scholarly journals Impact of Semi-Annual Albendazole on Lymphatic Filariasis and Soil-Transmitted Helminth Infection: Parasitological Assessment after 14 Rounds of Community Treatment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sébastien D. S. Pion ◽  
Cédric B. Chesnais ◽  
Gary J. Weil ◽  
Frédéric Louya ◽  
Michel Boussinesq ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Community Treatment ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Blood Smears ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Assessment Survey ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Community Trial

Between October 2012 and October 2015, we conducted a community trial to assess the impact of semi-annual (twice yearly) community treatment with albendazole on lymphatic filariasis in Seke Pembe, a village in the Republic of the Congo. Semi-annual community treatment with albendazole has been continued in the community since October 2015. We conducted an additional parasitological assessment survey in October 2019, 6 months after the 14th round of semi-annual treatment. Between October 2012 and October 2015, Wuchereria bancrofti antigenemia and microfilaremia rates in the community had decreased from 17.3% to 4.7% and from 5.3% to 0.3%, respectively. In October 2019, the antigenemia rate had decreased further to 2.8% (19 of 687). No microfilariae were found in night blood smears from persons with circulating filarial antigenemia (0 of 16), suggesting that W. bancrofti transmission has been interrupted in Seke Pembe. Semi-annual albendazole treatments also reduced significantly infection rates with soil-transmitted helminths.

Conflicts in Biafra, Katanga and Cabinda as a result of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (10-3) ◽  
pp. 238-246
Author(s):  
Olga Dzhenchakova
Keyword(s):  
Democratic Republic ◽  
Economic Factor ◽  
Colonial Period ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The Impact

The article considers the impact of the colonial past of some countries in sub-Saharan Africa and its effect on their development during the post-colonial period. The negative consequences of the geopolitical legacy of colonialism are shown on the example of three countries: Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of Angola, expressed in the emergence of conflicts in these countries based on ethno-cultural, religious and socio-economic contradictions. At the same time, the focus is made on the economic factor and the consequences of the consumer policy of the former metropolises pursuing their mercantile interests were mixed.

scholarly journals Progress towards elimination of lymphatic filariasis in the Americas region

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S33-S38
Author(s):  
Gilberto Fontes ◽  
Eliana Maria Mauricio da Rocha ◽  
Ronaldo Guilherme Carvalho Scholte ◽  
Rubén Santiago Nicholls
Keyword(s):  
Dominican Republic ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
World Health ◽  
Vector Species ◽  
Effective Coverage ◽  
The Third ◽  
Assessment Survey ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Important Progress

Abstract In South and Central America, lymphatic filariasis (LF) is caused by Wuchereria bancrofti, which is transmitted by Culex quinquefasciatus, the only vector species in this region. Of the seven countries considered endemic for LF in the Americas in the last decade, Costa Rica, Suriname and Trinidad and Tobago were removed from the World Health Organization list in 2011. The remaining countries, Brazil, Dominican Republic, Guyana and Haiti, have achieved important progress in recent years. Brazil was the first country in the Americas to stop mass drug administration (MDA) and to establish post-MDA surveillance. Dominican Republic stopped MDA in all LF-endemic foci: La Ciénaga and Southwest passed the third Transmission Assessment Survey (TAS) and the Eastern focus passed TAS-1 in 2018. Haiti passed the TAS and interrupted transmission in >80% of endemic communes, achieving effective drug coverage. Guyana implemented effective coverage in MDAs in 2017 and 2018 and in 2019 scaled up the treatment for 100% of the geographical region, introducing ivermectin in the MDA in order to achieve LF elimination by the year 2026. The Americas region is on its way to eliminating LF transmission. However, efforts should be made to improve morbidity management to prevent disability of the already affected populations.

scholarly journals Family factors and Helicobacter pylori infection in schoolchildren in the Republic of Tuva with a high prevalence of gastric cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-170
Author(s):  
Tamara V. Polivanova ◽  
Vitaliy A. Vshivkov
Keyword(s):  
Infection Rate ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Family Factors ◽  
Bacterial Invasion ◽  
Infection Rates ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
The Impact

Aim. To study the prevalence of H. pylori in Tuva schoolchildren with gastrointestinal manifestations and to assess the impact of the number of children in the family, education, and employment status of parents on its indices. Materials and methods. The study of H. pylori infection in 270 students aged 7-17 years (123 Caucasian, 147 Tuvans) with gastrointestinal complaints there was used morphological method, considering the affiliation of a microorganism to a CagA strain in the Republic of Tuva and evaluation of the influence of family factors on the level of bacterial invasion in children. The study groups were formed by random selection from among children with complaints in a cross-sectional clinical examination of 1535 schoolchildren. Statistical processing of the results was performed using the Pearson Chi-square criterion and logistic regression analysis - calculating the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results. The infection rate of H. pylori in Tuva schoolchildren accounted of 55.9%. Younger Tuvans had higher infection rates, indicating earlier bacterial infestation. In more than half of the cases in schoolchildren, the bacterium was identified to belong to the CagA strain, and in both ethnic populations. Among the factors considered, a positive influence of the mother’s higher education (0.33 (0.11-0.96), p = 0.043), and her social status (working profession: 3.87 (1.33-11.29), p = 0.014) on the infection rate was found in the population of Caucasians. The father’s education and employment status did not play a significant role. In the population of Tuvans, there was no association between the studied factors and the level of infection. Conclusion. In the Republic of Tuva, there is a high infection rate of H. pylori with the predominant belonging of the bacterium to the CagA strain, which is typical for territories with low sanitary and socio-economic living standards of the population. There are ethnic features of the influence of family factors on the infection rates of schoolchildren.

Frequency distribution of lymphatic filariasis microfilariae in human populations: population processes and statistical estimation

Parasitology ◽  
1990 ◽  
Vol 101 (3) ◽  
pp. 417-427 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. T. Grenfell ◽  
P. K. Das ◽  
P. K. Rajagopalan ◽  
D. A. P. Bundy
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Frequency Distribution ◽  
Statistical Estimation ◽  
Negative Binomial ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Host Population ◽  
Blood Sampling ◽  
Human Populations ◽  
Poisson Mixtures ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYThis paper uses simple mathematical models and statistical estimation techniques to analyse the frequency distribution of microfilariae (mf) in blood samples from human populations which are endemic for lymphatic filariasis. The theoretical analysis examines the relationship between microfilarial burdens and the prevalence of adult (macrofilarial) worms in the human host population. The main finding is that a large proportion of observed mf-negatives may be ‘true’ zeros, arising from the absence of macrofilarial infections or unmated adult worms, rather than being attributable to the blood sampling process. The corresponding mf distribution should then follow a Poisson mixture, arising from the sampling of mf positives, with an additional proportion of ‘true’ mf-zeros. This hypothesis is supported by analysis of observed Wuchereria bancrofti mf distributions from Southern India, Japan and Fiji, in which zero-truncated Poisson mixtures fit mf-positive counts more effectively than distributions including the observed zeros. The fits of two Poisson mixtures, the negative binomial and the Sichel distribution, are compared. The Sichel provides a slightly better empirical description of the mf density distribution; reasons for this improvement, and a discussion of the relative merits of the two distributions, are presented. The impact on observed mf distributions of increasing blood sampling volume and extraction efficiency are illustrated via a simple model, and directions for future work are identified.

scholarly journals The Effect of Monetary Policy on the General Price Level in the Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (10) ◽  
pp. 96
Author(s):  
Bambi Prince Dorian Rivel ◽  
Ying Yirong
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Price Level ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
General Price Level ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The Republic ◽  
The One ◽  
Effect Of Monetary Policy ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this present work was to analyze the impact of monetary policy on the price level in the Republic of Congo over the period from 1998 to 2019. The linear regression model is the one that was used to carry out our study and the results obtained show that the monetary policy of the Bank of Central African States in the Republic of the Congo has achieved its objective of stabilizing prices, with the money supply positively influencing the price level, i.e. 33.3% of the increase in the general price level is explained by the good monetary policy of the Bank of Central African States in the Republic of Congo during the period 1998 to 2019.

scholarly journals Impact of Exports on Economic Growth in the Non-Oil Sector in the Republic of Congo

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Ossou Ndzila Fred Nelson ◽  
Ossala Sonia Gladice ◽  
Bambi Prince Dorian Rivel ◽  
Ying Yirong
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Republic Of Congo ◽  
Oil Exports ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Oil Sector ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Econometric Approach ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this research was to analyze the impact of exports on the economic growth in the non-oil sector in the Republic of the Congo over the period of 1985 to 2015. Two approaches are used to achieve this study goal: the descriptive approach and the econometric approach. The results of our study show that non-oil exports have a negative effect on economic growth. Following these results, some recommendations are made to improve the contribution of exports to economic growth.

scholarly journals Results from two cohort studies in Central Africa show that clearance of Wuchereria bancrofti infection after repeated rounds of mass drug administration with albendazole alone is closely linked to individual adherence

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jérémy T Campillo ◽  
Naomi P Awaca-Uvon ◽  
Francois Missamou ◽  
Jean-Paul Tambwe ◽  
Godefroy Kuyangisa-Simuna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Survival Models ◽  
Clear Dose Response ◽  
Republic Of The Congo ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Community Trials

Abstract Background Two community trials conducted from 2012 to 2018 in the Republic of Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo demonstrated the efficacy of semi-annual mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole (ALB) alone on lymphatic filariasis (LF). However, a high inter-individual heterogeneity in the clearance of infection was observed. Methods We analyzed trial data to assess the effect of individual adherence to ALB MDA on clearance of circulating filarial antigenemia (CFA) and microfilaremia. Community residents were offered a single dose of ALB every 6 months and tested for LF with a rapid test for CFA at baseline and then annually. CFA test results were scored on a semi-quantitative scale. At each round, microfilaremia was assessed in CFA-positives. All CFA-positive subjects for whom at least one follow-up measure was available were included in the analyses. Parametric survival models were used to assess the influence of treatment adherence on LF infection indicators. Results Out of 2658 subjects enrolled in the trials, 394 and 129 were eligible for analysis of CFA and microfilaremia clearance, respectively. After adjusting for age, sex and initial CFA score, the predicted mean time for clearing CFA was shorter in persons who had taken 2 doses of ALB per year (3.9 years) than in persons who had taken 1 or 0 dose (4.4 and 5.3 years, P & .001 for both). A similar pattern was observed for microfilaremia clearance. Conclusions These results demonstrate a clear dose-response relationship for the effect of ALB on clearance of CFA and microfilaremia.

An analysis of the population genetics of potential multi-drug resistance in Wuchereria bancrofti due to combination chemotherapy

Parasitology ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 134 (7) ◽  
pp. 1025-1040 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. E. SCHWAB ◽  
T. S. CHURCHER ◽  
A. J. SCHWAB ◽  
M.-G. BASÁÑEZ ◽  
R. K. PRICHARD
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Anthelmintic Resistance ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Multi Drug Resistance ◽  
Sampling Schemes ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Veterinary Importance ◽  
Selection For ◽  
The Impact

SUMMARYCurrently, annual mass treatments with albendazole (ABZ) plus ivermectin (IVM) or diethylcarbamazine (DEC) are administered under the Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). Drug resistance against both ABZ and IVM is prevalent in nematodes of veterinary importance, raising awareness that if anthelmintic resistance were to develop among Wuchereria bancrofti populations, this would jeopardize GPELF's goals. Genetic structure was incorporated into an existing transmission dynamics model for lymphatic filariasis (LF) to investigate the potential development of concurrent resistance to ABZ and IVM. The resultant models explore the impact of different inheritance modes of resistance to ABZ and IVM on the likely risk of treatment failure under our model assumptions. Results indicate that under ABZ+IVM combination, selection for resistance to one drug is enhanced if resistance to the other drug is already present. Excess parasite homozygosity may increase selection for dominant IVM resistance via enhancing the frequency of recessive ABZ resistance. The model predicts that if multiple resistance genes are associated with different efficacy properties of a drug combination, then examining changes at single loci may be misleading. Sampling schemes in genetic epidemiological surveys investigating the frequency of an allele under selection should consider host age, as individuals of different ages may acquire parasites at different rates.

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