological concern for the 21st century. Accordingly, a major challenge for scientists and policymakers around the world today is how to meet food production demands while also protecting the environment. Using Chile as a case study—one of the highest consumers of N fertilizer per hectare in the Americas—this article examines the transnational politics of production and destruction in this process of agricultural modernization. In the Cold War context, a transnational network of scientists, agencies, and authorities created an institutional framework for the transference of knowledge and technology in Chile during the 1960s. Paradoxically, as local and global reliance on N fertilizers increased, scientists were able to generate a narrative about the negative environmental effects of intensive N use and highlight the ecological limits of the Green Revolution. After 1973, however, this knowledge network suffered as a result of the Chilean government's anti-communist crackdown and adoption of market-based agricultural policies. Understanding this history of how politics shaped N consumption, science, and policy is critical to current efforts to create new of agricultural production on a regional and global scale. Keywords: nitrogen, fertilizers, the Green Revolution, Cold War, Chile, science, environment, policy, Global Nitrogen Challenge, agriculture, United States

scholarly journals Studies of the influences of different N fertilizers and Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer on the nutrient content of soil

2010 ◽  
pp. 134-140
Author(s):  
Andrea Balla Kovács ◽  
Anita Szabó ◽  
Emese Bartáné Szabó
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Inorganic Nitrogen ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Calcium Nitrate ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizers ◽  
Organic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
N Fertilizers ◽  
Soil Measurements

A field experiment was conducted to examine the effects of different nitrogen fertilizers in combination with bacterial fertilizer onnutrient uptake of horseradish and plant available nutrients of the soil. Three different N fertilizers, ammonium-nitrate, urea and calciumnitrate(116 kg ha-1 N) in combination with Microbion UNC bacterial fertilizer (2 kg ha-1) were applied as treatments in a randomizedcomplete block design in three replications. In this paper we presented the results of soil measurements. The soil of the experimental areawas chernozem with medium sufficiency level of N and P and poor level of K.Our main results:The amount of 0.01M CaCl2 soluble inorganic nitrogen fractions, NO3--N and NH4+-N and also the quantity of soluble organic-N werealmost the same in the soil. N fertilizers significantly increased all the soluble N fractions. The amount of NO3--N increased to the greatestextent and the increase of organic N was the slightest. We measured the largest CaCl2 soluble NO3- -N and total-N contents in the plotstreated with ammonium-nitrate, the largest NH4+-N in the plots treated with calcium-nitrate and the largest organic-N fraction in plotstreated with urea.Bacterial inoculation also increased both soluble inorganic nitrogen forms and also total-N content of soil compared to the control. Inthe case of combined (artificial and bacterial fertilizer) treatments we measured lower NO3--N, organic-N and total-N compared to thevalues of plots having only nitrogen fertilizer treatments. On the contrary in the plots with combined treatments the CaCl2 soluble NH4+-Ncontent of soil in more cases were higher than that of values with artificial fertilizer treatment.As a function of calcium-nitrate application increased AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values were measured compared to control. MicrobionUNC supplement of calcium nitrate yielded also increase in AL-P2O5 and AL-K2O values, till then supplement of ammonium-nitrate fertilizeryielded a decrease in these values compared to the control.All nitrogen fertilizers resulted in a significant decrease in AL-Mg content of soil compared to the control. Nevertheless bacterialfertilizer increased AL-Mg values in any cases.

Acid rain and soils of the Adirondacks. I. Changes in pH and available calcium, 1930–1984

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 39-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.H. Johnson ◽  
S.B. Andersen ◽  
T.G. Siccama
Keyword(s):  
Acid Rain ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Base Cation ◽  
Hydrogen Ion ◽  
Soil Profiles ◽  
Dilute Acid ◽  
Cation Leaching ◽  
Ca Uptake ◽  
Organic Horizons

Interest in acid rain effects led us to resample 48 Adirondack soil profiles that had been sampled by Carl C. Heimburger in 1930–1932. Changes in pH and dilute-acid-extractable Ca were detected in 1984, which differed by horizon and were dependent on initial conditions. Moderately acidic organic horizons (pH > 4.0) showed substantial decreases in pH and extractable Ca, while strongly acidic organic horizons (pH < 4.0) showed a significant reduction in extractable Ca without a reduction in pH. The E horizons appeared to lose extractable Ca, while the B and C horizons showed no evidence of acidification. A partial Ca budget for the ≥50-year interval for 16 sites in a mixed hardwood–softwood forest showed that Ca uptake was approximately equal to the loss of Ca from the soil, suggesting that this was a major cause of acidification. Acid-consuming processes apparently balanced acid additions in B and C horizons as no acidification was observed. While acid rain has increased hydrogen-ion loading and base-cation leaching, we did not find evidence of serious impacts on bulk soil chemistry in the Adirondacks through the mid-1980s.

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