Chemical and biochemical changes in the rhizospheres of wheat and canola

1995 ◽  
Vol 75 (4) ◽  
pp. 439-447 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. McKenzie ◽  
J. F. Dormaar ◽  
G. B. Schaalje ◽  
J. W. B. Stewart
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Plant Root ◽  
Soil Phosphorus ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Rhizosphere Ph ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Management History

Short-term root processes can influence chemical and biochemical conditions at the soil–plant–root interface. In this study, soil phosphorus forms, pH and biochemical properties within and adjacent to the rhizosphere of hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. ’Katepwa’) and canola (Brassica napus L. ’Westar’) seedlings were studied over a 5-wk period. Soils were from the Ap horizon of a Calcareous Dark Brown Chernozemic soil (Lethbridge, Alta) and an Orthic Gray Luvisolic soil (Breton, Alta) obtained from fertilized and unfertilized long-term continuous-cropped and wheat–fallow rotation plots. Wheat and canola both absorbed more total phosphorus (P), produced more aboveground material and had higher dehydrogenase and alkaline phosphatase activities when grown in Lethbridge soils than when grown in Breton soils. Canola took up more P from both the resin-extractable inorganic P (resin-Pi) and hydrochloric acid extractable (HCl-Pi) fractions than wheat, indicating a greater ability to extract P from soil. Acid phosphatase levels increased over time in the rhizospheres of both wheat and canola. Dehydrogenase activity was greater in the rhizospheres of wheat than of canola, indicating greater microbial activity. Canola roots frequently lowered pH within their rhizosphere which apparently suppressed microbial activity. Dehydrogenase activity in the relatively acidic Luvisolic soils was lower than in the near-neutral Chernozemic soils. The plant-root chemical and biochemical changes in the rhizosphere varied depending on soil chemical characteristics and past soil management history. Results showed canola and wheat utilize different mechanisms to influence their root rhizospheres and obtain their nutritional requirements. Rhizosphere changes were a function of plant species, soil type and previous soil management history. Key words: Rhizosphere, pH, phosphatase, dehydrogenase, P bioavailability, soil phosphorus transformations, wheat, canola

scholarly journals Elastic and plastic soil deformation and its influence on emission of greenhouse gases

2016 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Haas ◽  
Dörthe Holthusen ◽  
Anneka Mordhorst ◽  
Jerzy Lipiec ◽  
Rainer Horn
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Soil Strength ◽  
Reduced Tillage ◽  
No Tillage ◽  
Microbiological Activity ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Stress Application

Abstract Soil management alters physical, chemical and biological soil properties. Stress application affects microbiological activity and habitats for microorganisms in the root zone and causes soil degradation. We hypothesized that stress application results in altered greenhouse gas emissions if soil strength is exceeded. In the experiments, soil management dependent greenhouse gas emissions of intact soil cores (no, reduced, conventional tillages) were determined using two experimental setups; CO2 emissions were determined with: a dynamic measurement system, and a static chamber method before and after a vertical soil stress had been applied. For the latter CH4 and N2O emissions were analyzed additionally. Stress dependent effects can be summed as follows: In the elastic deformation range microbiological activity increased in conventional tillage soil and decreased in reduced tillage and no tillage. Beyond the precompression stress a release of formerly protected soil organic carbon and an almost total loss of CH4 oxidizability occurred. Only swelling and shrinkage of no tillage and reduced tillage regenerated their microhabitat function. Thus, the direct link between soil strength and microbial activity can be applied as a marker for soil rigidity and the transition to new disequilibria concerning microbial activity and composition.

scholarly journals Microbial Activity in Forest Soil Under Beech, Spruce, Douglas Fir and Fir

2016 ◽  
Vol 65 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Timea Hajnal-Jafari ◽  
Simonida Đurić ◽  
Dragana Stamenov ◽  
Verica Vasić ◽  
Davorka Hackenberger
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soil ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Standard Method ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Douglas Fir ◽  
Sampling Time ◽  
Spectrophotometric Methods ◽  
Cellulolytic Microorganisms ◽  
Number Of Bacteria

Summary The aim of this research was to investigate the microbial activity in forest soil from different sites under deciduous and coniferous trees in Serbia. One site on Stara planina was under beech trees (Fagus sp.) while another under mixture of spruce (Picea sp.) and Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga sp.). The site on Kopaonik was under mixture of beech (Fagus sp.) and spruce (Picea sp.) trees. The site on Tara was dominantly under fir (Abies sp.), beech (Fagus sp.) and spruce (Picea sp.). The total number of bacteria, the number of actinobacteria, fungi and microorganisms involved in N and C cycles were determined using standard method of agar plates. The activities of dehydrogenase and ß-glucosidase enzymes were measured by spectrophotometric methods. The microbial activity was affected by tree species and sampling time. The highest dehydrogenase activity, total number of bacteria, number of actinobacteria, aminoheterotrophs, amylolytic and cellulolytic microorganisms were determined in soil under beech trees. The highest total number of fungi and number of pectinolytic microorganisms were determined in soil under spruce and Douglas fir trees. The correlation analyses proved the existence of statistically significant interdependency among investigated parameters.

Enzyme activity and C and N pools in soil following application of mulches

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Masciandaro ◽  
B. Ceccanti ◽  
S. Benedicto ◽  
H. C. Lee ◽  
H. F. Cook
Keyword(s):  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Metabolic Potential ◽  
Forage Maize ◽  
Soil Biochemical Properties ◽  
Potential Index ◽  
C And N

A field experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of some mulching materials on soil biochemical properties that represent a component of soil quality and functionality. Wheat straw, dairy manure compost, and black polyethylene were used in the mulching experiments of a soil seeded with forage maize. Soil samples were taken from the surface (0–10 cm) and subsurface (10–20 cm) layers 1 and 4 mo after treatments were applied. Soil productivity, biochemical and chemical properties were determined. Compost treatment showed the highest agronomic yield due to the release of nutrients for plant nutrition and soil metabolism. Dehydrogenase activity was used as a measurement of overall microbial activity, whereas β-glucosidase and urease hydrolase activities were determined as an expression of C and N cycles. In addition, a ratio between dehydrogenase activity and water soluble carbon (defined as “metabolic potential index”) was calculated, in order to better represent soil metabolic potential. Compost-mulch treatment showed the lowest ratio values, while straw mulch had the highest value. A similar trend was found for β-glucosidase activity. The data confirmed the validity and sensitivity of the metabolic potential index and β-glucosidase enzyme in monitoring the change of soil biochemical properties and of soil quality during soil management practices. Key words: Soil enzyme activities, mulching practice, soil quality

scholarly journals Effects of soil management history on the rate of organic matter decomposition

1998 ◽  
Vol 30 (14) ◽  
pp. 1917-1927 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Gunapala ◽  
R.C. Venette ◽  
H. Ferris ◽  
K.M. Scow
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Management ◽  
Organic Matter Decomposition ◽  
Management History

scholarly journals Conventional and organic cropping systems at Suitia III: Microbial activity in soils

1990 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-330
Author(s):  
Helvi Heinonen-Tanski
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Microbial Activity ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Favourable Effect ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Cellulolytic Activity ◽  
Cattle Farm ◽  
Soil Microbial

From 1983 to 1988 the microbial activity of soil was measured by determining its nitrification potential, dehydrogenase activity, cellulolytic activity and respiration. The samples were Suitia silty clay soils under various types of conventional and organic cropping systems. The soil microbial activity was the highest in both organic cattle farm plots in the ley phase and conventional cattle farm plots in the ley phase. The difference between these two ley soils was not clear, partly because of the considerable statistical variance, but the microbial activity of organic cattle farm plots in clover leys tended to be higher than in conventionally cultivated grass leys. This favourable effect on dehydrogenase activity was not detected after poor overwintering in organic cattle farm plots in annual clover in 1984 and Persian clover in 1985, but some effect on nitrification was found in 1984. In many cases, soil microbial activity was still increased two to three years after the leys. The soil nitrification activities were often higher in organic plant production plots than in conventional plant production plots, but the dehydrogenase activities and cellulose decompositions of organic plant production plots were similar to those in conventional diverse plant production or barley monoculture plots.

scholarly journals SEARCH OF FERTILITY REGULATORS FOR POLIMA TYPE CYTOPLASMIC MALE STERILITY OF SPRING RAPE (Brassica napus L.) AND ASSESSMENT OF THEIR QUALITY

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-32
Author(s):  
Igor Pastukhov ◽  
Vladimir Karpachev
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Cytoplasmic Male Sterility ◽  
Male Sterility ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Reducing Agents ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Complete Restoration ◽  
Fertility Restorers

One of the prior directions in modern rapeseed breeding is making heterotic hybrids. Seed production of most hybrids F1 used in production are often carried out by two types of cytoplasmic male sterility, there are Polima and Ogura. At the All-Russian Rapeseed Research Institute, fertility restorers on sterile cytoplasm were made and estimated for the main valuable characteristics and biochemical properties. The purpose of the study was to create reducing agents necessary for obtaining highly productive hybrids on the Polima type cytoplasmic male sterility (CMS). The object of research was 56 varieties of Brassica napus L., which were chosen in 2013. The setting of experiments, observations, records and analyzes were carried out using the field plot technique, the methodology of field experiments, the method of statistical data processing. It is noted that hybrids F1 had more productivity than the parental forms and the standard (Ratnik and Rif). Promising reducing agents of cytoplasmic male sterility of the Polima type were identified, which ensured complete restoration of fertility in sterile lines with CMS of the Polima type. The reducing agent LHR-1 is of practical interest for the creation of hybrids on the Polima CMS.

scholarly journals Germination performance and biochemical changes under drought stress of primed rice seeds

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 333-343
Author(s):  
Mohd Syahmi Salleh ◽  
Mohd Shukor Nordin ◽  
Adam B. Puteh
Keyword(s):  
Drought Stress ◽  
Amylase Activity ◽  
Soluble Sugar ◽  
Seed Priming ◽  
Biochemical Properties ◽  
Proline Accumulation ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Glucose Content ◽  
Seedling Length ◽  
Different Levels

Seed priming may improve germination performance of rice under drought. The present study was conducted to investigate the dynamics of seed biochemical changes during priming and post-priming germination under drought and to correlate those biochemical properties with the germination performance of primed seeds. The priming treatments were non-priming as control, hydro-priming and osmo-priming at -0.3, -1.0 and -2.2 MPa. All seeds were germinated under different levels of drought stress: 0 MPa as control, -0.2, -0.4, -0.6 and -0.8 MPa. The germination performance of hydro- and osmo-primed seeds at -0.3 and -1.0 MPa under severe stress (-0.8 MPa) was better compared with control and osmo-primed seeds at -2.2 MPa. Hydro-priming and osmopriming at -0.3 MPa significantly improved germination performance while germinated seeds of -1.0 MPa osmoprimed seeds recorded the highest root and total seedling length. Proline accumulation was significantly higher in seeds that were hydro-primed or osmo-primed at -0.3 or -1.0 MPa as compared with non-primed control seeds and seeds osmo-primed at -2.2 MPa. In addition, proline was significantly correlated with the starch and glucose content and α-amylase activity. Higher α-amylase activity would accelerate the process of starch hydrolysis into soluble sugar for embryo growth and development resulting in enhanced germination processes.

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