Short-term nitrogen dynamics in soil amended with fresh and composted cattle manures

1994 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
pp. 147-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Paul ◽  
E. G. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Amended Soil

The amount of available nitrogen in fresh and composted manures is required to adjust inorganic fertilizer applications for crops when using manures and composts. Corn (Zea mays L.) plants were grown for 8 wk at temperatures of 17–27 °C and 12–18 °C in soil amended with two rates of fresh and composted solid beef cattle manure. Apparent N uptake of corn grown in soil amended with fresh solid beef cattle manure, composted beef cattle manure and (NH4)2SO4 at the higher temperature was 2, 8, and 36%, respectively, during this 8-wk period. Nitrogen uptake by corn in fresh solid beef cattle manure-amended soil at low temperature was affected by factors other than N availability. A 12-wk laboratory experiment was performed in which 15NH4+ was added to fresh and composted manure-amended soil to determine the fate of the inorganic N in the manure and to measure N mineralization rates. Net immobilization of inorganic N occurred with all manures; however, after 3 wk, net mineralization occurred with the solid and composted beef cattle manure. Immobilization of 15N continued with all manure amendments as a result of mineralization-immobilization turnover. The amount of unrecovered 15N after 12 wk was 10.5, 2 and 1% of the added 15N in soil amended with solid beef cattle manure, composted beef cattle manure and manure composted with bark, respectively. Key words: Composted manure, nitrogen availability, 15N, immobilization, remineralization, temperature

Impact of tillage and landscape position on nitrogen availability and yield of spring wheat in the Brown soil zone in southwestern Saskatchewan

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 563-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. Jowkin ◽  
J. J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Spring Wheat ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Brown Soil ◽  
Soil Zone ◽  
No Till ◽  
Crop N Uptake

Nitrogen availability to a spring wheat crop was examined in the cropping season in a side-by-side comparison of no-till (first year) and tillage fallow in an undulating farm field in the Brown soil zone in southwestern Saskatchewan. Thirty different sampling points along a grid in each tillage landscape were randomly selected, representing 10 each of shoulder, footslope and level landscape positions. Nitrogen availability was studied i) by profile inorganic N content ii) by crop N uptake and yield of spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and iii) by 15N tracer technique and in situ burial of anion exchange resin membranes (AEM).Pre-seeding available moisture content of the surface soil samples was significantly higher under no-till compared with tillage fallow. However, no significant differences in pre-seeding profile total inorganic N, crop N uptake and yield were observed between the treatments. At the landform scale, shoulder positions of the respective tillage systems had lower profile inorganic N, crop N uptake and yield compared with other slope positions. Soil N supply power, as determined by 15N tracer and AEM techniques, was not significantly different between the tillage treatments, indicating that N availability is not likely to be greatly affected in initial years by switching to no-till fallow in these soils under normal moisture conditions. Key words: Summerfallow, landscape, nitrogen, wheat

Nitrogen availability for corn in soils amended with urea, cattle slurry, and solid and composted manures

1993 ◽  
Vol 73 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. W. Paul ◽  
E. G. Beauchamp
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Cattle Manure ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Corn Grain

This study was conducted to determine whether manure N availability for corn (Zea mays L.) was best estimated by a component of the manure N or by soil inorganic N in May or June. Liquid dairy cattle manure, solid beef cattle manure, and composted beef cattle manure were applied in the spring of 1988, 1989 and 1990 at rates of 100, 200 and 300 kg N ha−1. Urea was applied at rates of 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1 for comparison. The N recovery by the harvested portion of the corn (grain + stover) in 1988 and 1990 averaged 49, 18, and 5% of the total N in urea, liquid dairy cattle manure, and solid or composted beef cattle manure, respectively. There was no yield response to any N source in 1989 because of high soil fertility. Relative nitrogen uptake by the corn grain + stover in 1988 and 1990 was significantly correlated with inorganic N applied as manure or fertilizer (r2 = 0.56), but not with total N applied (r2 = 0.02). When the data from all 3 years were analyzed, relative nitrogen uptake was better correlated with soil NH4 + NO3 in mid-May and soil NO3 in early-June (r2 = 0.83 and 0.76, respectively), than with inorganic N applied as manure or fertilizer (r2 = 0.20). A soil N test after manure application in mid-May to early June may be the best N management tool for corn production on livestock farms in Ontario. Key words: Animal manure, fertilizer, corn yields, soil nitrate test, nitrogen availability

scholarly journals Nitrate and Ammonium Affect the Overall Maize Response to Nitrogen Availability by Triggering Specific and Common Transcriptional Signatures in Roots

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 686 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Ravazzolo ◽  
Sara Trevisan ◽  
Cristian Forestan ◽  
Serena Varotto ◽  
Stefania Sut ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Negative Regulator ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Nitrogen Forms ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Comprehensive Information ◽  
Response To Stress ◽  
Distinct Features ◽  
Maize Response ◽  
Amino Acid Concentrations

Nitrogen (N) is an essential macronutrient for crops. Plants have developed several responses to N fluctuations, thus optimizing the root architecture in response to N availability. Nitrate and ammonium are the main inorganic N forms taken up by plants, and act as both nutrients and signals, affecting gene expression and plant development. In this study, RNA-sequencing was applied to gain comprehensive information on the pathways underlying the response of maize root, pre-treated in an N-deprived solution, to the provision of nitrate or ammonium. The analysis of the transcriptome shows that nitrate and ammonium regulate overlapping and distinct pathways, thus leading to different responses. Ammonium activates the response to stress, while nitrate acts as a negative regulator of transmembrane transport. Both the N-source repress genes related to the cytoskeleton and reactive oxygen species detoxification. Moreover, the presence of ammonium induces the accumulation of anthocyanins, while also reducing biomass and chlorophyll and flavonoids accumulation. Furthermore, the later physiological effects of these nutrients were evaluated through the assessment of shoot and root growth, leaf pigment content and the amino acid concentrations in root and shoot, confirming the existence of common and distinct features in response to the two nitrogen forms.

scholarly journals Evaluation of nitrogen availability indices and their relationship with plant response on acidic soils of India

2013 ◽  
Vol 59 (No. 6) ◽  
pp. 235-240 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bordoloi LJ ◽  
Singh AK ◽  
Manoj-Kumar ◽  
Patiram ◽  
S. Hazarika
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Reliable Estimate ◽  
Plant Responses ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Acidic Soils ◽  
Total N ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Available N

Plant&rsquo;s nitrogen (N) requirement that is not fulfilled by available N in soil has to be supplied externally through chemical fertilizers. A reliable estimate of soil N-supplying capacity (NSC) is therefore essential for efficient fertilizer use. In this study involving a pot experiment with twenty acidic soils varying widely in properties, we evaluated six chemical indices of soil N-availability viz. organic carbon (C<sub>org</sub>), total N (N<sub>tot</sub>), acid and alkaline-KMnO<sub>4</sub> extractable-N, hot KCl extractable-N (KCl-N) and phosphate-borate buffer extractable-N (PBB-N), based on their strength of correlation with available-N values obtained through aerobic incubation (AI-N) and anaerobic incubation (ANI-N), and also with the dry matter yield (DMY), N percentage and plant (maize) N uptake (PNU). In general, the soils showed large variability in NSC as indicated by variability in PNU which ranged from 598 to 1026 mg/pot. Correlations of the N-availability indices with AI-N and ANI-N decreased in the order: PBB-N (r = 0.784** and 0.901**) &gt; KCl-N (r = 0.773** and 0.743**) &gt; acid KMnO<sub>4</sub>-N (r = 0.575** and 0.651**) &ge; C<sub>org</sub> (r = 0.591** and 0.531**) &ge; alkaline KMnO<sub>4</sub>-N (r = 0.394** and 0.548**) &gt; N<sub>tot</sub> (r = 0.297** and 0.273*). Of all the indices evaluated, PBB-N showed the best correlations with plant parameters as well (r = 0.790** and 0.793** for DMY and PNU, respectively). Based on the highest correlations of PBB-N with biological indices as well as plant responses, we propose PBB-N as an appropriate index of N-availability in the acidic soils of India and other regions with similar soils.

Availability of nitrogen in solid manure amendments with different C:N ratios

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 219-225 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Qian ◽  
J. J. Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Anion Exchange ◽  
N Mineralization ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Anion Exchange Membrane ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Available N ◽  
Manure Amendments ◽  
Exchange Membrane

Manures behave differently as sources of available N due to differences in the amounts and forms of N in the manure. The C:N ratio is an important factor affecting the rate of mineralization and release of available N from manures in which the majority of N is contained in organic forms. In order to ascertain the effect of manure C:N ratio on N mineralization in manure-amended soils, 13 solid manures with a large range in C:N ratio were applied to two Saskatchewan soils (Haverhill sandy loam and Blaine Lake clay loam) at 100 mg N kg-1 along with control (no manure) treatments. A growth chamber experiment was conducted to evaluate the relationship between manure C:N ratio and canola yield and N uptake, and a laboratory incubation was conducted to measure how the addition of manures with different C:N ratios affected the pattern of N release in the soils as measured by supply rates to anion exchange membrane (PRSTM) probes placed directly in the soil. Canola (Brassica napus var. Sprint) was grown under the same environmental conditions to maturity, and yield and nutrient contents were determined. A significant increase in canola yield and N uptake was observed over the control in both soils only when amended with poultry manure (C:N 7.6) or a pelletized form of hog manure that was supplemented with fertilizer N (C:N 6.6). A significant negative correlation was found between cattle manure organic C:N ratio and N mineralization. Overall, the manures showed limited release of available N over the short-term (67 d) when the organic C:N ratio was in the range of 13–15 and tended to decrease N availability in the short-term if the organic C:N ratio was over 15. The C:N ratio appears to be a useful parameter to measure when attempting to predict the effects of solid manure amendments on short-term N availability. Key words: Nitrogen availability, mineralization, manure, C:N ratio, anion exchange membrane

Assessing soil nitrogen availability in contrasting cropping systems at the end of transition to organic production

2011 ◽  
Vol 91 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-501 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Liu ◽  
A. M. Hammermeister ◽  
P. R. Warman ◽  
C. F. Drury ◽  
R. C. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Soil Nitrogen ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Soil Nitrogen Availability

Liu, K., Hammermeister, A. M., Warman, P. R., Drury, C. F. and Martin, R. C. 2011. Assessing soil nitrogen availability in contrasting cropping systems at the end of transition to organic production. Can. J. Soil Sci. 91: 493–501. Quantifying soil nitrogen (N) availability at the end of a transition period for converting conventional fields to organic fields could enhance N management during the subsequent organic crop production phase. Soil total N (Ntot), KCl extractable N (KCl N) and potentially mineralizable N (No) were determined at the end of a 3-yr transition period. A complementary greenhouse ryegrass N bioassay was conducted using soils collected from the treated field plots. The field experiment consisted of six cropping systems comprising two N inputs (legume-based vs. manure-based) and three forage cropping treatments (0, 1 or 2 yr of forage in 4-yr rotations). The N input treatments consisted of alfalfa meal in the legume-based cropping system (LBCS) and composted beef manure in the manure-based cropping system (MBCS). Orthogonal contrasts suggested no differences in Ntot or KCl N either between LBCS and MBCS or between no-forage and forage cropping systems. However, in the greenhouse study, high cumulative N inputs in the MBCS resulted in significantly higher ryegrass N uptake and potentially mineralizable soil N than in the LBCS. Ryegrass N uptake ranged from 101 to 139 kg ha−1, which should be an adequate N supply for the succeeding potato crop. In the greenhouse, a ryegrass N bioassay effectively identified the differences in soil N availability. Ryegrass N uptake was linearly related to cumulative soil amendment N inputs but had no apparent relationship with N o. A systems approach provided a good assessment of N availability at the end of the transition period to organic production.

scholarly journals Defoliation severity is positively related to soil solution nitrogen availability and negatively related to soil nitrogen concentrations following a multi-year invasive insect irruption

AoB Plants ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Emma Conrad-Rooney ◽  
Audrey Barker Plotkin ◽  
Valerie J Pasquarella ◽  
Joseph Elkinton ◽  
Jennifer L Chandler ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Solution ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Landsat Imagery ◽  
N Cycling ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Inorganic N ◽  
Invasive Insect ◽  
Oak Trees

Abstract Understanding connections between ecosystem nitrogen (N) cycling and invasive insect defoliation could facilitate the prediction of disturbance impacts across a range of spatial scales. In this study we investigated relationships between ecosystem N cycling and tree defoliation during a recent 2015–18 irruption of invasive gypsy moth caterpillars (Lymantria dispar), which can cause tree stress and sometimes mortality following multiple years of defoliation. Nitrogen is a critical nutrient that limits the growth of caterpillars and plants in temperate forests. In this study, we assessed the associations among N concentrations, soil solution N availability and defoliation intensity by L. dispar at the scale of individual trees and forest plots. We measured leaf and soil N concentrations and soil solution inorganic N availability among individual red oak trees (Quercus rubra) in Amherst, MA and across a network of forest plots in Central Massachusetts. We combined these field data with estimated defoliation severity derived from Landsat imagery to assess relationships between plot-scale defoliation and ecosystem N cycling. We found that trees in soil with lower N concentrations experienced more herbivory than trees in soil with higher N concentrations. Additionally, forest plots with lower N soil were correlated with more severe L. dispar defoliation, which matched the tree-level relationship. The amount of inorganic N in soil solution was strongly positively correlated with defoliation intensity and the number of sequential years of defoliation. These results suggested that higher ecosystem N pools might promote the resistance of oak trees to L. dispar defoliation and that defoliation severity across multiple years is associated with a linear increase in soil solution inorganic N.

The effects of protozoa and of supplementation with nitrogen and sulfur on digestion and microbial metabolism in the rumen of sheep

1994 ◽  
Vol 45 (6) ◽  
pp. 1215 ◽  
Author(s):  
RS Hegarty ◽  
JV Nolan ◽  
RA Leng
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Fluid Phase ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Lower Proportion ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Particle Phase ◽  
Available Nitrogen ◽  
In Sacco

Two experiments were undertaken to study the effects of protozoa on sulfur and nitrogen availability and on fermentation and the composition of bacteria in the rumen of sheep. In Experiment 1, 12 faunated and 12 fauna-free sheep were offered a basal diet of chopped wheaten straw with or without sulfur (S) and urea-nitrogen (N) supplements. Sulfur supplementation increased the rate of straw digestion and the concentration of volatile fatty acids (VFA) in the rumen while reducing methane production. The presence of protozoa did not significantly affected this response, although it increased rumen H2S concentration. In contrast, the response of rumen fermentation to a urea supplement was affected by the presence of protozoa. Unsupplemented faunated sheep had a faster rate of in-sacco straw digestion in the rumen than did fauna free sheep (44 v. 36%DM/day). Supplementary urea increased the rate of in-sacco digestion of the basal ration in fauna free sheep (36 to 42%DM/day) but not in the faunated sheep (44 to 46%DM/day), suggesting that N availability was greater in the rumen of faunated sheep. Ammonia and total VFA concentrations in the rumen were not affected by protozoa, but the molar proportions of butyrate and isoacids in rumen VFA were greater in faunated sheep. Bacteria from the rumen fluid of faunated sheep contained a higher proportion of lipid and a lower proportion of N in their cell DM. In a second experiment, the chemical composition of rumen bacteria of faunated and fauna free sheep was further investigated. In both groups, bacteria associated with the particle-phase of digesta contained a higher proportion of lipid and a lower proportion of N than did fluid-phase bacteria. Fluid-phase bacteria from faunated sheep tended to have more lipid and less N in their DM than did those from fauna-free sheep. It was concluded that the presence of protozoa enables sustained fermentation of diets low in rumen available nitrogen and also increases the lipid content of rumen fluid-phase bacteria.

scholarly journals Foliar N:P Stoichiometry in Aralia elata Distributed on Different Slope Degrees

2019 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hongxu WEI ◽  
Hengtian ZHAO ◽  
Xin CHEN
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Plant Density ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N:P Ratio ◽  
Individual Growth ◽  
Digital Object Identifier ◽  
N Availability ◽  
P Availability ◽  
Aralia Elata ◽  
Degree Slope

Plant nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) stoichiometry is of essentially ecological meaning to non-wood forest production (NWFP) plant community in the temperate forest ecosystem. In this study, natural Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. communities in montane areas of southern Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China were investigated for plant density, vegetative growth, and soil and leaf parameters on slopes in 5°, 9°, and 14° degrees. We found that individual height was greater in sites on 5°- (1.6 m) and 9°-degree slopes (1.9 m) than on the 14°-degree slope (0.8 m), but soil available P content was highest on the steepest slope (5.5, 4.0, and 16 mg kg-1, respectively). The foliar N:P ratio ranged 6–13. Nitrogen availability tended to promote community density and individual growth; while P availability tended to depress density but promote foliar biomass accumulation. By the diagnosis of plant nutritional monogram, the better growth and high foliar N:P ratio of about 13:1 in A. elata individuals on 9°-degree slope were generated by both deficiency-driving N uptake and excessive P depletion. We recommend the 9°-degree slope to develop A. elata community which can be fed by higher N availability if higher density was achieved.   ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

scholarly journals Efficacy of Supplemental Irrigation and Nitrogen Management on Enhancing Nitrogen Availability and Urease Activity in Soils with Sorghum Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 8358
Author(s):  
Gilbert C. Sigua ◽  
Kenneth C. Stone ◽  
Phil J. Bauer ◽  
Ariel A. Szogi
Keyword(s):  
South Carolina ◽  
Urease Activity ◽  
Nitrogen Availability ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Biomass Productivity ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Supplemental Irrigation ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

The soil nitrogen (N) availability and urease activity (UA) in a humid ecosystem with variable rainfall distribution and poor soil fertility are not well understood. A complete appreciation of N cycling in the soil–water–plant continuum is needed to better manage N and water in regions that will be strongly affected by climate change. A sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) study located in Florence, South Carolina, USA, was conducted using a variable-rate pivot system. We hypothesized that supplemental irrigation (SI) and N would enhance UA and N uptake while minimizing the concentration of N in porewater (TINW). The aim of the study was to assess the impact of SI (0, 50, and 100%) and N fertilization (0, 85, and 170 kg N ha−1) on: UA; total N (TNS); total inorganic N (TINS); TINW; and N uptake of sorghum. Results support our research hypothesis. The greatest UA was from 0% SI and 170 kg ha−1 (18.7 µg N g−1 ha−1). Porewater N (mg L−1), when averaged across SI and N showed a significantly lower concentration at lower soil depth (9.9 ± 0.7) than the upper depth (26.1 ± 2.4). The 100% SI had the greatest biomass N uptake (NUPB) of 67.9 ± 31.1 kg ha−1 and grain N uptake (NUG) of 52.7 ± 20.5 kg ha−1. The greatest NUPB (70.9 ± 30.3 kg ha−1) and NUG (55.3 ± 16.5 kg ha−1) was from the application of 170 kg N ha−1. Overall, results showed that proper use of water and N enhanced soil N dynamics, and improved biomass productivity and N uptake of sorghum.

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