scholarly journals The psychology of music in gambling environments: An observational research note

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Griffiths ◽  
Jonathan Parke
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Gambling Behaviour ◽  
Psychology Of Music ◽  
Leisure Pursuit

Effects of the listening context on responses to music largely have been neglected despite the prevalence of music in our everyday lives. Furthermore, there has been no research on the role of music in gambling environments (e.g., casinos, amusement arcades) despite gambling's increased popularity as a leisure pursuit. An exploratory observational study in gambling arcades was carried out to investigate (i) how music is used as background music in amusement arcades, and (ii) how slot machines utilize music in their design. Results indicated that arcades often have music that caters for their customer demographics and that this may influence gambling behaviour. Furthermore, music from the slot machine itself appears to produce important impression formations about the machine (i.e., quality of the machine, familiarity, distinctiveness, and the sound of winning). It is suggested that music (whether it is in the gambling environment or in the activity itself) has the potential to be important in the acquisition, development, and maintenance of gambling behaviour. Some preliminary ideas and hypotheses to be tested are offered.

The role of the genetic testing industry in patient education of hereditary cancer: An observational study assessing the quality of pre-test patient education videos

2020 ◽  
Vol 159 (2) ◽  
pp. e22-e23
Author(s):  
Danielle Collins Greenberg ◽  
Daniella Kamara ◽  
Zina Tatsugawa ◽  
Marlene Mendoza ◽  
Elizabeth Pineda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Testing ◽  
Patient Education ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Hereditary Cancer ◽  
Test Patient

How autonomous is relative: popular music, the social formation and cultural struggle

Popular Music ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reebee Garofalo
Keyword(s):  
Popular Culture ◽  
Popular Music ◽  
Background Music ◽  
Political Struggle ◽  
Corporate Structure ◽  
The Social ◽  
Cultural Struggle ◽  
Cultural Commodity

Writing about popular music in 1977 from what I would describe as a ‘classical’ Marxist perspective, Steve Chapple and I proclaimed unequivocally that:The position of the music as an increasingly important cultural commodity within a consumer economy weakened any of the explicit anti-materialist content of the music.… Musicians and the creative personnel within the industry were integrated into an entertainment business now firmly part of the American corporate structure. (Chapple and Garofalo 1977, p. 300)In 1981, four short years later, British sociologist and music critic Simon Frith described the structure and functioning of the music industry in much the same terms that Chappie and I had put forth, but his analysis shifted the emphasis considerably. Declared Frith:Cultural commodities may support the contemporary power of capital, but they have their civilising moments, and even as the most effortless background music, rock is a source of vigour and exhilaration and of good feelings that are as necessary for the next morning's political struggle as for the next day's work. My argument is that rock fun is as much a quality of the music's use as of its form. (Frith 1981, pp. 264–5)Attempting to avoid what he saw as an economically reductive position, Frith de-emphasised the role of monopoly corporations in controlling the marketplace and shaping popular culture. In the tradition of ‘cultural’ Marxism, he focused instead, and somewhat optimistically, on the power of the consumer to reappropriate the music in unintended ways, to ‘resignify’ its meaning, if you will.

scholarly journals TINJAUAN YURIDIS TENTANG KEDUDUKAN DAN PERLINDUNGAN SAKSI JUSTICE COLLABORATOR DALAM PERKARA TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI DITINJAU DARI SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA INDONESIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-73
Author(s):  
Denny Ateng Prakoso
Keyword(s):  
Justice System ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Procedure Code ◽  
Library Research ◽  
The People ◽  
Criminal Offender ◽  
The Subject

ABSTRAK Tindak pidana korupsi di Indonesia sudah sangat meluas dan telah masuk sampai keseluruh lapisan masyarakat. Perkembangannya terus meningkat dari tahun ke tahun, dalam jumlah kasus yang terjadi dan jumlah kerugian keuangan negara serta dari segi kualitas tindak pidana korupsi yang dilakukan semakin sistematis yang telah memasuki seluruh aspek kehidupan masyarakat. Dalam upaya pemberantasannya tidak lagi dapat dilakukan secara biasa, tetapi dituntut cara-cara yang luar biasa pula. Salah satu upaya pemerintah dalam pencegahan dan pemberantasan tindak pidana korupsi yaitu dengan peran justice collaborator. Peran Justice Collaborator yaitu seseorang sebagai tersangka namun bukan pelaku utama dan dapat membongkar orang yang terlibat diatasnya sekalipun ia telah korupsi namun ia juga mendapat keringanan karena telah membantu dalam suatu proses pembongkaran fakta dan keadilan.Jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian observational research dengan cara Normatif yaitu metode penelitian kepustakaan yakni penelitian hukum yang dilakukan dengan cara mengkaji dan meneliti bahan-bahan pustaka berupa bahan hukum primer dan bahan hukum sekunder. Sedangkan sifat penelitian ini adalah deskriftif, karena penulis bermaksud memberikan gambaran tentang permasalahan yang menjadi pokok penelitian. Analisis data disajikan secara deskriftif. Kemudian penulis menarik kesimpulan penelitian ini secara deduktif.Dari hasil penelitian Dapat disimpulkan Kedudukan Justice Collaborator Dalam Tindak Pidana Korupsi Dalam Sistem Peradilan Pidana Di Indonesia. Kitab Undang-undang Hukum Acara Pidana yang masih berlaku saat ini pada kenyataannya sama sekali belum memberikan ruang bagi seorang pelaku tindak pidana yang kemudian dijadikan sebagai seorang saksi, karena tidak adanya pengaturan mengenai mekanisme maupun bentuk-bentuk perlindungan serta pemberian reward kepada seorang saksi pelaku yang bekerjasama (Justice Collaborator). Perlindungan hukum terhadap Justice Collaborator dalam Undang-Undang Tindak Pidana Korupsi Indonesia diatur dalam ketentuan Pasal 31 ayat (1) Undang-Undang Nomor 31 tahun 1999 jo Undang-Undang Nomor 20 Tahun 2001.Kata kunci: korupsi; perkara pidana; perlindungan saksiABSTRACTCorruption in Indonesia has been very widespread and has entered into all levels of society. Its development continues to increase from year to year, in the number of cases that occur and the number of losses of state finances and in terms of the quality of criminal acts of corruption committed more systematically that has entered all aspects of people's lives. In an effort to eradicate it can no longer be done as usual, but demands extraordinary ways as well. One of the government's efforts in the prevention and eradication of corruption is the role of justice collaborator. The role of the Justice Collaborator is that a person is a suspect but is not the main actor and can dismantle the people involved above him even though he has been corrupt but he also gets relief because it has helped in a process of dismantling facts and justice.The type of research used is observationaresearch by Normative method, namely library research method, namely legal research conducted by studying and examining library materials in the form of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. While the nature of this study is descriptive, because the authors intend to provide an overview of the problems that are the subject of research. Data analysis is presented descriptive. Then the authors draw the conclusions of this study deductively.From the research results it can be concluded that the position of Justice Collaborator in Corruption in the Criminal Justice System in Indonesia. The Criminal Procedure Code that is still in effect today in fact does not provide space for a criminal offender who is then used as a witness, because there are no regulations regarding the mechanism or forms of protection and the provision of rewards to a witnesses whose perpetrators in collaboration (Justice Collaborator). The legal protection of Justice Collaborators in the Indonesian Corruption Act is regulated in the provisions of Article 31 paragraph (1) of Law Number 31 of 1999 in conjunction with Law Number 20 of 2001.

scholarly journals Sources of Bias in Specimens for Research About Molecular Markers for Cancer

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 698-704 ◽  
Author(s):  
David F. Ransohoff ◽  
Margaret L. Gourlay
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Difference ◽  
Laboratory Analysis ◽  
Observational Research ◽  
Central Idea ◽  
Subject Selection ◽  
Prognostic Accuracy ◽  
Positive Results ◽  
Improve Reliability

Claims about the diagnostic or prognostic accuracy of markers often prove disappointing when “discrimination” found between cancers versus normals is due to bias, a systematic difference between compared groups. This article describes a framework to help simplify and organize current problems in marker research by focusing on the role of specimens as a source of bias in observational research and using that focus to address problems and improve reliability. The central idea is that the “fundamental comparison” in research about markers (ie, the comparison done to assess whether a marker discriminates) involves two distinct processes that are “connected” by specimens. If subject selection (first process) creates baseline inequality between groups being compared, then laboratory analysis of specimens (second process) may erroneously find positive results. Although both processes are important, subject selection more fundamentally influences the quality of marker research, because it can hardwire bias into all comparisons in a way that cannot be corrected by any refinement in laboratory analysis. An appreciation of the separateness of these two processes—and placing investigators with appropriate expertise in charge of each—may increase the reliability of research about cancer biomarkers.

scholarly journals The near win effect on observing behaviour in simulated slot-machine gambling: The role of conditioned reinforcement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Colls
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Reinforcing Efficacy ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcers ◽  
Observing Responses ◽  
Observing Response ◽  
The Face ◽  
Machine Gambling

<p>Slot machines are a remarkably popular mode of gambling even though they are programmed to make a profit by paying out less money than is put in. One common feature of slot machines, which may increase the likelihood of persistent gambling in the face of this monetary loss, is the near win. This study’s aim was to investigate the conditioned reinforcing properties of near wins using an observing response procedure in the context of a simulated slot machine. In an observing response procedure, participants can use an observing button to produce a stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement (S+) or a stimulus correlated with no reinforcement or less reinforcement (S-). The percentage of observing responses made for each stimulus is thought to reflect the reinforcing efficacy of the reinforcer correlated with each stimulus. Experiment 1 successfully tested the procedure with an obvious reinforcer - wins - and found consistently more observing for the S+. In Experiment 2 and 3 the S+ was correlated with near wins, and in Experiment 2 only those with slot-machine experience had consistently more observing for the S+. Experiment 3 increased the probability of wins to enhance the reinforcing efficacy of near wins, but failed to find consistently more observing for the S+, regardless of slot machine or scratchie card experience. These results indicated that near wins are not conditioned reinforcers. However, participants tended to bet more following near wins than losses, which suggested that near wins may instead function as discriminative stimuli.</p>

Aggressive Behaviour in Slot Machine Gamblers: A Preliminary Observational Study

2004 ◽  
Vol 95 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adrian Parke ◽  
Mark Griffiths
Keyword(s):  
Observational Study ◽  
Physical Aggression ◽  
Aggressive Behaviour ◽  
Verbal Aggression ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Psychological Perspective ◽  
Negative Effects

Gambling is acknowledged to have many negative effects on individuals. However, from a psychological perspective, aggression as an outcome of gambling has been largely overlooked to date. The incidence of aggressive behaviour was monitored in 303 slot machine players over four 6-hr. observation periods. Analysis identified four types of common aggressive behaviour. These were (1) verbal aggression towards the gambling arcade staff, (2) verbal aggression towards the slot machines, (3) verbal aggression towards other slot machine players, and (4) physical aggression towards the slot machines. The findings add support to the increasing number of studies highlighting a possible link between gambling and aggression.

scholarly journals Asthma control, quality of life, and the role of patient enablement: a cross-sectional observational study

2013 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Correia de Sousa ◽  
Alexandra Pina ◽  
Ana Margarida Cruz ◽  
Ana Quelhas ◽  
Filipa Almada-Lobo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Observational Study ◽  
Asthma Control ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Control Quality ◽  
Patient Enablement

scholarly journals The near win effect on observing behaviour in simulated slot-machine gambling: The role of conditioned reinforcement

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
◽  
Lauren Colls
Keyword(s):  
Conditioned Reinforcement ◽  
Slot Machine ◽  
Slot Machines ◽  
Reinforcing Efficacy ◽  
Conditioned Reinforcers ◽  
Observing Responses ◽  
Observing Response ◽  
The Face ◽  
Machine Gambling

<p>Slot machines are a remarkably popular mode of gambling even though they are programmed to make a profit by paying out less money than is put in. One common feature of slot machines, which may increase the likelihood of persistent gambling in the face of this monetary loss, is the near win. This study’s aim was to investigate the conditioned reinforcing properties of near wins using an observing response procedure in the context of a simulated slot machine. In an observing response procedure, participants can use an observing button to produce a stimulus correlated with the availability of reinforcement (S+) or a stimulus correlated with no reinforcement or less reinforcement (S-). The percentage of observing responses made for each stimulus is thought to reflect the reinforcing efficacy of the reinforcer correlated with each stimulus. Experiment 1 successfully tested the procedure with an obvious reinforcer - wins - and found consistently more observing for the S+. In Experiment 2 and 3 the S+ was correlated with near wins, and in Experiment 2 only those with slot-machine experience had consistently more observing for the S+. Experiment 3 increased the probability of wins to enhance the reinforcing efficacy of near wins, but failed to find consistently more observing for the S+, regardless of slot machine or scratchie card experience. These results indicated that near wins are not conditioned reinforcers. However, participants tended to bet more following near wins than losses, which suggested that near wins may instead function as discriminative stimuli.</p>

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