scholarly journals Correlation Between Three Freshwater Fish Skin Mucus Antiproliferative Effect and Its Elemental Composition Role in Bacterial Growth

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (05) ◽  
pp. 233-244
Author(s):  
Arun Sridhar ◽  
Dinesh Babu Manikandan ◽  
Sivagaami Palaniyappan ◽  
Rajkumar Krishnasamy Sekar ◽  
Thirumurugan Ramasamy
Keyword(s):  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Elemental Composition ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells ◽  
Mucus Barrier ◽  
Inhibitory Molecules

Fish skin mucus acts as an immunological barrier that prevents entry of pathogens. However, there are gaps in the knowledge of microbes inhabiting skin mucus constituents to invade the host and induce pathogenecity. Hence, in the present study, skin and skin mucus of three freshwater fishes Cyprinus carpio, Labeo rohita, Cirrhinus mrigala was analyzed to compare histology and mucus activity against cancer cells. The skin mucus elemental composition and its influence on bacterial growth were also investigated. Histological examination of fish skin showed the presence of mucus secreting cells and differences in the distribution of cells were clearly seen depending on fish species. The cytotoxic potential of lyophilized skin mucus against human lung adenocarcinoma cells revealed a higher percentage of cell death at 1000 µg mL-1 in C. mrigala skin mucus when comparing other two fish species. Elemental analysis of lyophilized skin mucus through Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray (FESEM-EDX) confirmed the presence of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur in C. carpio and C. mrigala. In the case of L. rohita, the element sulfur was absent. The results of bacterial growth in autoclaved skin mucus demonstrated an initial reduction in bacterial population and gradually increased over time. Initial reduction in bacteria might be due to the presence of inhibitory molecules in fish skin mucus. Subsequently, the bacteria utilize the elemental composition of skin mucus as a nutrient source to increase their growth. Study findings suggest that the presence of bioactive compounds in lyophilized skin mucus hinder the proliferation of cancer cells. Nevertheless, after autoclaving the skin mucus components, it supports the growth of bacteria due to the absence of immune molecules. The present study represents the knowledge of skin mucus composition, which could be explored further to understand how pathogens overcome the skin mucus barrier.

STUDY OF PROTEIN COMPONENTS OF FISH SKIN MUCUS WITH THROMBOGENIC ACTIVITY

2020 ◽  
pp. 61-64
Author(s):  
L.L. Fomina ◽  
◽  
Yu.L. Oshurkova ◽  
O.A. Junina ◽  
T.S. Kulakova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fish Skin ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Protein Components

scholarly journals Downregulation of NKG2DLs by TGF-β in human lung cancer cells

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young Shin Lee ◽  
Hojung Choi ◽  
Hae-Ryung Cho ◽  
Woo-Chang Son ◽  
You-Soo Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor Beta ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Nk Cell ◽  
Surface Proteins ◽  
Lung Cancer Cells ◽  
Human Lung Cancer ◽  
Altered Expression ◽  
Inhibitory Molecules

Abstract Background Transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) is a typical immuno-inhibitory cytokine and highly secreted by lung cancer cells. It was supposed that its immunosuppressive effects to NK cell might be related with the altered expression of activating and inhibitory molecules in lung cancer cells. In this study, we examined the expression of NKG2DLs, PD-L1 and PD-L2 in lung cancer cells after treatment of TGF-β and a TGF-β inhibitor, Galunisertib (LY2157299). Results TGF-β reduced the level of surface proteins of five NKG2DLs without altered transcription levels in lung cancer cells. Galunisertib reversed the effect of TGF-β on the expression of NKG2DLs. Since MMP inhibitors, MMPi III and MMP2 inhibitor I, restored the reduced expression of NKG2DLs after treatment of TGF-β, it was thought that TGF-β induced the expression of MMP2 which facilitated the shedding of the NKG2DLs in cancer cells. However, the expression of PD-L1, L2 were not changed by treatment with TGF-β or Galunisertib. Conclusions Therefore, inhibition of TGF-β might reverse the immunosuppressive status on immune cells and restore NK cell mediated anticancer immune responses by upregulation of NKG2DLs in cancer cells.

Drag reduction of fish skin mucus: Relationship to mode of swimming and size

1993 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 797-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Bernadsky ◽  
N. Sar ◽  
E. Rosenberg
Keyword(s):  
Drag Reduction ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Skin Mucus

Histamine Production by Enterobacter aerogenes in Sailfish and Milkfish at Various Storage Temperatures

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (8) ◽  
pp. 1690-1695 ◽  
Author(s):  
YUNG-HSIANG TSAI ◽  
SHIOU-CHUNG CHANG ◽  
HSIEN-FENG KUNG ◽  
CHENG-I WEI ◽  
DENG-FWU HWANG
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Elevated Temperatures ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Enterobacter Aerogenes ◽  
Optimal Temperature ◽  
Histamine Production ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Histamine Formation ◽  
Frozen Fish

Enterobacter aerogenes was studied for its growth and ability to promote the formation of total volatile base nitrogen (TVBN) and histamine in sailfish (Istiophorus platypterus) and milkfish (Chanos chanos) stored at various temperatures from −20 to 37°C. The optimal temperature for bacterial growth in both fish species was 25°C, whereas the optimal temperature for histamine formation was 37°C. The two fish species inoculated with E. aerogenes, when not properly stored at low temperatures such as 15°C for 36 h, formed histamine at above the U.S. Food and Drug Administration hazardous guideline level of 50 mg/100 g. Milkfish was a better substrate than sailfish for histamine formation by bacterial histidine decarboxylation at elevated temperatures (>15°C). Although higher contents of TVBN were detected in the spiked sailfish than milkfish during the same storage time at temperatures above 15°C, the use of the 30-mg/100 g level of TVBN as a determination index for fish quality and decomposition was not a good criterion for assessing potential histamine hazard for both fish species. Bacterial growth was controlled by cold storage of the fish at 4°C or below, but histamine formation was stopped only by frozen storage. Once the frozen fish samples were thawed and stored at 25°C, histamine started to accumulate rapidly and reached levels greater than the hazardous action level in 36 h.

Effects of Washing Freshwater Fish on Keeping Quality

1971 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 783-785 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. C. Gillespie ◽  
Kurosh Ostovar
Keyword(s):  
Freshwater Fish ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Bacterial Growth ◽  
Coregonus Clupeaformis ◽  
Freshwater Fish Species ◽  
Metabolic Products ◽  
Keeping Quality

Slime from several freshwater fish species was a good bacteriological medium and supported growth of 109–1010 organisms per gram. Fish stored at 3 C became inedible after several days even though the flesh contained few bacteria. Diffusion of metabolic products resulting from bacterial growth on the slime produced strong odors and flavors in the flesh. Under commercial conditions, washed lake whiteflsh (Coregonus clupeaformis) had lower bacterial numbers and coliform counts and higher organoleptic ratings than unwashed samples.

scholarly journals PERBEDAAN DAYA TAHAN NON SPESIFIK LIMA SPESIES IKAN AIR TAWAR TERHADAP INFEKSI Aeromonashydrophila

2003 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
H. Syakuri ◽  
Triyanto Triyanto ◽  
K. H. Nitimulyo
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Common Carp ◽  
Antibody Titer ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Nile Tilapia ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Causative Factor ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Time To Death

Fish naturally has a non-specific defense against several pathogens. The non-specific defense is anatomical and physiological function that varies according to genetical and environmental factor. The differences of non-specific defense against Aeromonas hydrophila infection were studied in blackfinpacu (Colossoma macropomum), gourami (Osphronemus goramy), common crap (Cyprinus carpio), African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), and red nile tilapia (Orochromis sp.). This study also examined the differences on several parameters of non-specific defense, including differentiation anc number of leucocytes, serum total, titer of antibody, and antibacterial activity of skin mucus.The fishes were intramuscularly infected at the media lethal doses for common carp (7,4 x 108cfu/fish). Pathological changes, survival rate, and mean time to death were observed every day. The observation of non-specific defense parameters were carried out prior and at seven day after infection.The results showed thahblackfinpacu was the most resistant species against A. hydrophila infection. African catfish and red nile tilapia were most resistant than gourami and common carp. The antibody titer and percentage of thrombocytes were the causative factor for the difference of the resistence against A. hydrophila. The five fish species also showed differences on leucocytes number, monocytes and eosinophiles percentage, and serum total, but they did not showed the differences of neutrophile percentage. The skin mucus of all fish species did not exhibited antibacterial activity against A. hydrophila. This study also found increase in antibody titer and leucocytes number after A. hydrophila infection.

The effects of fish skin mucus on hatching in the monogenean parasite Entobdella soleae from the skin of the common sole, Solea solea

Parasitology ◽  
1974 ◽  
Vol 68 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-188 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graham C. Kearn
Keyword(s):  
Constant Temperature ◽  
Dark Period ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fish Skin ◽  
Skin Mucus ◽  
Monogenean Parasite ◽  
Solea Solea ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Sole

Previously it has been shown that eggs of the skin-parasitic monogenean Entobdella soleae, maintained free of host contamination at constant temperature (12 °C) and exposed to alternating 12 h periods of light and darkness, hatch during the first few hours of each period of illumination as a result of endogenous processes in the larva in conjunction with the illumination cycle. Washings, prepared by immersing the parasite's host (the common sole, Solea solea) for 1 h in seawater (just sufficient to cover the body), enhance this ‘morning’ hatching. Furthermore, the application of host washings during the latter half of the period of illumination or during the dark period also stimulates hatching. Experiments have shown that the hatching factor is present in sole skin mucus, is not destroyed by boiling for 5 min or by freezing and is produced by small soles measuring 4–5 cm in length as well as by larger soles (15–21 cm long).When eggs are incubated at about 12°C in the absence of fish washings, hatching begins about 30 days after laying, but there is evidence that some of the larvae inside their shells are fully developed and capable of hatching in response to host hatching factor 1–3 days earlier.When fish washings are added to eggs which range in age from 25 to more than 30 days (at 12 °C) many eggs are stimulated to hatch (in addition to ‘morning’ hatching as a result of endogenous rhythmical processes and the illumination cycle) and others fail to hatch. These remaining unhatched eggs, in the absence of further treatment with host hatching factor, will complete their development and subsequently will hatch during the ‘morning’ hours in response to the illumination cycle. Further contact with host hatching factor is likely to stimulate the hatching of some of these remaining eggs.The host hatching factor is not specific to S. solea; washings from plaice, dab, halibut, whiting and ray induce hatching in E. soleae. In experiments in which oncomiracidia were offered scales from dab and sole, most of the attached larvae were found on sole skin, irrespective of whether the hatching stimulant had been provided by dab or by sole.The relationship between the behaviour of the common sole and hatching phenomena in the skin parasite is discussed; hatching rhythms and the use of host hatching factors adapt the parasite to take advantage of most opportunities to infect the host.

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