scholarly journals Effects of particulate air pollution on tuberculosis development in seven major cities of Korea from 2010 to 2016: methodological considerations involving long-term exposure and time lag

2020 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. e2020012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honghyok Kim ◽  
Sarah Yu ◽  
Hongjo Choi
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Exposure Duration ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Time Lag ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cumulative Exposure ◽  
Notification Rate ◽  
Cross Sectional

OBJECTIVES: Epidemiological evidence of associations between ambient particulate matter (PM) and tuberculosis (TB) risk is accumulating. Two previous studies in Korea found associations between air pollution—especially sulfur dioxide (SO<sub>2</sub>)—and TB. In this study, we conducted an annual time-series cross-sectional study to assess the effect of PM with an aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm (PM<sub>10</sub>) on TB risk in seven major cities of Korea from 2010 to 2016, taking into account time lag and long-term cumulative exposure.METHODS: Age-standardized TB notification rates were derived using the Korea National TB Surveillance System. Annual average PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations were obtained from annual Korean air quality reports. We applied a generalized linear mixed model with unconstrained distributed lags of exposure to PM<sub>10</sub>. We adjusted for potential confounders such as age, health behaviors, and area-level characteristics.RESULTS: Both average annual PM<sub>10</sub> concentrations and age-standardized TB notification rates decreased over time. The association between cumulative exposure to PM<sub>10</sub> and TB incidence became stronger as a longer exposure duration was considered. An increase of one standard deviation (5.63 μg/m<sup>3</sup>) in PM<sub>10</sub> exposure for six years was associated with a 1.20 (95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.22) times higher TB notification rate. The marginal association of exposure duration with the TB notification rate was highest at four and five years prior to TB notification. This association remained consistent even after adjusting it for exposure to SO<sub>2</sub>.CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that cumulative exposure to PM<sub>10</sub> may affect TB risk, with a potential lag effect.

scholarly journals The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors on childhood diarrhea in Cambodia

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Vong Pisey ◽  
Pannee Banchonhattakit
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year

Background: Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide, as well as a major cause for concern in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to childhood diarrhea in Cambodia. Methods: A cross-sectional study of the secondary data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 was conducted using the combination of household data and children’s data. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the determinant factors of childhood diarrhea. Results: The surveys included 2,828 children, aged 12 to 35 months. The prevalence of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks was 16.44% (95% CI: 14.72%-18.31%). Factors with statistically significant associations with childhood diarrhea in Cambodia were: maternal  unemployment, compared with being in employment (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.78); the child being male (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53); the presence of unimproved toilet facilities (AOR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31) compared with improved toilet facilities; and unhygienic disposal of children’s stools (AOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64) compared with hygienic disposal of children’s stools when controlling for other covariates. Both maternal age (one year older; AOR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78– 0.93) and child age (one month older; AOR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94) had significant negative associations with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion: Childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern in Cambodia. The probability of diarrhea occurring is shown to be increased by maternal unemployment, the sex of the child being male, lack of provision of improved toilet facilities, and the unhygienic disposal of children’s stools; whereas increasing maternal age and child’s age were associated with a reduced chance of diarrhea occurring. On the basis of these results, we recommend provision of programs focusing on reducing diarrhea through the construction of improved toilet facilities and the promotion of behavior to improve hygiene, specifically targeting younger mothers.

Exposure to long-term air pollution and road traffic noise in relation to cholesterol: A cross-sectional study

2015 ◽  
Vol 85 ◽  
pp. 238-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mette Sørensen ◽  
Dorrit Hjortebjerg ◽  
Kirsten T. Eriksen ◽  
Matthias Ketzel ◽  
Anne Tjønneland ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Road Traffic ◽  
Traffic Noise ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Road Traffic Noise ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional

scholarly journals The association of socio-demographic and environmental factors on childhood diarrhea in Cambodia

F1000Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 303
Author(s):  
Vong Pisey ◽  
Pannee Banchonhattakit ◽  
Wongsa Laohasiriwong
Keyword(s):  
Maternal Age ◽  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Childhood Diarrhea ◽  
Public Health Concern ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
One Year

Background:Diarrhea is still the leading cause of childhood death worldwide, as well as a major cause for concern in developing countries. This study was conducted to investigate the factors related to childhood diarrhea in Cambodia. Methods:A cross-sectional study of the secondary data from the Cambodia Demographic and Health Survey 2014 was conducted using the combined dataset of household data and children’s data. A generalized linear mixed model was used to analyze the determinant factors of childhood diarrhea. Results:The surveys included 2,828 children, aged 12 to 35 months. The prevalence of diarrhea in the last 2 weeks was 16.44% (95% CI: 14.72%-18.31%). Factors with statistically significant associations with childhood diarrhea in Cambodia were: maternal unemployment, compared with being in employment (AOR = 1.43; 95% CI: 1.14-1.78); the child being male (AOR = 1.25; 95%CI: 1.02-1.53); the presence of unimproved toilet facilities (AOR = 1.17; 95%CI: 1.05-1.31) compared with improved toilet facilities; and unhygienic disposal of children’s stools (AOR = 1.32; 95%CI: 1.06-1.64) compared with hygienic disposal of children’s stools when controlling for other covariates. Both maternal age (one year older; AOR = 0.85; 95%CI: 0.78– 0.93) and child age (one month older; AOR = 0.86; 95%CI: 0.78-0.94) had significant negative associations with the occurrence of childhood diarrhea. Conclusion:Childhood diarrhea remains a public health concern in Cambodia. The probability of diarrhea occurring is shown to be increased by maternal unemployment, the sex of the child being male, lack of provision of improved toilet facilities, and the unhygienic disposal of children’s stools; whereas increasing maternal age and child’s age were associated with a reduced chance of diarrhea occurring. On the basis of these results, we recommend provision of programs focusing on reducing diarrhea through the construction of improved toilet facilities and the promotion of behavior to improve hygiene, specifically targeting younger mothers.

scholarly journals Linking Differences in Eating Behavior with Appetitive Hormones in Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 594-594
Author(s):  
Debra Kirsty Tacad ◽  
Christine Bowlus ◽  
Leslie Woodhouse ◽  
Sridevi Krishnan ◽  
Nancy Keim
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Model ◽  
Linear Mixed Model ◽  
Bimodal Distribution ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Blood Collection ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Time To Peak

Abstract Objectives Examine and compare the hormones related to satiety in women identified as 1) restrained + disinhibited eaters, 2) restrained, non-disinhibited eaters, or 3) unrestrained, non-disinhibited eaters. We hypothesized restrained eaters with disinhibition would have a different pattern of appetitive hormones involved in food intake regulation. Methods 178 women from a cross-sectional study completed the three factor eating questionnaire (TFEQ), and were classified as restrained + disinhibited eaters (RD, n = 38), restrained, non-disinhibited eaters (R, n = 52), or unrestrained, non-disinhibited eaters (LL, n = 88). Women fasted for 12 h prior to baseline blood collection, and postprandial blood was collected after a meal challenge at 30 min, 3 h, and 6 h. Data were evaluated for outliers and missingness, and transformed and imputed using multivariate normal imputation. Differences in glucose, insulin and ghrelin were analyzed using a linear mixed model comparing groups. Time to peak and nadir for glucose, insulin and ghrelin were calculated from response curves. Chi square tests of proportions were used to determine whether the distribution of participants in the three groups were different in their times to peak and nadir. Results There were no significant differences between groups in ghrelin or insulin concentrations over time. However, overall glucose levels in RD were significantly lower than R and LL groups (P = 0.05 and P = 0.03, respectively). Chi-squared tests indicated that a greater proportion of women in the RD group reached peak glucose at 3 h, compared to women in R and LL with peak glucose occurring at 30 min (P = 0.04). Glucose nadir displayed a bimodal distribution in R, with more women at baseline and 3 h compared to RD and LL (P = 0.05). Ghrelin nadir was reached at 3 h for more participants in RD and LL, but occurred later at 6 h in more participants in R (P = 0.04). Conclusions Dietary restraint and disinhibition are associated with circulating glucose and ghrelin concentrations; however, prospective research is needed to determine if there is a causal relationship. Funding Sources USDA CRIS 2032-51530-022, 2032-51530-025, and 2032-51530-026-00-D, and a grant from Arla Foods Inc.

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