Impact of Annual versus Semiannual Mass Drug Administration with Ivermectin and Albendazole on Helminth Infections in Southeastern Liberia

We compared the impact of three rounds of annual and five rounds of semiannual mass drug administration (MDA) with albendazole plus ivermectin on helminthic infections in Liberia. Repeated annual cross-sectional community surveys were conducted between 2013 and 2019 in individuals of 5 years and older. Primary outcome was the change of infection prevalence estimates from baseline to month 36 (12 months after the last treatment). After three rounds of annual MDA, Wuchereria bancrofti circulating filarial antigen (CFA) and microfilaria (Mf) prevalence estimates decreased from 19.7% to 4.3% and from 8.6% to 0%, respectively; after semiannual MDA, CFA and Mf prevalences decreased from 37.8% to 16.8% and 17.9% to 1%, respectively. Mixed effects logistic regression models indicated that the odds of having Mf decreased by 97% (P < 0.001) at month 36 (similar odds for annual and semiannual MDA zones). A parallel analysis showed that the odds of CFA were reduced by 83% and 69% at 36 months in the annual and semiannual treatment zones, respectively (P < 0.001). Onchocerca volvulus Mf prevalence decreased slightly after multiple MDA rounds in both treatment zones. Reductions in hookworm and Trichuris trichiura prevalences and intensities were slightly greater in the annual treatment zone. Ascaris lumbricoides prevalence rates were relatively unchanged, although infection intensities decreased sharply throughout. Results show that annual and semiannual MDA were equally effective for reducing LF and soil-transmitted helminth infection parameters over a 3-year period, and reductions recorded at month 36 were sustained by routine annual MDA through month 72.

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EVALUATION OF LYMPHATIC FILARIASIS AFTER TWO ROUNDS OF MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION IN LAU LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA OF TARABA STATE NIGERIA

FUDMA Journal of Sciences ◽

10.33003/fjs-2020-0404-511 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (4) ◽

pp. 513-519

Author(s):

D. E. Akafyi ◽

I. S. Ndams ◽

S. A. Luka ◽

F. S. Ojeleye ◽

S. O. Elkanah ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Local Government ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Clinical Manifestations ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Local Government Area ◽

Filarial Antigen ◽

Physical Examinations ◽

The Impact ◽

Card Test

This study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of Mass Drug Administration (MDA) on Wuchereria bancrofti (microfilariae) after two rounds of combined Ivermectin and Albendazole distribution. A total of 221 participants were recruited in three communities in Lau Local Government Area of Taraba State by convenience sampling method. Questionnaires and physical examinations were used to assess clinical manifestations associated with the infection. Blood samples were collected by finger prick method and stained with Giemsa stain for examination to establish the presence of W. bancrofti while immunochromatographic card test was performed to determine the presence of filarial antigen in serum. Previous data were used to determine the pre-drug prevalence of the parasite. The results showed that the drug did not significantly reduce the clinical manifestations reported among the patients. The microfilariae prevalence and microfilaria mean density after two rounds of drug administration was 19.5% and 1.49%, while the pre- MDA prevalence and microfilaria mean density was 27.8% and 2.44% respectively. There was a statistically significant decrease of microfilaria prevalence (P<0.05) after two rounds of MDA. There was no significant effect of MDA by age, sex and occupation-related microfilariae prevalence in the study area. In conclusion, the study reveals that microfilaria prevalence and load decreased after two rounds of MDA of combined Ivermectin and Albendazole distribution amongst the studied populations. Routine evaluation of the MDA is required to assess the impact of the drug for the eventual elimination of the infection.

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Human population movement can impede the elimination of soil-transmitted helminth transmission in regions with heterogeneity in mass drug administration coverage and transmission potential between villages: a metapopulation analysis

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-019-3612-7 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Carolin Vegvari ◽

James E. Truscott ◽

Klodeta Kura ◽

Roy M. Anderson

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Human Population ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Population Movement ◽

Mobility Patterns ◽

Preventive Chemotherapy ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact ◽

Human Population Movement

Abstract Background Soil-transmitted helminth (STH) infections affect predominantly socio-economically disadvantaged populations in sub-Saharan Africa, East Asia and the Americas. Previous mathematical modelling studies have evaluated optimal intervention strategies to break STH transmission in clusters of villages. These studies assumed that villages are closed independent units with no movement of people in or out of communities. Here we examine how human population movement, for example, of seasonal migrant labourers, affect the outcome of mass drug administration (MDA) programmes. Results We used a stochastic individual-based metapopulation model to analyse the impact of human population movement at varying rates on STH elimination efforts. Specifically, we looked at seasonal clumped movement events of infected individuals into a village. We showed that even if on average 75% of the entire resident population within a village are treated, an annual rate of 2–3% of the population arriving from an untreated source village can reduce the probability of STH elimination to less than 50% in high-prevalence settings. If a village is infection-free, an annual movement rate of 2–3% from an infected source village imposes a risk of re-introduction of STH of 75% or higher, unless the prevalence in the source village is less than 20%. Even a single arrival of 2–3% of the population can impose a risk of re-introducing STH of 50% or greater depending on the prevalence in the source village. The risk of re-introduction also depends on both the age group of moving individuals and STH species, since the pattern of cross-sectional age-prevalence and age-intensity profiles of infection in the human host are species-specific. Conclusions Planning for STH elimination programmes should account for human mobility patterns in defined regions. We recommend that individuals arriving from areas with ongoing STH transmission should receive preventive chemotherapy for STHs. This can most easily be implemented if migration is seasonal and overlaps with treatment rounds, e.g. seasonal migrant labour. Moreover, transmission hotspots in or near treatment clusters should be eliminated, for example, by implementing appropriate water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) measures and targeting treatment to individuals living in hotspots.

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Bancroftian Filariasis Transmission Parameters after the Fifth Year of Filiariasis Mass Drug Administration in Pekalongan City

Kesmas National Public Health Journal ◽

10.21109/kesmas.v12i1.1264 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Tutik Ida Rosanti ◽

Sugeng Juwono Mardihusodo ◽

Wayan Artama

Keyword(s):

Infection Rate ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Mass Treatment ◽

Immunochromatographic Test ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Transmission Parameters ◽

Filarial Worm ◽

Circulating Antigen

AbstractThis study aimed to measure parasitology parameters (microfilariae rate, microfilariae density), immunology parameter (antigen prevalence), and entomology parameters (infection rate and infective rate) after the fifth year of mass treatment at Pabean Village, Pekalongan City. This study was an observational study with cross-sectional approach that was conducted in July to August 2015 in Pabean Subdistrict, Pekalongan City. The microfilaria rate and microfilariae density were determined by finger blood survey of 313 respondents. Meanwhile, the antigen prevalence was determined by calculating the circulating antigen using the immunochromatographic test (ICT) Wuchereria bancrofti method. Finally, the infective rate and infection rate were both explicitly defined by detecting filarial worm larvae in the mosquitoes of man biting mosquitos collection. The results showed that the mf rate was 0.32% with average microfilariae density of 167/mL blood, the antigen prevalence of the calculation was 0%, the infection rate was 0.06% and the infective rate was 0%. In conclusion, after the fifth year of mass treatment in Pabean Area, Pekalongan City, the area is no longer included into the filariasis-endemic areas and the transmission parameters has no potential in causing the filariasis spreading. AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengukur parameter parasitologi (microfilaria rate, kepadatan mikrofilaria), parameter imunologi (antigen prevalence) dan parameter entomologi (infection rate dan infective rate) pada tahun kelima pelaksanaan mass drug administration di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional dengan pendekatan potong lintang yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Juli sampai dengan Agustus 2015 di Kelurahan Pabean Kota Pekalongan. Microfilaria rate dan kepadatan mikrofilaria ditentukan dengan pemeriksaan darah jari pada 313 responden. Antigen prevalence ditentukan dengan mengukur antigen beredar menggunakan metode immunochromatographic test (ICT) Wuchereria bancrofti. Incective rate dan infection rate diukur dengan cara menemukan larva cacing filaria pada nyamuk hasil penangkapan nyamuk umpan orang. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan mf rate sebesar 0,32% dengan kepadatan mikrofilaria 167/mL darah, antigen prevalence pada hasil 0%, infection rate sebesar 0,06% dan infective rate sebesar 0%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa pasca tahun kelima pengobatan massal filariasis di Kelurahan Pabean, Kota Pekalongan tidak lagi menjadi wilayah endemis filariasis dan parameter-parameter transmisi tidak berpotensi menimbulkan penularan.

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The impact of residual infections on Anopheles-transmitted Wuchereria bancrofti after multiple rounds of mass drug administration

Parasites & Vectors ◽

10.1186/s13071-015-1091-z ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 13

Author(s):

Dziedzom K. de Souza ◽

Rashid Ansumana ◽

Santigie Sessay ◽

Abu Conteh ◽

Benjamin Koudou ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

The Impact

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Does mass drug administration for community-based scabies control works? The experience in Ethiopia

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.11892 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (06.1) ◽

pp. 78S-85S

Author(s):

Wendemagegn Enbiale ◽

Ashenafi Ayalew ◽

Teklehaymanot Gebrehiwot ◽

Yared Mulu ◽

Muluken Azage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Political Commitment ◽

Cure Rate ◽

Community Based ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The North ◽

The Impact ◽

North Gondar Zone

Introduction: After a scabies outbreak in Amhara Region, Ethiopia in 2015/2016, the Regional Health Bureau performed an extensive Mass Drug Administration (MDA). In May 2017, we collected data to assess the impact of the treatment on the scabies control. Methodology. We retrieved baseline data from the 2015/16 burden assessment: campaign organization and administration information. We did a community based cross-sectional study using a structured questionnaire on disease and treatment history plus the presence or absence of active scabies in three Zones. We selected households using stratified random sampling deployed 7581 questionnaires and performed key informant interviews. Results: 46.3% had a previous scabies diagnosis in the last 2 years of which 86.1% received treatment, and the cure rate was 90.6%. Fifteen months after intervention the scabies prevalence was 21.0 % (67.3% new cases and 32.7% recurrences). The highest burden of new cases (93.1%) was found in the North Gondar zone. The likelihood of treatment failure was higher for treatments offered in clinics (12.2%) as opposed to via the campaign (7.9%). Failure to follow the guidelines, shortage of medicine and lack of leadership prioritization were identified as reasons for resurgence of the disease. Conclusions: We demonstrated that community engagement is essential in the success of scabies MDA, alongside strong political commitment, and guideline adherence. Effectiveness and sustainability of the MDA was compromised by the failing of proper contact treatment, surveillance and case management.

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Mass Drug Administration Interruption by COVID-19 reportedly increases lymphatic filarial attacks, pains, and perceived increased lymphatic filarial infection transmission in rural Ghana

10.21203/rs.3.rs-234689/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Alexander Kwarteng ◽

Yarhands Dissou Arthur ◽

Samuel Opoku Asiedu ◽

John Kanyiri Yamba ◽

Emmanuel Kobla Amewu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Neglected Tropical Diseases ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

P Value ◽

Chi Square ◽

Statistical Tool ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Rural Ghana ◽

The Impact

Abstract BackgroundLike all other diseases, the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic has been implicated to impact the elimination schedule and control of neglected tropical diseases such as human lymphatic filarial (LF) infections in endemic countries. However, it is unclear the extent to which delays in mass drug administration has affected people living with chronic lymphatic filarial pathology in rural Ghana as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and thus remain to be investigated. MethodTo address this, a cross-sectional study where 133 LF participants from 8 LF-endemic communities in the Ahanta West District of Ghana were recruited to assess the impact of MDA interruptions as a result of COVID-19 among individuals presenting with the filarial pathology. Here, the chi-square test of independence was used as a statistical tool to assess the dependency: 1) between MDA interruption and filarial attacks 2) between MDA interruption and filarial-related pains 3) between MDA interruption and a perceived increase in LF transmission.ResultsStudy participants were asked whether the MDA interruption has affected them in any way. Here, 81% of the patients indicated yes, it had. In addition, we sought to investigate whether MDA interruption has resulted in increased filarial attacks and pains. At this, 68% of the study respondents reported an increase in filarial attacks. Similarly, 65% reported an increase in filarial-related pains. The study further reported that filarial attacks (B=14.997, df=1, p-value <0.001) and pains (a=11.773, df=1, p-value <0.001) are dependent on MDA interruption. Next, we further report that the perceived increase in LF transmission is dependent on MDA interruption (c=9.415, df=1, p-value=0.002). ConclusionIn this study, MDA interruption is reported to increase filarial attacks, filarial-related pains, and a perceived LF transmission increase in the study communities. This study's findings are important and urgent, suggesting that sustained MDA interruption in LF-endemic communities could further worsen LF patients' plight as filarial attacks, pains, and transmission could increase. Therefore, the need to immediately identify alternative modes of MDA distribution in LF-endemic areas where mass treatment has been halted in the wake of COVID-19 to prevent an unwarranted surge in LF attacks, pains, and transmission.

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Impact of mass drug administration of azithromycin for trachoma elimination on prevalence and azithromycin resistance of genital Mycoplasma genitalium infection

Sexually Transmitted Infections ◽

10.1136/sextrans-2018-053938 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 95 (7) ◽

pp. 522-528 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Mark Andrew Harrison ◽

Emma Michele Harding-Esch ◽

Michael Marks ◽

Marcus James Pond ◽

Robert Butcher ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Mycoplasma Genitalium ◽

Nucleic Acid Amplification ◽

23S Rrna ◽

Island Population ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Impact ◽

Azithromycin Resistance

BackgroundMass drug administration (MDA) of 20 mg/kg (maximum 1 g in adults) azithromycin for ocular Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) infection is a key component of the WHO trachoma elimination strategy. However, this dose may be suboptimal in Mycoplasma genitalium infection and may encourage emergence of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to azithromycin.ObjectivesTo determine the effect of MDA for trachoma elimination on M. genitalium prevalence, strain type and azithromycin resistance.MethodsA secondary analysis of CT-negative vulvovaginal swabs from three outpatient antenatal clinics (Honiara, Solomon Islands) from patients recruited either pre-MDA, or 10 months post-MDA in two cross-sectional surveys was carried out. Swabs were tested for M. genitalium infection using Fast Track Diagnostics Urethritis Plus nucleic acid amplification assay. M. genitalium-positive samples were subsequently tested for azithromycin resistance by sequencing domain V of the 23S rRNA DNA region of M. genitalium and underwent phylogenetic analysis by dual locus sequence typing.ResultsM. genitalium prevalence was 11.9% (28/236) in women pre-MDA and 10.9% (28/256) 10 months post-MDA (p=0.7467). Self-reported receipt of azithromycin as part of MDA was 49.2% in women recruited post-MDA and 17.9% (5/28) in those who tested M. genitalium positive. Of samples sequenced (21/28 pre-MDA, 22/28 post-MDA), all showed a macrolide susceptible genotype. Strain typing showed that sequence types diverged into two lineages, with a suggestion of strain replacement post-MDA.ConclusionA single round of azithromycin MDA in an island population with high baseline M. genitalium prevalence did not appear to impact on either prevalence or azithromycin resistance, in contrast to reported decreased genital CT prevalence in the same population. This may be due to limitations such as sample size, including CT-negative samples only, and low MDA coverage. Further investigation of the impact of multiple rounds of MDA on M. genitalium azithromycin AMR in antibiotic experienced and naïve populations is warranted.

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Rapid Wuchereria bancrofti-Specific Antigen Wb123-Based IgG4 Immunoassays as Tools for Surveillance following Mass Drug Administration Programs on Lymphatic Filariasis

Clinical and Vaccine Immunology ◽

10.1128/cvi.00252-13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 20 (8) ◽

pp. 1155-1161 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

Cathy Steel ◽

Allison Golden ◽

Joseph Kubofcik ◽

Nicole LaRue ◽

Tala de los Santos ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Lateral Flow ◽

Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽

Predictive Values ◽

Content Type ◽

Helminth Infections ◽

Highly Sensitive

ABSTRACTThe Global Programme to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis has an urgent need for rapid assays to detect ongoing transmission of lymphatic filariasis (LF) following multiple rounds of mass drug administration (MDA). Current WHO guidelines support using the antigen card immunochromatographic test (ICT), which detects active filarial infection but does not detect early exposure to LF. Recent studies found that antibody-based assays better serve this function. In the present study, two tests, a rapid IgG4 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and a lateral-flow strip immunoassay, were developed based on the highly sensitive and specificWuchereria bancroftiantigen Wb123. A comparison ofW. bancrofti-infected and -uninfected patients (with or without other helminth infections) demonstrated that both tests had high sensitivities and specificities (93 and 97% [ELISA] and 92 and 96% [strips], respectively). When theW. bancrofti-uninfected group was separated into those with other filarial/helminth infections (i.e., onchocerciasis, loiasis, and strongyloidiasis) and those who were parasite uninfected, the specificities of the assays varied between 91 and 100%. In addition, the geometric mean response by ELISA ofW. bancrofti-infected patients was significantly higher than the response of those withoutW. bancroftiinfection (P< 0.0001). Furthermore, the Wb123 ELISA and the lateral-flow strips had high positive and negative predictive values, giving valuable information on the size of survey population needed to be reasonably certain whether or not transmission is ongoing. These highly sensitive and specific IgG4 tests to theW. bancroftiWb123 protein give every indication that they will serve as useful tools for post-MDA monitoring.

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A study to assess mass drug administration of DEC for filaria control in district Satna, Madhya Pradesh: a mid term assessment

International Journal of Community Medicine and Public Health ◽

10.18203/2394-6040.ijcmph20180785 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (3) ◽

pp. 1201

Author(s):

Vivek Sharma ◽

Vikrant Kabirpanthi

Keyword(s):

Lymphatic Filariasis ◽

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Urban Site ◽

Major Public Health Problem ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Lymphatic filariasis is a major public health problem which is caused by Wuchereria Bancrofti and Brugia Malai. The disease is endemic in 250 districts in 20 states and UTs. In India national health policy 2002 envisages elimination of lymphatic filariasis by 2015. Important strategy for elimination of lymphatic filariasis is through annual mass drug administration of single dose of DEC for 5 year or more to the eligible population. Present cross sectional study was carried out to assess drug compliance after mass drug administration of DEC and the factors responsible for poor compliance among the population of Satna district of MP.Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study which was carried out in filarial endemic Satna district. In this district 120 houses from 3 CHC & one urban ward was randomly selected. 30 households each from 3 rural and one urban site were interviewed related to MDA for DEC.Results: Coverage of tablet distribution in Satna was 90.9%. Consumption of drug among the people who received the drug was 87.97%, while the total effective consumption was 79.9%. Drug distributors ensured consumption of drug in only 16.9%.Conclusions: Focus of MDA is primarily to mere distribution of drug. There is need to give emphasis on consumption of drug, health education, common side effects and its management in order to increase effective coverage rate.

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Impact of Mass Drug Administration on Prevalence of Schistosomiasis in Eight Riverine Communities in the Asuogyaman District of the Eastern Region, Ghana

International Journal of TROPICAL DISEASE & Health ◽

10.9734/ijtdh/2020/v41i1530355 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 18-32

Author(s):

Quartey Abass ◽

John Yao Bedzo ◽

Stephen Manortey

Keyword(s):

Drug Administration ◽

Mass Drug Administration ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Bivariate Analysis ◽

Disease Rate ◽

Significant Variable ◽

Eastern Region ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Prevalence ◽

The Impact

Background: The incidence of schistosomiasis in Ghana and more specifically in the Asuogyaman District had become a noticeable record following the creation of the Akosombo Dam in the early 1960s. This has inevitably since placed an enormous burden on the health service delivery systems in the geographical area. Mass Drug Administration (MDA) of Praziquantel has been used worldwide as a preventive and treatment intervention measure for the disease, and the study area is no exception. The study, therefore, aimed to assess the impact of MDA on the prevalence and associated risk factors of schistosomiasis in eight (8) selected riverine communities within the district. Methods: A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted involving 896 respondents with ages ranging from 2 to 82 years and a mean age of 17±13.78 years. Data were obtained from the Volta River Authority (VRA) Public Health and Environmental Department. Pearson’s chi-square tests and logistic regression models were used to assess the association and predict the relationship between variables. Findings: Out of the 896 respondents, 93 (10.4 %) tested positive for Schistosoma haematobium. Proportionally, the Nyameben community had a high prevalence of 25.8% while Mami-Waterkope, and Mangoase both had a low prevalence of 3.2 %. The average uptake of Praziquantel was 41% across the study area. From the bivariate analysis, the respondents’ community of residence was noted as the only statistically significant variable contributing to infection. Respondents aged 13-39 were 1.68 times more likely to be infected compared to their younger counterparts after controlling for all other covariates in the predictive model. Conclusion: Mass Drug Administration had a tremendous effect on reducing the prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis to the present level of 10.4%. However, some “hotspots” like the Nyameben community will require special attention to reduce the high prevalence disease rate. Communities with low uptake of Praziquantel had a relatively high prevalence of schistosomiasis.

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