GROWTH RATE AND BEHAVIOR OVER 20 YEARS IN THE CRUSTOSE LICHEN HAEMATOMMA ERYTHROMMA AT ELEPHANT ISLAND, ANTARCTICA

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (01) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Jair Putzke ◽  
◽  
Adriano Luis Schünemann ◽  
Antonio Batista Pereira
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Extreme Environments ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Prevailing Wind ◽  
Plastic Sheet ◽  
Crustose Lichen ◽  
Prevailing Wind Direction ◽  
And Behavior ◽  
Elephant Island

Antarctica is one of the most extreme environments on the planet considering the climatic conditions. This greatly limits the development of plants, and is reflected in slow growth, especially in the lichens present in this environment. Haematomma erythromma is a nitrophile lichen easily identifiable by its color and was the species chosen to evaluate growth in Antarctica. Using a plastic sheet, squares of 20 x 20 cm were placed on eight different rocks with crustose lichen communities and the species found were drawn in 1992 and in 2012. The location chosen for the survey was Stinker Point, on Elephant Island, north of the South Shetland Archipelago. After 20 years and evaluating 178 thalli, H. erythromma grew 0.2 to 0.7 mm/year, one of the slowest among Antarctic lichens. The thallus growth is mainly oriented West/Northwest, against prevailing wind direction, probably due to nutrient carried form a penguin rockery nearby. New thalli formed during this evaluation and the old ones also grew to connect each other, resulting in a confluent larger thallus. The new thalli grew mostly over Xanthoria elegans (Link.) Th. Fr., Rhizoplaca aspidophora (Vain.) Redón and Buellia spp. demonstrating that H. erythromma is capable of colonize areas with other lichen species coverage. The growth to be confluent with other thalli and the wind orientation are novelties to this species of lichen.

scholarly journals Release of Postsenescent Dormancy in Leafy Spurge (Euphorbia esula) by Chilling

Weed Science ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 784-786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen J. Harvey ◽  
Robert M. Nowierski
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
North America ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Leafy Spurge ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Euphorbia Esula ◽  
Flower Buds ◽  
Significant Growth ◽  
Number Of Stems

The growth and development of leafy spurge (Euphorbia esulaL. #3EPHES) collected during postsenescent dormancy and grown in the greenhouse was increasingly stimulated by chilling treatments longer than 14 days duration at 0 to 6 C. Production of stems with flower buds, primary flowers, and secondary flowers was greater in plants chilled for 42 days or more. The effects of chilling on total number of stems, number of strictly vegetative stems, or number of stems with vegetative branching were not significant. The height of the tallest stem per pot was influenced by chilling longer than 42 days. Growth rate also increased as a function of chilling duration. Based on our findings, we believe that there is little possibility that any significant growth can occur in the postsenescent period because of the prevailing climatic conditions found in areas of leafy spurge distribution in North America.

Time-Energy Budgets During Reproduction and the Evolution of Single Parenting in the Superb Lyrebird

1986 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 351 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Lill
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Brood Size ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Egg Laying ◽  
Energy Budgets ◽  
Brood Care ◽  
Single Parenting ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Small Brood

Estimated expenditures on brood-care by unassisted female superb lyrebirds, obtained through time-energy budgeting, were compared with published values for other bird species. With the exception of nestbuilding, estimated daily expenditures were relatively low, due mainly to the small brood size and low level of parental attentiveness. It is suggested that the traits which reduce daily brood-care expenditures, particularly the small brood size and extremely slow growth rate, may have evolved as adaptations which enabled deserted females operating close to maximal capacity to cope with single-parenting. Male parental involvement could probably increase the growth rate of the young, but not brood size; moreover, egg- laying was sufficiently asynchronous to afford multiple mating opportunities to parentally emancipated males. However, the slow growth rate of the young results in relatively large overall brood-care expenditures for females. Investments by males of up to 50% of daylight hours and 45% of BMR on singing at the height of the mating season were comparable with those of partially emancipated, polygynous males of other species. They probably reflect the high level of competition to control good display areas and to advertise status and quality to widely spaced females.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Regional characteristics of seasonal and long-term variations in greenhouse gases at Nainital, India, and Comilla, Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (21) ◽  
pp. 16427-16452
Author(s):  
Shohei Nomura ◽  
Manish Naja ◽  
M. Kawser Ahmed ◽  
Hitoshi Mukai ◽  
Yukio Terao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Greenhouse Gases ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Biomass Burning ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Air Mass ◽  
Regional Characteristics ◽  
Northern India ◽  
Indo Gangetic Plain

Abstract. Emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) from the Indian subcontinent have increased during the last 20 years along with rapid economic growth; however, there remains a paucity of GHG measurements for policy-relevant research. In northern India and Bangladesh, agricultural activities are considered to play an important role in GHG concentrations in the atmosphere. We performed weekly air sampling at Nainital (NTL) in northern India and Comilla (CLA) in Bangladesh from 2006 and 2012, respectively. Air samples were analyzed for dry-air gas mole fractions of CO2, CH4, CO, H2, N2O, and SF6 and carbon and oxygen isotopic ratios of CO2 (δ13C-CO2 and δ18O-CO2). Regional characteristics of these components over the Indo-Gangetic Plain are discussed compared to data from other Indian sites and Mauna Loa, Hawaii (MLO), which is representative of marine background air. We found that the CO2 mole fraction at CLA had two seasonal minima in February–March and September, corresponding to crop cultivation activities that depend on regional climatic conditions. Although NTL had only one clear minimum in September, the carbon isotopic signature suggested that photosynthetic CO2 absorption by crops cultivated in each season contributes differently to lower CO2 mole fractions at both sites. The CH4 mole fraction of NTL and CLA in August–October showed high values (i.e., sometimes over 4000 ppb at CLA), mainly due to the influence of CH4 emissions from the paddy fields. High CH4 mole fractions sustained over months at CLA were a characteristic feature on the Indo-Gangetic Plain, which were affected by both the local emission and air mass transport. The CO mole fractions at NTL were also high and showed peaks in May and October, while CLA had much higher peaks in October–March due to the influence of human activities such as emissions from biomass burning and brick production. The N2O mole fractions at NTL and CLA increased in June–August and November–February, which coincided with the application of nitrogen fertilizer and the burning of biomass such as the harvest residues and dung for domestic cooking. Based on H2 seasonal variation at both sites, it appeared that the emissions in this region were related to biomass burning in addition to production from the reaction of OH and CH4. The SF6 mole fraction was similar to that at MLO, suggesting that there were few anthropogenic SF6 emission sources in the district. The variability of the CO2 growth rate at NTL was different from the variability in the CO2 growth rate at MLO, which is more closely linked to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO). In addition, the growth rates of the CH4 and SF6 mole fractions at NTL showed an anticorrelation with those at MLO, indicating that the frequency of southerly air masses strongly influenced these mole fractions. These findings showed that rather large regional climatic conditions considerably controlled interannual variations in GHGs, δ13C-CO2, and δ18O-CO2 through changes in precipitation and air mass.

scholarly journals The rooting, survival and growth of woody species on tailing dumps in the limestone quarry “Lafarge ciment”

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1(22)) ◽  
pp. 34-42
Author(s):  
Petru Cuza ◽  
◽  
Corina Certan ◽  
Constantin Bulimaga ◽  
◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Environmental Factors ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Woody Species ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Black Pine ◽  
Limestone Quarry ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
High Degree ◽  
Fast Growing Species

The rooting, the survival and dynamics of growths in the height and after the diameter of the seedlings, of a range of woody species, had investigated on the freshly formed sterile dump limestone quarry „Lafarge Ciment”. The seedlings of the woody species had a relatively good rooting (69-99%). A high degree of rooting can be ensured as a result of the maintenance of forest crops. After planting, the young seedlings must be cared for by hoeing as many times as necessary in order to control the weeds and maintain moisture in the soil, which increases the survival of the seedlings. Tree species have been characterized by a different growth rate. Acacia has showed a very rapid increase in height, but the black pine has been characterized by a slow growth. Acacia being a fast-growing species and unpretentious to the mineral elements in the soil can be used to afforest the limestone quarry land. In the fi rst year after planting, the young seedlings, otherwise sensitive to the action of the environmental factors, had an increase in height and in diameter slow and uneven. In the years that followed, the seedlings became more viable and less infl uenced by local and temporal fl uctuations of environmental factors.

scholarly journals Effect of physiological age of stem and IBA treatment on rooting of branch cuttings of Taxus baccata L.

1970 ◽  
pp. 01-07
Author(s):  
Saumitro Das ◽  
L.K. Jha
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Physiological Age ◽  
Taxus Baccata ◽  
Practical Solution ◽  
Slow Growth Rate ◽  
Rooting Response ◽  
Himalayan Yew ◽  
Rooting Capacity

The natural population of Taxus baccata L. (Himalayan Yew) throughout the Indian Himalayan Region is greatly reduced due to its extensive and reckless exploitation for “Taxol” an anticancer drug. The effects of overexploitation are exacerbated by the species poor regeneration process, slow growth rate and prolonged seed dormancy. Therefore vegetative propagation by branch cuttings seems to be only practical solution for its large scale multiplication. A study was conducted on six candidate trees (CTs) to examine the effect genotype, physiological age of stem, IBA treatment on rooting of Taxus baccata cuttings. Results revealed that rooting behaviour of cuttings was significantly affected by all the factors under study. Among the six CTs studied, CT 2 (from BSI, Shillong) had given the highest rooting response (46.28%). The juvenile cuttings have the higher rooting capacity; however the callusing was more prominent in mature cutting. The influence of IBA treatment was also significant for rooting where 1000 was most effective for stimulating rooting juvenile cuttings and 2000 ppm in mature cuttings.

Relationships Between RNA–DNA Ratio, Prey Density, and Growth Rate in Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua) Larvae

1979 ◽  
Vol 36 (12) ◽  
pp. 1497-1502 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. J. Buckley
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Prey Density ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Slow Growth ◽  
Atlantic Cod ◽  
Larval Fish ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dna And Rna

The protein, DNA, and RNA content of larvae maintained at 1.0 plankter/mL increased at the rates of 9.3, 9.9, and 9.8% per day, respectively, for the 5 wk after hatching. Protein reserves of larvae held at 0 or 0.2 plankters/mL were depleted by 45 and 35%, respectively, prior to death 12–13 d after hatching. Starved larvae had similar protein concentrations (percent of dry weight), lower RNA concentrations, and higher DNA concentrations than fed larvae. Larvae held at higher plankton densities had higher RNA–DNA ratios and faster growth rates than larvae held at lower plankton densities. The RNA–DNA ratio was significantly correlated (P < 0.01) with the protein growth rate. The RNA–DNA ratio appears to be a useful index of nutritional status in larval Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and may be useful for determining if cod larvae were in a period of rapid or slow growth at the time of capture. Key words: RNA–DNA ratio, starvation, protein, nucleic acids, growth, larval fish, Atlantic cod

IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGE ON THE GROWTH RATE OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES IN THE LENINGRAD REGION

2021 ◽  
pp. 99-112
Author(s):  
M. V. Klyueva ◽  
◽  
I. M. Shkol’nik ◽  
Yu. L. Rudakova ◽  
T. V. Pavlova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Leningrad Region ◽  
System A ◽  
Return Levels ◽  
Main Geophysical Observatory

Return levels of the major climatic stressors affecting the level of morbidity and mortality from cardiovascular diseases in the Leningrad region are evaluated. Based on data from 26 ob-serving stations located in 18 municipal units, a cluster analysis has been carried out allowing for classification of the territory according to the degree of influence of climatic conditions on the pathology of cardiovascular system. A projection of future changes in the selected climate indica-tors for the mid and end of the XXI century is conducted. The projection is based on the ensem-ble of climate change simulations using the Voeikov Main Geophysical Observatory regional cli-mate model under the IPCC RCP8.5 scenario. It has been shown that the main future threats due to the changing climate are associated with an increase in mortality from cardiovascular diseases connected with the projected increase in the intensity of the heat waves. The relevancy to take into account climate warming when it comes to developing a strategy for combating cardiovascu-lar diseases in municipal units is emphasized.

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