Prevalence of Maternal Anemia in Pregnancy: The Effect of Maternal Hemoglobin Level on Pregnancy and Neonatal Outcome

Introduction: Anemia is one of the most prevalent nutritional deficiency problem affecting pregnant women. It is defined by World Health Organization as hemoglobin (Hb) level of less than 11 g/dl. Hemoglobin level of 9.0- 10.9 g/dl is mild, 7.0-8.9 g/dl is moderate and less than 7 g/dl is severe anemia respectively. Maternal anemia in pregnancy is commonly considered as a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome and can result in complications that threaten the life of both mother and fetus. Aims: To find out neonatal outcome delivered to anemic mothers. Methods: A prospective case control study was carried out among 75 newborns delivered to pregnant women with hemoglobin below 10.9g/dL. Another 75 newborns were taken delivered at the same time, matched age and sex wise as a control group to mothers whose hemoglobin was more than 11g/dl. Results: Out of total 75 cases 35(46.7%) mothers had mild, 32(42.6%) had moderate and 8(10.7%) had severe anemia respectively. Similarly, the risk of having preterm baby among anemia group was 4.42 times higher than that in control group (p 0.033). The risk of having low birth weight in anemia group was 3.9 times higher than that in control group (p 0.04). The mean of head circumference (HC) among the anemia group was 33.9cm +1.40 (Mean+SD) and among the control group was 34.4cm+1.24(Mean+SD) with a mean difference of 0.5cm (p 0.032). The mean of length among anemia group was 45.3cm+1.97 (Mean+ SD) and among the control group was 46.2cm+1.69 (Mean+ SD) with a mean difference of 0.9 cm (p 0.003). Conclusion: Maternal anemia in pregnancy is associated with increased risk of adverse neonatal outcome. Efforts must be made to reduce the prevalence of anemia especially during pregnancy to reduce neonatal morbidity and mortality.

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Maternal Anemia in Pregnancy: Assessing the Effect of Routine Preventive Measures in a Malaria-Endemic Area

American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene ◽

10.4269/ajtmh.12-0195 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 88 (2) ◽

pp. 292-300 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Smaïla Ouédraogo ◽

Manfred M. K. Accrombessi ◽

Florence Bodeau-Livinec ◽

Ghislain K. Koura ◽

Michel Cot ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endemic Area ◽

Preventive Measures ◽

Malaria Endemic Area ◽

Maternal Anemia ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

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Correlation of different obstetrical factors with hemoglobin level in pregnant females.

The Professional Medical Journal ◽

10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.03.3901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 27 (03) ◽

pp. 625-630

Author(s):

Iffat Imran ◽

Nusrat Zareen Bashir ◽

Umber - Fatima ◽

Imran Nazir ◽

Rizwan Rasul Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Mode Of Delivery ◽

Sampling Technique ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

P Value ◽

Pregnant Females ◽

History Of ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

Inter Pregnancy Interval ◽

In Pregnancy

Objectives: To assess the correlation of different obstetrical factors with the hemoglobin level in multiparous pregnant females in Taif KSA. Anemia in pregnancy is a multifactorial phenomenon, among which obstetrical factors like parity, previous H/O abortions, inter pregnancy interval, mode of delivery etc are frequently associated. Study Design: Observational study. Setting: Outpatient department in King Faisal Hospital (KFH), Taif, Saudi Arabia. Period: 1st June 2018 and 31st August 2018. Material & Methods: Conducted in 200 pregnant women by random sampling technique. Hemoglobin value and all patient’s data was noted. All data was fed to SPSS version 23.0 and statistically analyzed using chi square test for qualitative and student’s t test for quantitative data. Results: The study was conducted in 200 patients that showed that there was no statistically significant association of increasing parity, inter pregnancy interval, mode of delivery (NVD or Cesarean section) & history of anemia and PPH in preceding pregnancy with the Hemoglobin level. While history of previous abortion is associated and a risk factor for anemia in pregnancy, 50% with history of 01 previous abortion had anemia while 100% of the cases with history of 02 previous abortions had moderate anemia. (Table-II). This association was observed statistically significant with p value of 0.001. Conclusion: This study concluded that anemia is a predictable as well as preventable entity. Obstetrical factors may be the contributory factors of anemia in pregnancy. Health education awareness programs, regular antenatal visits and iron supplements can be helpful to improve heath of pregnant women.

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Use of Iron Sucrose Complex in Treatment of Anemia in Pregnancy

Bangladesh Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology ◽

10.3329/bjog.v25i1.13728 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 25 (1) ◽

pp. 20-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Rabeya Akther ◽

Hasina Afroj

Keyword(s):

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Intravenous Iron ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

Iron Sucrose ◽

Iron Therapy ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Prospective Clinical Study ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

Intravenous Iron Therapy ◽

In Pregnancy

Objective: To demonstrate the value of iron sucrose complex in the treatment of anemia in pregnancy.Methods: It is a prospective clinical study, of 35 consecutive pregnant women suffering from anemia in pregnancy. The study was conducted over a period of twelve months. Hemoglobin concentration was measured three times during pregnancy. All women consumed timed release iron from 17 weeks onward up to birth of the baby. If hemoglobin level is (8.5 - 9) gm/dl, parentral Iron sucrose complex 2 doses (400gm of iron) were given intravenously and hemoglobin level was checked after 15 days.Results: There were 35 women who completed the treatment and data was available for analysis. Their mean age was 27.5(range21-35) years. Fifty six percent were 2nd gravid. Twenty eight (28%) percent women in 1st half of pregnancy, 53% in 2nd trimester and 16% in 3rd trimester suffering from moderate anemia and treated with iron sucrose complex (ISC). The average Hemoglobin concentration before treatment was 8.47gm/dl and after treatment was 9.67gm/dl. There was a statistically significant improvement in hemoglobin concentration. Three women developed side effects and did not get 2nd dose.Conclusion: Intravenous iron therapy is safe, convenient and effective in treatment of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. The intravenous iron therapy can replace blood transfusion in antenatal period in many patients. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjog.v25i1.13728 Bangladesh J Obstet Gynaecol, 2010; Vol. 25(1) : 20-23

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Fetal vascular adaptation before and after treatment of severe maternal anemia in pregnancy

International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics ◽

10.1016/j.ijgo.2015.11.011 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 133 (3) ◽

pp. 284-286 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Eram Ali ◽

Manisha Kumar ◽

Sayyed E.H. Naqvi ◽

Shubha S. Trivedi ◽

Anuradha Singh

Keyword(s):

Maternal Anemia ◽

Vascular Adaptation ◽

Before And After ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

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Maternal Hemoglobin Concentration and Pregnancy Outcome: A Study of the Effects of Elevation in El Alto, Bolivia

McGill Journal of Medicine ◽

10.26443/mjm.v13i1.244 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elise M Laflamme

Keyword(s):

Pregnancy Outcome ◽

Gestational Age ◽

Hemoglobin Concentration ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

Apgar Scores ◽

El Alto ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

Gestational Age At Birth ◽

Age At Birth ◽

In Pregnancy

Iron-defciency anemia is often under-diagnosed in developing coun- tries, specifcally in pregnant populations in regions of high altitude. Hemoglobin levels are not consistently adjusted for elevation, and therefore many anemic pa- tients are left undiagnosed. The purpose of this study was to incorporate current parameters for diagnosing anemia in pregnancy at high altitudes, and to evaluate the effects of appropriately adjusted hemoglobin concentrations on pregnancy out- come. A few studies have examined the effect of elevation on hemoglobin status, and other studies have considered the effects of anemia of pregnancy; however, there is a lack of data demonstrating that altitude-adjusted hemoglobin levels ac- curately predict pregnancy outcome. Using the Student t-Test, multiple linear re- gression, and ANOVA statistical analyses, various factors of pregnancy outcome were compared between anemic and non-anemic groups, as defned by hemoglobin cut-off levels adjusted for trimester of pregnancy and altitude. when appropriate adjustments were used, maternal anemia was associated with lower infant Apgar scores at both one minute and fve minutes after birth, as well as complication of labor, lower gestational age at birth, and higher parity. This study demonstrates the importance of altitude and trimester specifc adjustments to maternal hemoglobin levels in order to accurately diagnose anemia in pregnancy. In addition, a clear cor- relation is seen between maternal hemoglobin level and pregnancy outcome.

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The Effect of Self Coastal Cards on Adherence to Iron Tablet Consumption, Hemoglobin Level, Weight of A Baby, Among Anemia in Pregnancy

European Journal of Medical and Health Sciences ◽

10.24018/ejmed.2020.2.4.394 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Lina Sundayani ◽

Baiq Iin Rumintang

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

Deficiency Anemia ◽

Research Subjects ◽

Third Trimester ◽

Postpartum Bleeding ◽

Moderate Anemia ◽

Post Test ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

The purpose of this research to analize the effect of coastal cards on adherencetoiron tablet consumption, hemoglobin level, weight of a baby, among anemia in pregnancy. This research used quasi experimentalwith design pre and post-test design, which was performed on pregnant women with mild and moderate iron deficiency anemia in the Mataram Health Center. The research subjects consisted of 30 of third trimester of pregnant women who had mild and moderate anemia. Data analysis with Anova one way. The results showed: The level of adherence of 30 study subjects were mostly adherent to taking Iron tablet 29 people (96.7%) and only 1 person who was not compliant (3.3%). Hb levels in pregnant women at the first day of iron tablet an average of 9.90 gr%, after 2 weeks given an average iron tablet of 10.87 gr%, and before giving birth after being given iron tablet on average 11.84 gr%. Hb levels after childbirth is given an average iron tablet of 11.38 gr%. The weight of babies born is between 2768 grams to 3407 grams and the average baby's weight is 3087.5 grams. experienced Postpartum bleeding, namely 29 people (96.7%) and only 1 person (3.3%) who experienced postpartum bleeding.

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OPTIMIZATION OF DRUG SUPPLY OFFICER HEMOGLOBIN LEVELS ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF PREGNANT WOMEN WITH ANDROID BASED ANEMIA

International Journal of Current Pharmaceutical Research ◽

10.22159/ijcpr.2020v12i2.37457 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-3

Author(s):

LISMAWATI ◽

RICA TRI SEPTINORA

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Univariate Analysis ◽

The United States ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Control Group ◽

P Value ◽

Acute Hemorrhage ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

Objective: According to WHO, 40% of the maternal mortality rate in developing countries about the incidence of anemia in pregnancy. The incidence of anemia in pregnancy is caused by iron deficiency and acute hemorrhage. The frequency of pregnant women in Indonesia who are anemic are still very high at 63.5% compared to only 6% in the United States [1]. The aim of this research to determine differences in hemoglobin levels before and after supervised by officers to take medication to increase hemoglobin levels in pregnant women with anemia. Methods: The research was quasi-experiment using the control group conducted on July 11, s/d August 15th, 2019. The sample in this study was 30 respondents as the experimental group and 30 respondents as a control group, starting with the measurement of hemoglobin of respondents then monitoring the group given the intervention officer taking medication through an android-based application and subsequently re-measured hemoglobin level. Data were analyzed by univariate and bivariate through t-test with α = 0.05. Results: The result of the univariate analysis showed the average value of maternal age, parity and gestational age is homogeneous with p-value>0.05, which means there is no difference in the characteristics of groups of officers taking medication and without officers taking medication, and the bivariate analysis in getting p-value<0.001 so as to conclude that there are differences in hemoglobin level difference in the group taking medication and the clerk without officers taking medication. Conclusion: The conclusion of this research was hemoglobin levels increased in pregnant women with anemia after supervised by officers to take medication and increasing regularity in consuming Fe tablets in pregnant women.

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The Effect of Moringa Oleifera on Hemoglobin Level in Pregnancy

Nursing and Health Sciences Journal (NHSJ) ◽

10.53713/nhs.v1i2.65 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 136-141

Author(s):

Joyce Laiskodat ◽

Rini Kundaryanti ◽

Shinta Novelia

Keyword(s):

Standard Deviation ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Health Center ◽

Hemoglobin Level ◽

T Test ◽

Control Group ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

Experimental Group ◽

In Pregnancy ◽

Average Hemoglobin

Anemia is a form of the body's compensation mechanism for decreasing hemoglobin levels. Anemia in pregnancy is a condition in which hemoglobin is below normal, which is below 11 g/dl. The most common cause of anemia in pregnancy is iron deficiency. Moringa leaves are one type of food that is rich in iron which can overcome anemia. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of giving Moringa leaf soup on hemoglobin levels of pregnant women in the third trimester at the Oepoi Health Center, Kupang City in 2021. Quasy Experimental research design with a two group pre-test and post-test design. The study population was all pregnant women. The sampling technique is purposive sampling. The sample was 32 pregnant women. Statistical test using t-test. The location of this research was carried out at the Oepoi Health Center, Kupang City from July to August 2021. The research instrument was observation sheet and Hb measuring instrument. The results showed that the average hemoglobin of pregnant women before the intervention in the experimental group was 9.813 g/dl with a standard deviation of 0.57. The hemoglobin level of pregnant women after being given Moringa leaf soup in the experimental group was 11.494 g/dl with a standard deviation of 1.24. The average hemoglobin in pregnant women before intervention in the control group was 9.825 g/dl with a standard deviation of 0.61. The average hemoglobin in pregnant women after the intervention in the control group was 9.675 g/dl with a standard deviation of 1.28. Analysis using the t-test obtained a significance value of 0.000 <0.05. It can be concluded that there was a significant effect between giving Moringa leaf soup on hemoglobin levels in TM III pregnant women. It is hoped that in addition to consuming Fe tablets, it is also recommended to consume foods high in iron such as Moringa leaves to increase hemoglobin in pregnant women.

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Hubungan Anemia pada Kehamilan Dengan Inpartu Kala II Lama di BPM Ny. Suhariyati Surabaya

Journal of Health Sciences ◽

10.33086/jhs.v9i1.185 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Ratna Ariesta ◽

Dwi Andriani

Keyword(s):

Pregnant Women ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Stage Ii ◽

Primary Data ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Maternal Anemia ◽

Second Stage ◽

Anemia In Pregnancy ◽

In Pregnancy

Relations of Anemia in Pregnancy With Inpartu Kala II Lama in BPM Ny. Suhariyati Surabaya. Anemia in pregnancy in Indonesia is still high, with a national rate of 65% which each region has different variations, anemia is one of the causes of prolonged labor. BPM Ny. Suhariyati Surabaya in December 2014 of 18 people inpartu obtained 6 (33.33%) who have anemia, of the 6 3 occurred prolonged second stage and 12 persons (66.7%) were not anemic, of the 12 people 3 people experiencing prolonged second stage. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal anemia during long inpartu the second stage in the BPM Ny. Suhariyati Surabaya. This study uses an observational analytic study design and by the time the study was cross sectional study with a research population is all women berslin in BPM Ny. Suhariyati a total of 90 people for 2 months. Selection of the sample by simple random sampling with a large sample studied was 40. The variables in this study are anemic pregnant women and old stage II. At the time of data collection procedures inpartu using primary data and the processing of data by cross tables and chi square test. Based on the results of the study of 40 people found 14 (35.00%) had anemia which consists of 4 people (28.57%) had stage II normal and 10 (71.42%) experienced a prolonged second stage. The conclusions of this study is almost half inpartu mothers have anemia, mostly mothers inpartu experiencing prolonged second stage and there is a relationship between maternal anemia during inpartu with prolonged second stage. Advice for pregnant women should undergo hemoglobin levels every 3 months and taking 90 tablets Fe to pregnant women during pregnancy.

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