scholarly journals Indication and Outcomes of Paediatric Blood Transfusion at Three Hospitals in Gabon, Africa

2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
M.M. Mimbila ◽  
R.S. Minto’o ◽  
M.N.E. Mintsa ◽  
K.E. Kuissi ◽  
U. Bisvigou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Cell Disease ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Globules Rouges ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Transfusion Sanguine

Introduction: Blood transfusion is a life-saving treatment for severely anaemic children both in developed and developing countries. In this study we describe transfusions in paediatric settings of Gabon, Africa including clinical indications and subsequent outcomes.Methods: This prospective descriptive study was conducted in the cities of Libreville and Lambaréné from 1 January to 30 September 2016.Children between the ages of 1 month and 15 years, who were hospitalised and transfused were included in the study.Results: We included 287 children who represented 17.1% of all hospitalised children. The male:female ratio was 0.95 and the average age was 3.7 years. Packed red blood cells (PRBC) were administered to 99.3% of anaemic patients. World Health Organization (WHO) defined severe anaemia (haemoglobin (Haemoglobin) <7 g/dL) was the main indication (95.1%) with the mean haemoglobin (Hb) level pretransfusion being 5.1 g/dL ± 2.7 g/dL, and post-transfusion haemoglobin gain being 2.9 g/dL ± 1.2 g/dL. Malaria was present in 79% of transfused patients and 46.9% of children screened were homozygous for sickle cell disease. No post-transfusion incident was reported although reporting may have been incomplete.Conclusion: Blood transfusion is frequent in our context; the clinical outcome is mostly favourable. French Title: Indication et Résultats de la Transfusion Sanguine Pédiatrique Dans Trois Hôpitaux au Gabon, en Afrique Introduction: La transfusion sanguine est un traitement salvateur pour les enfants gravement anémiés dans les pays développés ou endéveloppement. Dans cette étude, nous décrivons les transfusions en milieu pédiatrique du Gabon, en Afrique, y compris les indicationscliniques et les résultats.Méthodes: Cette étude descriptive prospective a été réalisée dans les villes de Libreville et Lambaréné du 1er janvier au 30 septembre 2016.Les enfants âgés de 1 mois à 15 ans, hospitalisés et transfusés ont été inclus dans l'étude.Résultats: Nous avons inclus 287 enfants qui représentaient 17.1% de tous les enfants hospitalisés. Le rapport garçons/filles était de 0.95 etl'âge moyen était de 3.7 ans. Des concentrés de globules rouges (CGR) ont été administrés à 99.3% des patients anémiques. L’anémie définiepar l’Organisation Mondiale de la Santé (OMS) (hémoglobine <7 g/dL) était la principale indication (95.1%), le taux moyen d'hémoglobine(Hb) avant transfusion étant de 5.1 g/dL ± 2.7 g/dL, et le gain d'hémoglobine après transfusion était de 2.9 g/dL ± 1.2 g/dL. Le paludisme étaitprésent chez 79% des patients transfusés et 46.9% des enfants dépistés étaient homozygotes pour la drépanocytose. Aucun incident post transfusionnel n'a été signalé, bien que le signalement ait pu être incomplet.Conclusion: La transfusion sanguine est fréquente dans notre contexte; l'issue clinique est généralement favorable.  

scholarly journals Clinical Features and Mortality Associated with Severe Malaria in Adults in Southern Mauritania

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Boushab Mohamed Boushab ◽  
Mohamed Salem Ould Ahmedou Salem ◽  
Ali Ould Mohamed Salem Boukhary ◽  
Philippe Parola ◽  
Leonardo Basco
Keyword(s):  
Renal Failure ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Severe Malaria ◽  
Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Clinical Features ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Plasmodium Falciparum Malaria ◽  
Severe Anaemia ◽  
World Health ◽  
Health Organization

Severe malaria in adults is not well-studied in Sahelian Africa. Clinical features and mortality associated with severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria in adult patients hospitalized in Kiffa, southern Mauritania, were analysed. Patients over 15 years old admitted for severe malaria between August 2016 and December 2019 were included in the present retrospective study. The World Health Organization (WHO) criteria were used to define severe malaria. The presenting clinical characteristics and outcome were compared. Of 4266 patients hospitalized during the study period, 573 (13.4%) had a positive rapid diagnostic test for malaria, and 99 (17.3%; mean age, 37.5 years; range 15–79 years; sex-ratio M/F, 2.1) satisfied the criteria for severe malaria. On admission, the following signs and symptoms were observed in more than one-fourth of the patients: fever (98%), impairment of consciousness (81.8%), multiple convulsions (70.7%), cardiovascular collapse (61.6%), respiratory distress (43.4%), severe anaemia ≤ 80 g/L (36.4%), haemoglobinuria (27.3%), and renal failure (25.3%). Patients were treated with parenteral quinine or artemether. Fourteen (14.1%) patients died. Multiple convulsions, respiratory distress, severe anaemia, haemoglobinuria, acute renal failure, jaundice, and abnormal bleeding occurred more frequently (p < 0.05) in deceased patients. Mortality due to severe falciparum malaria is high among adults in southern Mauritania. An adoption of the WHO-recommended first-line treatment for severe malaria, such as parenteral artesunate, is required to lower the mortality rate associated with severe malaria.

scholarly journals Vaccination Coverage for Routine Vaccines and Herd Immunity Levels against Measles and Pertussis in the World in 2019

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 256
Author(s):  
Pedro Plans-Rubió
Keyword(s):  
Vaccination Coverage ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
World Health ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
National Immunization ◽  
The World ◽  
Measles Vaccination ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

In 2012, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the Global Vaccine Action Plan with the objective to promote essential vaccinations in all countries and achieve at least 90% vaccination coverage for all routine vaccines by 2020. The study assessed the mean percentages of vaccination coverage in 2019 for 13 routine vaccines, vaccination coverage variation from 2015 to 2019, and herd immunity levels against measles and pertussis in 2019 in countries and regions of WHO. In 2019, the mean percentages of vaccination coverage were lower than 90% for 10 (78.9%) routine vaccines. The mean percentages of vaccination coverage also decreased from 2015 to 2019 for six (46.2%) routine vaccines. The prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced measles immunity in the target measles vaccination population was 88.1%, and the prevalence of individuals with vaccine-induced pertussis immunity in the target pertussis vaccination population was 81.1%. Herd immunity against measles viruses with Ro = 18 was established in 63 (32.5%) countries but not established in any region. Herd immunity against pertussis agents was not established in any country and in any region of WHO. National immunization programs must be improved to achieve ≥90% vaccination coverage in all countries and regions. Likewise, it is necessary to achieve ≥95% vaccination coverage with two doses of measles vaccines and three doses of pertussis vaccines in all countries and regions.

scholarly journals The use of vitreous renal chemistries in the discrimination of postmortem fresh water drowning

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 239784732199752
Author(s):  
Eni-yimini Solomon Agoro ◽  
Charles German Ikimi ◽  
Tommy Edidiong
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Biochemical Parameters ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Diacetyl Monoxime ◽  
Water Pond ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Post Hoc ◽  
Cover Up

Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) has estimated drowning as the leading cause of unintentional death in the world, with 372,000 deaths reported annually. Not all drowning are unintentional; some could be disguised to cover up an act of heinous criminality. This study was aimed at using some vitreous renal function biochemical parameters as a discriminant of postmortem fresh water drowning. Twelve albino rabbits constituted the sample size as validated by Mead’s formula. The study was divided into three groups; the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned as mimicked using an artificial fresh water pond. Vitreous humours were extracted using Coe method. The vitreous renal chemistries were analysed using diacetyl monoxime, Jaffe’s test, uricase and ion-selective electrode (ISE) methods respectively. Result: The mean of vitreous creatinine, urea, uric acid, Na+, K+, Cl−, Ca2+, glucose and CO2 of the control, postmortem-drowned and truly drowned groups were compared using One-way Anova (post-hoc-LSD) with the aid of SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, USA; Version 18–21 package. The findings revealed a significant increase in concentrations of vitreous creatinine, glucose, Ca2+ and K+ of the drowned death group, whereas vitreous concentrations of CO2 and urea significantly decreased when compared to the controls and/or postmortem-drowned death. Conclusion: The study has shown that some of the studied vitreous biochemical parameters could be used as an ancillary tool in discriminating death due to fresh water drowning from that of disguised or postmortem-drowned death.

scholarly journals Dental caries in 6-12-year-old indigenous and non-indigenous schoolchildren in the Amazon basin of Ecuador

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
Widman Medina ◽  
Anna-Karin Hurtig ◽  
Miguel San Sebastián ◽  
Edy Quizhpe ◽  
Cristian Romero
Keyword(s):  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Ethnic Origin ◽  
World Health ◽  
Caries Experience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Response ◽  
Indigenous Children ◽  
Prevention And Health Promotion ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the caries experience among 6-12-year-old indigenous (Naporunas) and non-indigenous (recent settlers of mixed ethnic origin) schoolchildren, living in the Amazon basin of Ecuador. Cross-sectional data were obtained from 1,449 clinical exams according to the World Health Organization criteria. Nine (7.6%) indigenous and 3 (4.5%) non-indigenous children had no caries experience in their primary dentition at the age of 6. The mean dmft value (SD) among indigenous and non-indigenous children aged 6 was 6.40 (3.36) and 8.36 (3.93), respectively. Sixty-four (54.2%) indigenous and 29 (43.3%) non-indigenous children had no caries experience in their permanent first molars at the age of 6. Only 7 (6.26%) indigenous and 2 (2.60%) non-indigenous children were caries-free at the age of 12. The mean DMFT values (SD) for 12-year-olds were 4.47 (2.85) among indigenous and 5.25 (2.89) among non-indigenous children. Fillings were almost non existent. Caries rates were high among both groups, with untreated carious lesions predominating in all ages. The data of indigenous children suggest adoption of a non-traditional diet. An appropriate oral health response based primarily on prevention and health promotion is needed.

scholarly journals PRESENCE AND LEVELS OF CONCENTRATION OF POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) IN SMOKED FISH, HIDES AND SKIN OF SLAUGHTER CATTLE AND GOATS IN AWKA URBAN, NIGERIA

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-17
Author(s):  
IKECHUKWU OFOMATA ◽  
LYNDA ONYINYE OBODOECHI ◽  
REGINALD IKECHUKWU OBIDIKE ◽  
JOHN ANAELOM NWANTA
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Fish Tissues ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Permissible Level ◽  
Flame Ionization ◽  
Slaughter Cattle ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Objective: This study evaluated the presence and concentration of PAHs in singed and unsinged hides and skin of slaughter cattle and goats and smoked and non-smoked fish in Awka urban area of Anambra State, Nigeria. Methods: Sixty samples of singed and unsinged hides and skin for were collected from Kwata slaughterhouse in Awka town where fish tissues were also collected from fish smoking spots in Awka urban. The samples were examined for the presence PAHs such as: benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[a]anthracene; benzo[k]flouranthene and indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene using gas chromatography equipped with flame ionization detector. Results: The result showed that the mean concentrations (µg/kg) of benzo[a]pyrene and indeno [1-2-3cd]pyrene in unsinged cattle hides were 7.89±7.77 and 2.25±0.97 respectively. The mean concentrations upon singeing were of 15.81±14.93 and 3.55±2.89. The mean concentrations (µg/kg) of benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[k]flouranthene and indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene in unsigned goat skins were 6.52±10.77; 6.58±5.93 and 3.48±0.00 respectively. When the goatskin was singed, the mean concentrations were 17.50±26.03; 10.84±11.19 and 8.79±11.77. The mean concentrations (µg/kg) of benzo[a]pyrene; benzo[k]flouranthene and indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene in non-smoked fish were 8.65±9.67; 2.11±2.10 and 54.76±60.35 respectively. When the fish were smoked, the mean concentrations of 26.42±40.21; 6.64±11.11 and 599.36±1395.61 were recorded respectively. In all species of animals sampled, no trace of benzo[a]anthracene was detected. Conclusion: The mean concentrations of all carcinogenic PAHs detected in this work were below the maximum permissible level set by World Health Organization (WHO) and European Commission (30µg/kg) with the exception of indeno[1-2-3cd]pyrene in smoked and non-smoked fish, which was far above the permissible level.

scholarly journals Corona Pandemic: Analyzing the Response of US, China, Russia, India and Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol III (I) ◽  
pp. 33-41
Author(s):  
Saad Kausar ◽  
Muhammad Imran Ashraf ◽  
Fiza Siddiq
Keyword(s):  
World Health Organization ◽  
Global Politics ◽  
World Health ◽  
Medical Interventions ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Response Systems ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Emergency Response Systems ◽  
Operational Capacity

This article is an effort to examine socio-political and economic impact of COVID-19 to state system global politics. Further, this study analyzes the response of US, China, Russia, India and Pakistan to Covid-19. Starting in December of 2019, first suspected as a mild cold in a seafood merchant of Hua'nan market was proved to be a fine example of "Butterfly" or you may call it "Domino" effect. At first it was taken by the world community an epidemic later regarded as a global pandemic engulfing over million of earthlings in matter of days, responsible for seizing its originating country and crippling the world's economy. As of 26 March 2020, the number of confirmed cases in the country is 1,179, with 21 recoveries and 9 deaths. World Health Organization has appreciated Pakistan for taking meaningful and timely steps deal with Corona Virus. The efforts to deal with Covid-19 by states with the help of World Health organization (WHO) are admirable. WHO is urging all countries to prepare for the potential arrival of COVID-19 by readying emergency response systems; increasing capacity to detect and care for patients; ensuring hospitals have the space, supplies and necessary personnel; and developing life-saving medical interventions. States in their own operational capacity are working around; Preparedness & Response, Containment and Mitigation.

scholarly journals Assessment of quality of life in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients using World Health Organization quality of life-BREF questionnaire and appraisal of diabetes scale - a cross-sectional study

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Supriya Patil ◽  
Yamini Patil ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Patil
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Organization

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic disorder that disturbs the quality of life (QOL) of patients. Therefore, evaluation of diabetes- related QOL could be a key outcome measure for its management. This study assessed the QOL in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients using the World Health Organization (WHO) quality of life (QOL)˗BREF questionnaire and disease-specific appraisal of diabetes scale (ADS). In this cross-sectional study, 520 T2DM patients were included. Patients’ demographic data, clinical information was collected through interviews, and the WHOQOL-BREF instrument and ADS were used for the QOL of patients. Statistical analysis was performed by using R software (Version 3.6.0). The mean ADS scores were lower in controlled diabetic subjects (18.50±3.08) and higher in uncontrolled diabetic subjects (19.29±2.73) (P<0.05). For WHOQOL-BREF, the mean scores for all the domains (overall general health, physical, psychological, social, and environmental) were significantly higher in controlled diabetic subjects (P<0.001). In addition, the age, duration of diabetes, associated comorbidities, treatment, and HbA1c level of patients showed a highly significant correlation with WHOQOL-BREF (P<0.001). Diabetic patients had poor-to-average QOL. Therefore, public health measures and education of diabetic patients are essential to create more awareness for improving the QOL of T2DM.

scholarly journals Indikator dari pelaksanaan sasaran keselamatan pasien di rumah sakit

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anggi pebrina rizki fani munthe
Keyword(s):  
Patient Safety ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
World Health ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Health Organization

Keselamatan pasien adalah suatu sistem yang membuat asuhan pasien lebih aman,meliputi asesmen risiko, identifikasi dan pengelolaan risiko pasien, pelaporan dan analisis insiden,kemampuan belajar dari insiden dan tindak lanjutnya, serta implementasi membuat solusi untuk meminimalkan timbulnya risiko dan mencegah terjadinya cedera yang disebabkan oleh kesalahan akibat melaksanakan suatu tindakan atau tidak mengambil tindakan yang seharusnya diambil dalam pelayanan kesehatan .Keselamatan pasien merupakan tanggung jawab semua perawat, namun masih didapatkan adanya insiden keselamatan pasien yang dilakukan oleh perawat pelaksana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menggambarkan penerapan sasaran keselamatan pasien oleh perawat pelaksana di Ruang Rawat Inap Rumah Sakit.Keselamatan (safety) menjadi isu global termasuk di rumah sakit. Rumah sakit wajib mengupayakan pemenuhan sasaran keselamatan pasien yang diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan nomor 11 tahun 2017. Setiap rumah sakit wajib mengupayakan pemenuhan sasaran keselamatan pasien. Hal ini telah diatur dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan (Permenkes) nomor 11 tahun 2017. Penyusunan sasaran ini mengacu pada Nine Life-Saving Patient Safety Solutions dari World Health Organization(WHO), yang juga digunakan oleh Komite Keselamatan Pasien Rumah Sakit (KKP-RS) dan Joint Commisions International (JCI). Sasaran keselamatan pasien meliputi tercapainya hal-hal sebagai berikut: 1) ketepatan identifikasi pasien; 2) peningkatan komunikasi yang efektif; 3) peningkatan keamanan obat-obatan yang harus diwaspadai; 4) kepastian lokasi pembedahan yang benar, prosedur yang benar dan pembedahan pada pasien yang benar; 5) pengurangan risiko infeksi terkait pelayanan kesehatan; 6) pengurangan risiko cedera pasien akibat terjatuh. Maksud dari sasaran keselamatan pasien adalah mendorong perbaikan spesifik dalam keselamatan pasien yang menyoroti bidang-bidang bermasalah dalam perawatan kesehat.an, memberikan bukti dan solusi hasil konsensus yang berdasarkan nasihat para pakar

Pregnancy intention and gestational age at first antenatal care visit in Lesotho

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Paul Mkandawire ◽  
Joseph Kangmennaang ◽  
Chad Walker ◽  
Roger Antabe ◽  
Kilian Atuoye ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antenatal Care ◽  
Gestational Age ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Universal Coverage ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antenatal Visit ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Health Organization

Background/aims With coverage of antenatal care in sub-Saharan Africa approaching a universal level, attention is now turning to maximising the life-saving potential of antenatal care. This study assessed the gestational age at which pregnant mothers make their first antenatal visit in the context of high antenatal coverage in Lesotho. Methods For the purposes of this study, secondary data from the Demographic and Health Survey of 2014 was analysed. These data were collected in 2014, via an interviewer administered questionnaire. Survival analysis was applied to the data, using Stata SE 15 to compute time ratios that estimate time to first antenatal visit in Lesotho. Results Despite near universal coverage, only 24% of mothers start antenatal care before 12 weeks of gestation, as recommended by the World Health Organization. In addition, mothers with unwanted pregnancies are most likely to delay antenatal care until later in gestation, followed by mothers with mistimed pregnancies. Education, but not wealth, correlates with the start of antenatal care. Conclusions Having achieved near universal coverage, emphasising a prompt start and adherence to recommended visits could optimise the life-saving potential of antenatal care in Lesotho.

Traditional Medicine

2021 ◽  
pp. 118-129
Author(s):  
Pavitra Solanki ◽  
Yasmin Sultana ◽  
Satyavir Singh
Keyword(s):  
At Risk ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Traditional Medicine ◽  
Volatile Oil ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Life Saving ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Health Organization

Everybody is at risk of being infected by drug-resistant microscopic organisms. Managing with sickness has never been less demanding within the history of our species. At the current rate of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in microbes, specialists foresee that battling infections tuberculosis, HIV, and intestinal sickness will become more complicated. Antimicrobial resistance is rendering numerous life-saving drugs useless. Antibiotic-resistant microbes, known as “superbugs,” are getting to be more various and more harmful, thanks to the proceeding abuse of anti-microbials. Natural medication offers an alternative to these progressively ineffectual drugs. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), traditional medicine is a holistic term enclosing diverse health practices. Concurring to a report by the College of Maryland Therapeutic Center, turmeric's volatile oil serves as a common anti-microbial.

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