Synthesis of Sustainable and High Purity of Quicklime Derived from Calcination of Eggshell Waste in a Laboratory-Scale Rotary Furnace

Quick lime or calcium oxide has attracted significant attention as a sustainable material to be used as fillers and catalysts in a broad range of industries. The quick lime derived from calcination of eggshell waste in a laboratory-scale rotary furnace is reported in this study. The eggshell waste was prepared by washing several times, drying in the sun, grinding and sieving through a 250 micrometers sieve size. Calcination of the sieved eggshells waste was conducted in a single zone rotary tube furnace at 800 °C with 5 degree slope and at 1 rpm. Both physical and chemical properties of the calcium oxide derived from the calcination of eggshell waste were systematically investigated by various scientific instruments. The results from powder X-Ray Diffraction (PXRD) and X-Ray Fluorescence: (XRF) showed that most of the calcium carbonate in the eggshell waste was thermally transformed to nano-calcium oxide with mean crystallite size of 47.5 nm and with a purity of 97.8%. The results from this study indicated the optimum conditions and the possibility for mass production of nano-calcium oxide via rotary furnace and have shown that the obtained nano-calcium oxide is comparable to the commercial chemical.

Cylindabot: Transformable Wheg Robot Traversing Stepped and Sloped Environments

The ability of an autonomous robot to adapt to different terrain affords the flexibility to move successfully in a range of environments. This paper proposes the Cylindabot, a transformable Wheg robot that can move with two large wheels, each of which can rotate out, producing three legs. This ability to change its mode of locomotion allows for specialised performance. The Cylindabot has been tested in simulation and on a physical robot on steps and slopes as an indication of its efficacy in different environments. These experiments show that such robots are capable of climbing up to a 32 degree slope and a step 1.43 times their initial height. Theoretical limits are devised that match the results, and a comparison with existing Wheg platforms is made.

Vibration Impact on Potentially Liquefactions Slope Deformation

In an area that has potential for earthquake has possibility of losing soil stability and causing physical soil damage, one of them is liquefaction. This research was conducted to determine the magnitude of deformation on slopes with potentially liquefaction. The soil slope samples were tested using shaking table with slope 6°, 12°, 18°, 24° and the frequency was set 6.6 Hz, 7.4 Hz, 8 Hz, 9.5 Hz. Research began with examination of soil physical properties which had unit weight of density 1.81 gr/cm3, moisture content 2.31%, specific gravity 2.72, sand with coefficient of uniform is 2.1, coefficient curvature is 0.98 and angle of repose is 23.962°. By giving earthquake acceleration of 0.4g, 0.5g, 0.6g and 0.7g in the soil slope sample that was tested by shaking table, it was liquefaction occurred. Results of research, the greater slope and frequency given, so the lateral and axial deformation will increase. Minimum lateral deformation occurs at frequency 6.6 Hz with a slope 6° and maximum lateral deformation is 17 cm at frequency 9.5 Hz with a slope 24°, while minimum axial deformation is 0.5 cm at frequency 8 Hz with a slope 6° and a maximum axial deformation is 5 cm at frequency 9.5 Hz with a slope 24°, but 12-degree slope can considered as a safe slope for slope which holding vibration

A Preliminary Study on the Determination of the Fertilization Tolerance of an Entisol in the Yuanmou Dry-Hot River Valley Based on Soil Qualities in Plot Scale

Using field slope farmland plots, this study planted the typical crop of maize (Zea mays L.) and investigated the effects of varied chemical fertilizer (organic compound fertilizer of potassium nitrate, containing 17% each of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) application levels (0.5 times the common fertilizer amount (CK, 0.75 t·hm−2 to 2.5 CK) on the soil fertility in the Yuanmou dry-hot River Valley. The results showed that the soil chemical properties, microbial properties, and enzyme activities increased with the increase of fertilizer application levels from CK to 2.0 CK. However, a declining trend showed both under 0.5 CK level and the 2.5 CK level, and higher in fertilizer application level 3 (1.5 CK) and level 4 (2.0 CK) compared to level 1 (1 CK). Soil chemical properties, microbial properties, and enzyme activities in five-degree slope cropland topsoil were higher than these in 10-degree slope cropland topsoil. Five parameters (available N, nitrifying bacteria, inorganic phosphorus bacteria, organic matter, and invertase) in five-degree slope cropland and three parameters (organic matter, ammonifying bacteria, and total P) in 10-degree slope cropland, which had the greatest weight in the principal components analysis, were selected to calculate the soil quality index (SQI). The SQI calculated by integrating all critical parameters indicated that the highest SQI values were found in fertilizer levels 1.5 CK (0.71) and 2.0 CK (0.69), followed by CK (0.64), and the lowest were found in 0.5 CK (0.62) and 2.5 CK (0.61) in five-degree slope cropland soil. The highest SQI values were found in fertilizer levels 1.5 CK (0.26) and 2.0 CK (0.29), followed by CK (0.23), and the lowest were found in 0.5 CK (0.14) and 2.5 CK (0.20) in 10-degree slope cropland soil. The final SQI values implied that the fertilization treatment 2 (CK), fertilization treatment 3 (1.5 CK) and fertilization treatment 4 (2.0 CK) could improve the soil fertility, whereas the fertilization treatment 1 (0.5 CK) and fertilization treatment 5 (2.5 CK) could decrease the soil fertility. In view of the impact of slope, the soil qualities of five-degree slope cropland of five fertilization treatments were higher than in 10-degree slope cropland. The SQI values in five-degree slope cropland soil were found higher than the SQI values in 10-degree slope cropland soil by 68.65%, 64.20%, 62.22%, 57.46%, and 67.01%, respectively. For this study, the range of fertilization tolerance was 0.75–1.50 t·hm−2 (organic compound fertilizer of potassium nitrate) in 10-degree slope plot scale and 0.75–1.13 t∙hm−2 in five-degree slope cropland soil.

Амфибийные вездеходы на воздухоопорных гусеницах для освоения арктических шельфовых побережий

Амфибийные вездеходы на воздухоопорных гусеницах оказывают минимальное воздействие на поверхность грунта в арктической тундре, что является большим преимуществом этого типа транспортных средств, относя к их числу вездеходы грузоподъемностью до 150 т. Воздухоопорная гусеница конструктивно является промышленной конвейерной лентой, снабженной с наружной стороны надутыми пневматическими плицами большого диаметра. Воздушная подушка используется взамен металлической подвески. Большая площадь контакта пневматических плиц с поверхностью обеспечивает проходимость вездехода по слабому грунту, снегу или болоту в летнее время без повреждения тундрового дерна. Вездеходы на воздухоопорных гусеницах могут преодолевать уклон в 20 градусов, а также преодолевать береговой уклон. При форсировании пологих склонов вездеходы на воздухоопорных гусеницах в полтора два раза более эффективны, чем традиционные амфибии на воздушной подушке. Применение универсальных амфибийных транспортных средств на воздухоопорных гусеницах (ТСВГ) необходимо для освоения береговых территорий арктического шельфа.Amphibious all-terrain vehicle with the air-cushion caterpillars have minimal impact on the surface of ground in the arctic tundra, and this is a great advantage of this type of vehicles, referring to them the 150 t load capacity as well. The air-cushion caterpillar is manufactured conveyer track with the inflated pneumatic supports of large diameter on the outer side of the track. The aircushion is applied instead of the mechanical suspension rolls. The large area of pneumatic supports contact provides the passability of the vehicle in the weak ground, or snow or the marshland without the damaging of tundra turf in summer. The vehicles with the air-cushion caterpillars can go on the 20 degree slope as well as on the coast slope. For the overcoming of small slopes the vehicles with the air-cushion caterpillars are of 1.5 to 2 times more effective than that of the usual aircushion boats. The use of universal amphibious all-terrain vehicles with the air-cushion caterpillars (VACC) is of the demand for Arctic offshore coastal territories development.

Effect of Taper Manifolds with Different Slopes in Microchannel Heat Sink

In this analysis, the liquid flow and heat transfer in micro channel heat sink (MCHS) to find the pressure drop are experimentally investigated by three degree slope in manifolds in addition to the arrangement of micro channels. This experimental analysis is executed with respect to the Nusselt Number and Heat transfer characteristics for three manifolds with different arrangement. We are working on this experiment at three different arrangement manifolds: Arrangement (A) is the three-degree slope in manifolds downward and upward, Arrangement (B) is the three-degree slope in manifolds upward and downward and Arrangement (C) is the three-degree slope in upward direction of the manifolds are selected. In this investigation we are using the Reynolds number ranging from 705-1411 for micro channel heat sink. The Arrangement (A) is the greater heat transfer coefficient within the increase Nusselt number and velocity and low pressure drop in comparison to Arrangement (B) and (C) type manifolds

Desain dan Kinerja Mesin Pencungkil Tempurung Kelapa Model Baristand Manado [Design and Performance of Coconut Desheller Machine Baristand Manado Model]

<p>The manual shelling process was felt to be inefficient. Therefore, it was necessary to improve the mechanical process by making a coconut desheller machine. The purpose of this study was to design a coconut desheller machine that can produce clean coconut meat. The study was conducted in 2016 in the workshop of the Manado Industrial Research and Standardization Center and a trial at the PT. Royal Coconut, Airmadidi, North Minahasa. The design of the machine was based on the process of manually removing using machetes or kelewang. After the design was complete, a performance test of coconut shell removal was carried out with three replications. Observations consisted of: machine capacity and coconut quality (cleanliness of coconut shells and broken coconut). The data obtained were analyzed descriptively. The coconut desheller machine that was designed has components such as flywheel discs, oversized knives, drive motors, reducers and frame/tool holders. Flywheel consists of 64 pieces of chisel with a 26 degree slope. The distance between the Flywheel and the kelewang knife was 1.5 cm. Overall, the machine tool produced has a length of 70 cm, width 70 cm and height 115 cm, made of stainless steel (SS), iron plate and iron elbow. Based on the results of the trial, the machine has an average capacity of 78 coconuts in 10 minutes, 264 coconuts in 30 minutes, and 663 coconuts in 60 minutes. The broken coconut produced is around 3,4-3,8%. There was already a coconut desheller machine, but a large investment was needed for the installation due to the unavailability of a local coconut desheller machine. So that only large coconut flour industries can use coconut desheller machines. This Baristand Manado coconut desheller model machine can be a solution and can be used by middle industry groups, especially the dry grated coconut industry (coconut flour) or Small and Medium Enterprises.</p><p align="center"><strong>ABSTRAK</strong></p><p>Proses pencungkilan tempurung secara manual dirasakan kurang efisien. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan perbaikan proses mekanis yaitu dengan membuat mesin pencungkil tempurung kelapa. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mendesain mesin pencungkil tempurung kelapa yang dapat menghasilkan daging kelapa yang bersih. Penelitian dilaksanakan pada tahun 2016 di bengkel Balai Riset dan Standardisasi Industri Manado serta uji coba di pabrik PT. Royal Coconut, Airmadidi, Minahasa Utara. Desain alat didasarkan pada proses pencungkilan secara manual memakai parang atau kelewang. Setelah rancang bangun selesai, maka dilakukan uji kinerja pencungkilan tempurung kelapa dengan tiga kali ulangan. Pengamatan terdiri dari: kapasitas mesin dan kualitas kelapa (kebersihan cangkang kelapa dan kelapa pecah). Data yang diperoleh dianalisis secara deskriptif. Mesin pencungkil tempurung kelapa yang dirancang memiliki komponen yaitu piringan roda gila atau Flywheel, pisau kelewang, motor penggerak, reducer dan rangka/dudukan alat. Flywheel terdiri dari mata pahat berjumlah 64 buah dengan sudut kemiringan 26 derajat. Jarak antara Flywheel dengan pisau kelewang adalah 1,5 cm. Secara keseluruhan, alat mesin yang dihasilkan memiliki ukuran panjang 70 cm, lebar 70 cm dan tinggi 115 cm, terbuat dari bahan stainless steel (ss), plat besi dan besi siku. Berdasarkan hasil ujicoba, mesin memiliki kapasitas rata-rata 78 kelapa dalam 10 menit, 264 kelapa dalam 30 menit, dan 663 kelapa dalam 60 menit. Kelapa pecah yang dihasilkan sekitar 3,4-3,8%. Alat mesin pencungkil tempurung kelapa memang sudah ada, tetapi dibutuhkan investasi yang besar untuk instalasi dikarenakan belum tersedianya alat mesin pencungkil kelapa secara lokal. Sehingga hanya industri-industri tepung kelapa besar yang bisa menggunakan mesin pencungkil tempurung kelapa. Alat mesin pencungkil tempurung kelapa model Baristand Manado ini bisa menjadi solusi dan dapat digunakan oleh kelompok industri menengah khususnya industri kelapa parut kering (tepung kelapa) atau Usaha Kecil Menengah.</p>

Foliar N:P Stoichiometry in Aralia elata Distributed on Different Slope Degrees

Plant nitrogen (N) to phosphorus (P) stoichiometry is of essentially ecological meaning to non-wood forest production (NWFP) plant community in the temperate forest ecosystem. In this study, natural Aralia elata (Miq.) Seem. communities in montane areas of southern Heilongjiang Province, Northeast China were investigated for plant density, vegetative growth, and soil and leaf parameters on slopes in 5°, 9°, and 14° degrees. We found that individual height was greater in sites on 5°- (1.6 m) and 9°-degree slopes (1.9 m) than on the 14°-degree slope (0.8 m), but soil available P content was highest on the steepest slope (5.5, 4.0, and 16 mg kg-1, respectively). The foliar N:P ratio ranged 6–13. Nitrogen availability tended to promote community density and individual growth; while P availability tended to depress density but promote foliar biomass accumulation. By the diagnosis of plant nutritional monogram, the better growth and high foliar N:P ratio of about 13:1 in A. elata individuals on 9°-degree slope were generated by both deficiency-driving N uptake and excessive P depletion. We recommend the 9°-degree slope to develop A. elata community which can be fed by higher N availability if higher density was achieved. ********* In press - Online First. Article has been peer reviewed, accepted for publication and published online without pagination. It will receive pagination when the issue will be ready for publishing as a complete number (Volume 47, Issue 3, 2019). The article is searchable and citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI). DOI link will become active after the article will be included in the complete issue. *********

Decision Making in the Tea Leaves Diseases Detection Using Mamdani Fuzzy Inference Method

The tea plants (Camellia Sinensis) are small tree species that use leaves and leaf buds to produce tea harvested through a monoculture system. It is an agriculture practice to cultivate one types of crop or livestock, variety or breed on a farm annually. Moreover, the emergence of pests, pathogens and diseases cause serious damages to tea plants significantly to its productivity and quality to optimum worst. All parts of the tea plant such as leaves, stems, roots, flowers and fruits are exposed to these harm lead to loss of yield 7 until 10% per year. The intensity of these attacks vary greatly on particular climate, the degree slope and the plant material used. Therefore, this study analyzes tea leaves as a common part used in recipes to create unique taste and flavor in tea production, especially in agro-industry. The decision making method used is Fuzzy Mamdani Inference as one of model with functional hierarchy with initial input based on established criteria. Fuzzy logic will provide tolerance to the set of value, so that small changes will not result in significant category differences, only affect the membership level on the variable value. Previous method using probabilities have shown 78% tea leaves have been attacked by category C (Gray Blight) while using Mamdani indicated 86% of tea leaves have been infected. In this case, this result pointed out that Fuzzy Mamdani Inferences have more optimal result compare to the previous method.

Dynamic Concentric Activity Can Increase the GLUT-1 Expression on Muscle Membrane on Diabetic Mice

Diabetes mellitus is a type of a degenerative disorder that affects the body's ability to make or use insulin. The resistance of insulin may affect the decline of GLUT-1 expression of diabetic muscle, causing impaired glucose uptake. Dynamic concentric activity is one of the activity models based on muscle-contraction-type activity. This study used experimental method. The instrument in this study was a treadmill (brand: modified columbus treadmill) with 10-degree slope (uphill), with the velocity of 21 cm/sec (the speed options showed on the treadmill), and the duration of the exercise was 16 minutes and 30 seconds (measured using stopwatch). In this study, there were 3 groups of samples, Normal (K0), DM (K1), and DM + Dynamics Concentric (K2). Based on statistical results of correlation value p=0.00 (p<0.05), there was significant correlation between blood sugar level and GLUT-1. Dynamic concentric activity for diabetics had an effect in increasing the amount of GLUT-1, resulting in decreased blood glucose levels.