scholarly journals The Evolution of the Ancient Way of the Warrior: From the Ancient Chronicles to the Tokugawa Period

Asian Studies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 87-109
Author(s):  
Maria Paola CULEDDU
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
The Political ◽  
Military Government ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military ◽  
Warrior Class

The term bushidō is widespread today and involves history, philosophy, literature, ­sociology and religion. It is commonly believed to be rooted in the ancient “way” of the bushi or samurai, the Japanese warriors who led the country until modern times. However, even in the past the bushi were seldom represented accurately. Mostly, they were depicted as the authors thought they should be, to fulfil a certain role in society and on the political scene.By taking into account some ancient and pre-modern writings, from the 8th to the 19th centuries, from the ancient chronicles of Japan, war tales, official laws, letters, to martial arts manuals and philosophical essays, and by highlighting some of the bushidō values, this article attempts to answer the questions how and why the representation of the bushi changed from the rise of the warrior class to the end of the military government in the 19th century.

scholarly journals De guerreros a deportistas: cómo se adaptaron las artes marciales chinas a la modernidad

2012 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 19
Author(s):  
Kai Filipiak
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Martial Arts ◽  
Traditional Culture ◽  
The Self ◽  
Social Transformations ◽  
Traditional System ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The 19Th Century

The following article deals with the question of how Chinese martial arts as part of traditional culture survived into modern times and created a worldwide interest. The paper focuses on the process of modernization of Chinese martial arts against the background of massive social transformations in China during the 19th century. It analyzes different aspects of the self-assertion process of martial arts and points out consequences of the radical break with the traditional system.

scholarly journals Rozchwianie tradycji polskiej w zakresie nazewnictwa kobiet pod zaborem rosyjskim w kontekście historycznym i współczesnym

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 ◽  
pp. 121-134
Author(s):  
Leonarda Dacewicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Social Life ◽  
Historical Development ◽  
General Information ◽  
Married Women ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The 19Th Century

The customary division of functions and social roles of men and women adopted in the past was reflected in the process of shaping the Polish anthroponymic system. The phenomenon of differentiation of nomenclature based on gender was directly related to the privileged position and exclusive participation of men in the organization of social life. In anthroponymy, the domination of masculinity is marked by the functional expansion of male forms as primary and basic. Male nomenclature was higher listed in the hierarchy of importance, female forms of surnames were always created from male forms. The surnames of married women were ending with the suffixes -owa, -ina, -ska or -a, e.g. Chodkiewiczowa, Niemierzyna, Popławska, Ladna. The surnames of unmarried women were created using the suffixes -ówna (ending in a consonant from scratch), e.g. Chodkiewiczówna (< Chodkiewicz), -anka (ending in a vowel from scratch), e.g. Niemierzanka (< Niemiera), and in adjective types like married surnames, for example, Popławska, Ładna. The subject of attention in this study is the phenomenon of masculinization of female surname forms during the Russian partition (second half of the 19th century) in the Podlasie region. The problem is presented in the context of the historical development of women’s nomenclature in Podlasie and general information on the state of female nomination in Poland in modern times.

scholarly journals Dr Karlo Kiko (Karol Kiko, 1813-1869) - One of the Slovaks in the Serbian health service in the 19th century

2018 ◽  
Vol 146 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 231-238
Author(s):  
Jelena Jovanovic-Simic
Keyword(s):  
Health Service ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Mineral Waters ◽  
Military Hospital ◽  
The Past ◽  
Hungarian Revolution ◽  
The Many ◽  
Revolution Of 1848 ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

Dr. Karlo Kiko was one of the many doctors from the former Austrian empire living and working in the Principality of Serbia in the 19th century. He was born in Uhrovec, in Slovakia, which was then part of the Kingdom of Hungary - the part of the Austrian Empire. Kiko was promoted to the Doctor of Medicine in Pest in 1845. In his youth, he dealt with alternative ways of healing, he explored medicinal herbs and mineral waters and published several expert papers. He was a regular member of the Royal Hungarian Natural Science Society. As a physician in the troupe of General Mor Percel, he participated in the Hungarian Revolution of 1848/49. Kiko spent the last eleven years in Serbia working as a physician of the Knjazevac County, as a doctor of the Belgrade municipality and a military doctor - a surgeon of the Military Hospital in Belgrade. Although he is considered a respectable person in the Region of Trenin, from which he emerged, in Slovakia it is not known that he have lived and died in Serbia. The goals of this paper are to round Kiko's biography with "Serbian period" and to present the personality of a worker in the Serbian health service in the past.

Abkhazia in books published by Russian authors of the 19th century

2021 ◽  
pp. 13-91
Author(s):  
Vasiliy Sh. Avidzba ◽  
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ethnic Composition ◽  
The Political ◽  
Political Structure ◽  
The Caucasus ◽  
Analytical Review ◽  
History Of ◽  
Southern Russia ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

An analytical review of books dedicated to Abkhazia written by the 19th century Russian authors is presented in the article. Information about the history and culture of Abkhazia as well as of other regions of the Caucasus and parts of southern Russia can be found in the publications. The material under review revealed a trend of increasing interest in Abkhazia among Russian authors. If in the first half of the said century, information about Abkhazia had been published only in two books, all other books date back to the second half of the century. Their authors include the military, state officials, publicists, scientists, people of civil professions and religious figures. As a rule, they would write about the history of Abkhazia, the ethnographic and religious condition of the region; they reported on the ethnic composition of the peoples (tribes), the number, borders, monuments of Christian architecture; to a lesser extent, they paid attention to the political structure of the Abkhazian principality. Many of them wrote about the dramatic events of the 1860s and 1870s. Despite the fact that the books included in the review are not scientifically and artistically equivalent, they can serve as a significant source for the study of the history and culture of 19th-century Abkhazia as a whole.

scholarly journals The Usage of Ergot (Claviceps purpurea (fr.) Tul.) in Obstetrics and Gynecology: A Historical Perspective

Toxins ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (7) ◽  
pp. 492
Author(s):  
Aleksander Smakosz ◽  
Wiktoria Kurzyna ◽  
Michał Rudko ◽  
Mateusz Dąsal
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Ergot Alkaloids ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Dosage Forms ◽  
Claviceps Purpurea ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
The Past ◽  
Gynecology And Obstetrics ◽  
Crude Drugs ◽  
The 19Th Century

In the past centuries consumption of bread made of ergot-infected flour resulted in mass poisonings and miscarriages. The reason was the sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea (Fr.) Tul.—a source of noxious ergot alkaloids (ergotamine and ergovaline). The authors have searched the 19th century medical literature in order to find information on the following topics: dosage forms of drugs based on ergot and their application in official gynecology and obstetrics. The authors also briefly address the relevant data from the previous periods as well as the 20th century research on ergot. The research resulted in a conclusion that applications of ergot in gynecology and obstetrics in the 19th century were limited to controlling excessive uterine bleeding and irregular spasms, treatment of fibrous tumors of the uterus, and prevention of miscarriage, abortion, and amenorrhoea. The most common dosage forms mentioned in the works included in our review were the following: tinctures, water extracts (Wernich’s and Squibb’s watery extract of ergot), pills, and powders. The information documented in this paper will be helpful for further research and helpful in broadening the understanding of the historical application of the described controversial crude drugs. Ergot alkaloids were widely used in obstetrics, but in modern times they are not used in developed countries anymore. They may, however, play a significant role in developing countries where, in some cases, they can be used as an anti-hemorrhage agent during labor.

The Concept of “Zemsky Sobor” in the Interpretation of State Authority in Russia of the 19th Century: From Karamzin to Stepnyak-Kravchinsky

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 140-155
Author(s):  
Dmitry A. Badalyan
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Political Discourse ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
The Political ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
State Authority ◽  
The 19Th Century

“Zemsky Sobor” was one of the key concepts in Russian political discourse in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th centuries. It can be traced to the notion well-known already since the 17th century. Still in the course of further evolution it received various mew meaning and connotations in the discourse of different political trends. The author of the article examines various stages of this concept configuring in the works of the Decembrists, especially Slavophiles, and then in the political projects and publications of the socialists, liberals and “aristocratic” opposition.

THE STOCKHOLDER REVIEW COMMITTEE OF THE CHESAPEAKE AND OHIO CANAL COMPANY, 1828–1857: EVIDENCE OF CHANGES IN FINANCIAL REPORTING AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE

2006 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. Russ ◽  
Gary J. Previts ◽  
Edward N. Coffman
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Financial Management ◽  
Governance Structure ◽  
The Political ◽  
Review Committee ◽  
Corporate Governance Structure ◽  
Corporate Form ◽  
The 19Th Century

Canal companies were among the first enterprises to be organized in the corporate form and to require large amounts of capital. This paper examines the stockholder review committee of a 19th century corporation, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal Company (C&O), and discusses how the C&O used this corporate governance structure to monitor and improve financial management and operations. A major strength was the concern and dedication of the stockholders to the company, while a major weakness was the political control exerted by the State of Maryland. The paper provides an historical perspective on corporate governance in the 19th century. This research contributes to the literature by providing detailed workings and practices of a stockholder review committee. The paper documents corporate governance efforts in archival sources that provide an early example of accountability required in a corporate charter and the manner in which the stockholders carried out this responsibility.

THE BEGINNING (OR END) OF MOROCCAN HISTORY: HISTORIOGRAPHY, TRANSLATION, AND MODERNITY IN AHMAD B. KHALID AL-NASIRI AND CLEMENTE CERDEIRA

2012 ◽  
Vol 44 (3) ◽  
pp. 399-420 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric Calderwood
Keyword(s):  
19Th Century ◽  
Historical Thinking ◽  
Reform Movements ◽  
Military Technology ◽  
Spanish Translation ◽  
State Apparatus ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Military

AbstractThis article analyzes two accounts of the Hispano-Moroccan War of 1859–60 in light of scholarly debates about historiography, translation, and modernity in the colonial context. The first text is Ahmad b. Khalid al-Nasiri'sKitab al-Istiqsa(1895), which explores the organization of the Spanish army in an effort to understand the military technology and state apparatus behind colonial domination. The second text, Clemente Cerdeira'sVersión árabe de la Guerra de África(1917), is framed as an annotated Spanish translation of al-Nasiri's text, but Cerdeira suppresses key passages from al-Nasiri's account in order to undermine any hint that the Moroccan historian's thinking is reformist or modern. By comparing these two accounts of the same war, the article aims to situate al-Nasiri's text within the reform movements that spread through the Muslim Mediterranean in the 19th century and to use al-Nasiri's historical thinking as a model for theorizing Moroccan modernity.

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