scholarly journals Negative Words in Comparative Structures in French and Their Equivalents in Serbian

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Ljubica Vlahović ◽  
Snežana Gudurić
Keyword(s):  
Negative Word ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Functional Equivalence ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
Dependent Clause

In French and Serbian comparative constructions of equality and inequality, negative words are distributed according to their forms, meanings and functions.French negative words - ne most frequently complemented by a particle pas or some other negative word, a double particle ni…ni, as well as negative ne and a double particle ni…ni in Serbian appear in the main clause (but not in the dependent clause) of comparative constructions of equality and inequality. In comparative constructions of inequality with a positive main clause, French expletive ne appears in the dependent clause with the verb, while its equivalent in Serbian nego or no occurs as a connector at the beginning of the dependent clause.Negative words in the main clause of comparative constructions of equality make the French antecedents flexible: the reduced form si alternates with aussi, as well as reduced tant with autant, and Serbian ones stable: reduced tako (from isto tako) and reduced toliko (from isto toliko) are mandatory.The autonomous word isto (easily detachable) serves to enhance the meaning of equality.The French comparative constructions of inequality with a negative main clause may have a dependent clause without or with an expletive ne, while the equivalent Serbian constructions always have a dependent clause with nego or no containing an expletive ne.There is a semantic and a functional equivalence between the French and Serbian constructions, with some syntactic differences due to the systems of two languages.

Approaches to first language acquisition

1992 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanne Döpke
Keyword(s):  
Language Acquisition ◽  
Word Order ◽  
First Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
First Language Acquisition ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Dependent Clause

A bilingual child’s development of word order in German and English subordinate clauses was followed between three and five years of age, and a number of diversions from the development of word order in such clauses by monolingual children was noted. Of particular interest is the fact that incorrect dependent clause structures in German were more likely to be due to intra-language influences from German main clause structures than from English. The findings are discussed in the light UG claims made by Clahsen (1988) concerning the word order development in monolingual children.

Notes on the Text of Ovid, Heroides

1967 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 136-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Diggle
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
Critical Attention ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Dependent Clause

This couplet has escaped critical attention, even though it contains two anomalies. First the combination ut iam has lost its normal meaning ‘even granted that’ (e.g. Ars 1. 346 ut iam fallaris tuta repulsa tua est) and must be split into its two elements and iam translated as though it were tandem. Second, the reflexive adjective is used in a dependent clause to refer to the subject of the main-clause verb: though there is no reason why Ovid should not have used this licence for metrical convenience.

On the syntactic differences between OE dialects: evidence from the Gospels

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
CRISTINA SUÁREZ-GÓMEZ
Keyword(s):  
Old English ◽  
Relative Clause ◽  
Relative Clauses ◽  
English Language ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Linguistic Variation ◽  
The West ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Syntactic Differences ◽  
Early English

Old English has traditionally been considered a period of linguistic homogeneity, since most available recorded texts are generally written in the West Saxon dialect. There are, however, isolated texts which have been ascribed to other varieties, in particular Northumbrian and Mercian. In fact, recent research on syntactic dialectology in early English (Kroch & Taylor 1997; Ogura 1999; Hogg 2004, 2006a; Ingham 2006) shows that linguistic variation has been present in the English language from the earliest times. This study reassesses the existence of variation in the syntax of texts belonging to different dialectal varieties in Old English, in particular in relative constructions. Based on an analysis of relative clauses in three versions of the Gospels from late Old English, representing West Saxon, Northumbrian and Mercian dialects, we will observe differences in the texts, regarding both the paradigm of relativizers and the position adopted by the relative clause within the main clause. I relate these differences to the existence of linguistic differences in northern and southern dialects.

scholarly journals Entry-marking ALLA GAR in Greek tragedy and Comedy

Organon ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 31 (60) ◽  
Author(s):  
José Marcos Macedo
Keyword(s):  
Greek Tragedy ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Similarities And Differences ◽  
Dependent Clause

In Greek tragedy and comedy, a character arriving on stage may be announced by using the particle combination ἀλλὰ γάρ or καὶ μήν. Entry-marking ἀλλὰ γάρ is said by Denniston (1954) to be either “complex” (whereby ἀλλά goes with the main clause and γάρ with a dependent clause) or “simple” (both particles going with the main clause). Taking this as a starting point, all the instances of entry-marking ἀλλὰ γάρ are surveyed in the light of the PUSH and POP theory as expounded by Slings (1997). Similarities and differences between ἀλλὰ γάρ and entry-marking καὶ μήν are also pointed out, and brief conclusions are drawn thereof.

SUBORDINATE CLAUSES IN ADULTERY NOVEL

JURNAL SPHOTA ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 6-10
Author(s):  
Wahyu Nugraha ◽  
I Komang Sulatra ◽  
Purwati
Keyword(s):  
Relative Clause ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Direct Object ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clauses ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Complement Clause ◽  
English Syntax ◽  
Adverbial Clause ◽  
Dependent Clause

A subordinate clause (dependent clause) is a clause that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It explains and gives more information to the main clause. There are three major types of subordinate clause such as: Complement Clause, Relative Clause, and Adverbial Clause (Miller, 2002:63). This research is a library research that aims to find out types and functions of subordinate clause found in Adultery. This research uses several theories from expert in other to analyze the problems in this study. The book written by Jim Miller (2002) entitled An Introduction to English Syntax and the book written by Bas Aarts (2001) entitled English Syntax and Argumentation, Second Edition are used. It is stated that there are three major types of subordinate clause that can be recognized as Complement clause, Relative clause, and Adverbial Clause. Then, the clause functions such as Clauses Functioning as Subject, Clause Functioning as Direct Object, Clauses Functioning as Adjunct and Clauses Functioning as Complements within Phrases.  The result of this research shows that three major types of subordinate clause are found. Furthermore, the clause functions are also found as well, however only Clauses Functioning as Subject weren’t found in this research.

scholarly journals FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF COMPLEX SENTENCES WITH SEMANTICS OF INDIRECT EVIDENTIALITY FROM FRENCH INTO RUSSIAN

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1014-1019
Author(s):  
G.F. Lutfullina
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Main Clause ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Complex Sentence ◽  
Complete Representation ◽  
Complex Sentences ◽  
Informative Part ◽  
Dependent Clause

The article is devoted to the analysis of complex sentences with indirect evidentiality semantics in French. A complex sentence is an explicit way of expressing indirect evidentiality. Indirect evidentiality implies the receipt of information from third parties. A complex sentence is a mean of complete representation of information source. As a result of the study it was found that in French indirect evidentiality is expressed by complex sentences. The main clause indicates information source. The dependent clause introduced by conjunction que is informative. The subordinate clause in majority of cases is in postposition of the main clause. French complex sentence is translated into Russian by analogue complex sentence. Only in some cases it is possible to replace the subordinate clause as a verbally expressed informative part by a process noun. In French and in Russian informing verbs are involved at the lexical level. In French the verbs informer, announcer are involved. Occasionally the verb renseigner is used. In translation these verbs correspond to Russian verbs of similar semantics: декларировать / to declare, сообщать / to report, извещать / to inform.

An Empirical Investigation into Personal Characteristics' Effect on Choosing Complaint Channels

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 195-208
Author(s):  
Hannes Boepple ◽  
Janine Göttling ◽  
Marie-Christin Papen ◽  
Florian U. Siems
Keyword(s):  
Word Of Mouth ◽  
Empirical Investigation ◽  
Personal Characteristics ◽  
Negative Word ◽  
Channel Choice ◽  
Valuable Customer ◽  
Word Of Mouth Communication ◽  
Customer Reaction ◽  
Managerial Perspective ◽  
Selection Of

For companies, complaints are a valuable customer reaction to dissatisfaction. They enable the company to respond to customer issues to prevent them from changing supplier or spreading negative word-of-mouth communication. Previous research identified various influencing factors of complaint behaviour. However, it has been scarcely considered which aspects influence the selection of the complaint channel (e. g. telephone, social media). Therefore, a 1x2 experimental study (n = 244) was conducted. Results reveal effects of personal characteristics (aggressiveness, argumentativeness and social anxiety) on complaint channel choice. A moderating effect of failure severity was also partially found. From a managerial perspective, it is recommended to provide various complaint options. This would allow the disappointed consumer to choose an adequate complaint channel depending on his or her personality.

Aerodynamic Shape Influence and Optimum Thickness Distribution Analysis of Perceptive Wind Turbine Blade

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
J. V. Muruga Lal Jeyan ◽  
Akhila Rupesh ◽  
Jency Lal
Keyword(s):  
Wind Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Thickness Distribution ◽  
Turbine Blades ◽  
Reduced Form ◽  
Load Factor ◽  
Strong Impact ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
Distribution Analysis ◽  
Optimum Thickness

The aerodynamic module combines the three-dimensional nonlinear lifting surface theory approach, which provides the effective propagated incident velocity and angle of attack at the blade section separately, and a two-dimensional panel method for steady axisymmetric and non-symmetric flow has to be involved to obtain the 3D pressure and velocity distribution on the wind mill model blade. Wind mill and turbines have become an economically competitive form of efficiency and renewable work generation. In the abroad analytical studies, the wind turbine blades to be the target of technological improvements by the use of highly possible systematic , aerodynamic and design, material analysis, fabrication and testing. Wind energy is a peculiar form of reduced form of density source of power. To make wind power feasible, it is important to optimize the efficiency of converting wind energy into productivity source. Among the different aspects involved, rotor aerodynamics is a key determinant for achieving this goal. There is a tradeoff between thin airfoil and structural efficiency. Both of which have a strong impact on the cost of work generated. Hence the design and analysis process for optimum design requires determining the load factor, pressure and velocity impact and optimum thickness distribution by finding the effect of blade shape by varying thickness on the basis of both the aerodynamic output and the structural weight.

Estruturas comparativas complexas: variação e desvio e questões de tradução

2019 ◽  
pp. 265-286
Author(s):  
Telmo Móia ◽  
Rui Marques
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
The Other ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Comparative Constructions ◽  
Game Console ◽  
The One

In this paper, we analyse two subtypes of related comparative constructions in Portuguese, with a focus on grammatical anomaly and change – whether expressed in translated text, as a result of calquing (from English), or in autochthonous text, evincing an area of grammatical instability and change in progress. These are: on the one hand, comparative clauses using multiplicative numbers or fractions, like the Portuguese counterparts of the president is twice as popular as the prime minister or women are four times less likely to develop coronary problems than men, and, on the other hand, nominal phrases resorting to the same quantifying operators, but in a non-clausal environment, like the counterparts of Spain has twice the level of unemployment of Portugal or this game console has four times the memory of the previous one. The observed anomalies – or disputed constructions – involve the non-canonical: (i) use of equative operators (tão/tanto, ‘as’) in comparative clauses with multiplicative numbers or fractions (likely, as a result of calquing from English); (ii) use of a connective (que/do que, ‘than’) in nominal phrases with quantifying operators similar to those of comparative clauses (likely, as a result of autochthonous hybridization); (iii) use of complex prepositional expressions like comparativamente com (‘in comparison with’) or em relação a (‘relatively to’) either instead of the connective (do) que in comparative clauses, or before modifiers inside nominal phrases with multiplicative numbers or fractions. Overall, an intriguing area of grammatical unrest is discussed, with a particular focus on its bearing on translating texts into standard Portuguese.

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