Na+ content of xylem sap is closely related to root biomass in pea (Pisum sativum): Apotential tool for studying root growth under controlled conditions and in the field

2002 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 567-577 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. N. Emery ◽  
N. G. Munier-Jolain ◽  
A-S. Voisin ◽  
C. Salon
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Soil Substrates ◽  
Negative Linear Relationship

Xylem-mobile Na+ in peas appears to have the attributes of a convenient marker for estimates of root biomass. This study examined the consistency and predictability of biomass-based, root to shoot Na+ delivery rates. In glasshouse experiments, xylem Na+ delivery was studied according to changing exogenous pressure regimes, time of day of xylem sap extraction, plant development, soil Na+ concentration and xylem sap extraction methods. At a given developmental stage, Na+ delivery in relation to root biomass was constant and independent of xylem water flux. This relationship held providing that collections were made for at least 60 min, the nature of xylem sap extraction (natural root pressure, vacuum or external pressure) was the same and Na+ concentration in the nutrient solution was constant and below 2.5 mM. A negative linear relationship was found between-biomass based Na+ delivery and development (degree days after emergence), with declining values likely caused by overestimates of viable root biomass. Likewise, in the field, Na+ delivery rates occurred predictably with soil Na+, as long as soil Na+ was not increased beyond 5-fold that of naturally occurring levels. Field biomass-based Na+ delivery was largely unaffected by changes in development from early flowering to late seed filling. If used within the defined methodological and developmental limits, Na+ delivery can be a valuable time and labour saving tool for calculating numerous root biomass characteristics, particularly in soil substrates that hamper accurate root recovery. Key words: Controlled conditions, field, Na+ uptake, pea, root biomass, xylem delivery

scholarly journals Towards In Vivo Monitoring of Ions Accumulation in Trees: Response of an in Planta Organic Electrochemical Transistor Based Sensor to Water Flux Density, Light and Vapor Pressure Deficit Variation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 4729
Author(s):  
Davide Amato ◽  
Giuseppe Montanaro ◽  
Filippo Vurro ◽  
Nicola Coppedé ◽  
Nunzio Briglia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vapor Pressure ◽  
Flux Density ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Vapor Pressure Deficit ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Water Flux ◽  
Electrochemical Transistor ◽  
Olive Trees

Research on organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) based sensors to monitor in vivo plant traits such as xylem sap concentration is attracting attention for their potential application in precision agriculture. Fabrication and electronic aspects of OECT have been the subject of extensive research while its characterization within the plant water relation context deserves further efforts. This study tested the hypothesis that the response (R) of an OECT (bioristor) implanted in the trunk of olive trees is inversely proportional to the water flux density flowing through the plant (Jw). This study also examined the influence on R of vapor pressure deficit (VPD) as coupled/uncoupled with light. R was hourly recorded in potted olive trees for a 10-day period concomitantly with Jw (weight loss method). A subgroup of trees was bagged in order to reduce VPD and in turn Jw, and other trees were located in a walk-in chamber where VPD and light were independently managed. R was tightly sensitive to diurnal oscillation of Jw and at negligible values of Jw (late afternoon and night) R increased. The bioristor was not sensitive to the VPD per se unless a light source was coupled to trigger Jw. This study preliminarily examined the suitability of bioristor to estimate the mean daily nutrients accumulation rate (Ca, K) in leaves comparing chemical and sensor-based procedures showing a good agreement between them opening new perspective towards the application of OECT sensor in precision agricultural cropping systems.

scholarly journals Rational Modeling of Ultimate Pipe Strength Under Bending and External Pressure

2000 ◽  
Author(s):  
André C. Nogueira ◽  
Glenn A. Lanan
Keyword(s):  
Deep Water ◽  
Limit State ◽  
Local Buckling ◽  
External Pressure ◽  
Pressure Effects ◽  
Combined Loading ◽  
Empirical Prediction ◽  
Limit State Design ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Offshore Pipeline

The capacity of pipelines to resist collapse or local buckling under a combination of external pressure and bending moment is a major aspect of offshore pipeline design. The importance of this loading combination increases as oil and gas projects in ultra deep-water, beyond 2,000-m water depths, are becoming reality. The industry is now accepting, and codes are explicitly incorporating, limit state design concepts such as the distinction between load controlled and displacement controlled conditions. Thus, deep-water pipeline installation and limit state design procedures are increasing the need to understand fundamental principles of offshore pipeline performance. Design codes, such as API 1111 (1999) or DNV (1996, 2000), present equations that quantify pipeline capacities under combined loading in offshore pipelines. However, these equations are based on empirical data fitting, with or without reliability considerations. Palmer (1994) pointed out that “it is surprising to discover that theoretical prediction [of tubular members under combined loading] has lagged behind empirical prediction, and that many of the formula have no real theoretical backup beyond dimensional analysis.” This paper addresses the ultimate strength of pipelines under combined bending and external pressure, especially for diameter-to-thickness ratios, D/t, less than 40, which are typically used for deep water applications. The model is original and has a rational basis. It includes considerations of ovalization, anisotropy (such as those caused by the UOE pipe fabrication process), load controlled, and displaced controlled conditions. First, plastic analysis is reviewed, then pipe local buckling under pure bending is analyzed and used to develop the strength model. Load controlled and displacement controlled conditions are a natural consequence of the formulation, as well as cross section ovalization. Secondly, external pressure effects are addressed. Model predictions compare very favorably to experimental collapse test results.

scholarly journals Rapid Mass Spectrometric Study of a Supercritical CO2-extract from Woody Liana Schisandra chinensis by HPLC-SPD-ESI-MS/MS

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (11) ◽  
pp. 2689
Author(s):  
Mayya Razgonova ◽  
Alexander Zakharenko ◽  
Konstantin Pikula ◽  
Ekaterina Kim ◽  
Valery Chernyshev ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Dioxide ◽  
Mass Spectrometric Study ◽  
Selective Extraction ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Schisandra Chinensis ◽  
Esi Ms ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Target Analytes ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2 ◽  
Rapid Mass

Woody liana Schisandra chinensis contains valuable lignans, which are phenylpropanoids with valuable biological activity. Among green and selective extraction methods, supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO2) was shown to be the method of choice for the recovery of these naturally occurring compounds. Carbon dioxide (CO2) was the solvent with the flow rate (10−25 g/min) with 2% ethanol as co-solvent. In this piece of work operative parameters and working conditions were optimized by experimenting with different pressures (200–400 bars) and temperatures (40–60 °C). The extraction time varied from 60 to 120 min. HPLC-SPD-ESI -MS/MS techniques were applied to detect target analytes. Twenty-six different lignans were identified in the S. chinensis SC-CO2 extracts.

Xylem sap analysis for determining nutritional status of trees: Pseudotsugamenziesii

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 429-437 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Stark ◽  
C. Spitzner ◽  
D. Essig
Keyword(s):  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Tree Age ◽  
Poor Growth ◽  
Field Problem ◽  
Soil Extracts ◽  
Growth Site ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Time Of Year

Xylem sap extraction of branches as a new field problem-solving technique in forestry, environmental pollution, and botany is described. The influence of extraction pressure, crown aspect, height into the crown, tree age, time of year and day, and soil chemistry on the ion concentrations in xylem sap are discussed. Xylem sap extraction with a pressure chamber provides a good indication of the nutrient status of a species if the trees are of similar age, and if they are sampled at the same aspect, crown height, time of day, time of year, and on the same soils. Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco (Douglas-fir), growing on nutrient-poor acid soils and moderately fertile alkaline soils showed significant differences in growth rate and ion concentrations in the xylem sap and soil. Trees on the faster growth site (< 12 rings/2.54 cm) had significantly more Ca, K, Mn, P, and N in the xylem sap. Trees on the poor growth site had high levels of Mg in the sap. Trees growing on the poor site which was also K deficient transpired more rapidly than those with faster growth. It is hypothesized that insufficient plant K could reduce the ability of the guard cells to control water loss. The stem water potential was slightly, but not significantly, higher on the poor growth site. Although there is no proof that the deficient ions are the cause of poor growth, they are suspect, given the similar water availability on the two sites. The concept of nutrient supplying potential of a tree, or its ability to supply its needles and meristems with water and nutrients is discussed. Distilled water soil extracts and foliar analyses would not have reflected the same ion relationships (deficiencies or excesses) that are evident in the xylem sap. Evidence for the factors controlling growth in these stands is being sought through fertilizer tests.

Xylem sap analysis for determining the nutrient status and growth of Pinusponderosa

1985 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Stark ◽  
C. Spitzner
Keyword(s):  
Ponderosa Pine ◽  
Soil Chemistry ◽  
Natural Variation ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Nutrient Status ◽  
Time Of Day ◽  
Ion Concentration ◽  
Ion Concentrations ◽  
Energy Stress

Natural variation in the ion concentration of the xylem sap of ponderosa pine (Pinusponderosa Laws.) in Montana was studied relative to tree height, crown aspect, age, time of day and year, species, tree to tree (within-stand variation), soil chemistry, and growth prediction. Xylem sap was extracted from branches at 2.4–2.7 MPa. The sap was analyzed chemically for 13 ions and total nitrogen. Extraction and analysis are fast and inexpensive. The top third of the crowns of P. ponderosa normally had higher ion concentrations in the sap for all but four ions. Crown aspect has little effect on the ion concentrations in sap. Age is a significant factor in xylem sap ion concentrations. Trees to be compared should be within 10 years in age. Time of day causes significant changes in ion concentration in the sap, but two stands can be compared over the same 2 to 8 sunlight hours. Xylem sap can be collected easily in the winter from frozen branches or in the summer when transpiration should be measured as well. Most ions decrease in concentration in the sap from the time of flush through hardening off. Douglas-fir (Pseudotsugamenziesii (Mirb.) Franco) sap has higher Ca than P. ponderosa sap. Slowly growing P. ponderosa had low Ca, Mn, K, P, and N, but high Mg and Si in the sap, compared with more rapidly growing trees. Xylem sap shows promise as a means of simultaneously evaluating the water, nutrient, and energy stress of trees and may be useful as a rapid means of predicting various parameters of tree growth.

scholarly journals Isolation of Caffeine from Carbonated Beverages

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-38
Author(s):  
Amir Hassan ◽  
Muhammad Ashfaq ◽  
Ali Khan ◽  
Muhammad Shakeel Khan
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Extraction Methods ◽  
Liquid Extraction ◽  
The Body ◽  
Solid Residue ◽  
Metabolizing Enzymes ◽  
Carbonated Beverages ◽  
Liquid Liquid Extraction ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Extracting Solvent

The work presented on the isolation of naturally occurring alkaloid from carbonated beverages. The extensive presence of caffeine in different plants plays an important role in the long-standing acceptance of caffeine-containing products. Caffeine (3,7-dihydro-1, 3,7-trimethyl-1H-purine-2,6-dione or 1,3,7-trimethylxanthine) is an alkaloid belongs to Methylxanthine family. Liquid-liquid extraction methods were used in the assay of research work. Chloroform was taken as extracting solvent. Solid residue of caffeine was recrystallized from 95% ethanol using 5ml/gram (5ml per gram). It is declared to raise caffeine, effects a number of different drugs include Paracetamol, Benzodiazepines and Aspirin and amount of plasma free Fatty acids increases. While inform that in regular sleeping interaction caffeine take place and raise the absorption of certain drugs. Changes in drug metabolizing enzymes, acts as an agent in a microsomal system of the body. The highest amount of caffeine dry crystal is extracted in sting sample while the 7up sample is free from caffeine.

Transfer of naturally occurring radionuclides to wheat under laboratory controlled conditions

2019 ◽  
Vol 320 (2) ◽  
pp. 433-440 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan Gabriel Muñoz-Muñoz ◽  
Francisco Javier Guillén ◽  
Antonio Baeza ◽  
Alejando Salas ◽  
Francisco Manuel Gómez-Polo
Keyword(s):  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Controlled Conditions ◽  
Naturally Occurring Radionuclides

scholarly journals Exogenous Applications of Abscisic Acid Increase Curing of Pierce's Disease-Affected Grapevines Growing in Pots

Plant Disease ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 95 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melody M. Meyer ◽  
Bruce C. Kirkpatrick
Keyword(s):  
Abscisic Acid ◽  
Xylem Sap ◽  
Antimicrobial Properties ◽  
Bacterial Pathogen ◽  
Pinot Noir ◽  
Pierce's Disease ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Plant Phenolics ◽  
Pierce’S Disease ◽  
Naturally Occurring

Foliar and drench applications of the plant growth regulator abscisic acid (ABA) were applied to 1-year-old potted Vitis vinifera ‘Pinot Noir’ and ‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ vines infected with Xylella fastidiosa, the bacterial pathogen that causes Pierce's disease (PD). A naturally occurring ABA and a synthetic ABA were applied, and both materials showed some effectiveness at increasing curing rates of PD-affected grapevines. Pinot Noir grapevines treated with the drench ABA treatments had significantly greater disease curing effects than the unsprayed control plants. It has been shown that plant phenolics have antimicrobial properties, and we found a positive correlation between effective ABA treatments and the total phenolic compound content of xylem sap extracted from Pinot Noir vines.

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