Of ‘prostitutes’ and ‘AIDS people’: Feminization of HIV and AIDS in South-eastern Ghana

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-38
Author(s):  
Bright B. Drah
Keyword(s):  
Social History ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Orphans And Vulnerable Children ◽  
Historical Factors ◽  
The Impact

In sub-Saharan Africa, more women than men live with HIV and women bear the largest proportion of the burden of care that is due to the epidemic. Only a few studies have documented the precise details of how women in countries with low HIV prevalence became the worst affected by the epidemic. In Ghana, the historical factors that account for high HIV infections among women and the emergence of women-led community-based HIV interventions have been less researched. This paper examines the historical (political-economic), cultural and personal factors that account for the high HIV prevalence in Manya Klo, the area worst impacted by HIV in Ghana. The paper presents the social history of the pandemic in Manya Klo and explains why Klo women are considered to be the sources of HIV in Ghana. It suggests that concentrating interventions on women helps to reduce the impact of HIV and inform national interventions. Women-focused interventions may, however, alienate other groups that can contribute to improving the lives of families affected by HIV. Therefore, women-focused interventions must be planned in a manner that engages multiple stakeholders.Keywords: Manya Krobo, queen mothers, female migration, female sex work, orphans and vulnerable children, community-based HIV initiatives

African Housing Organisations Respond to The Hiv and Aids Crisis

2008 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 8-15
Author(s):  
Priya Gopalen ◽  
Barry Pinsky
Keyword(s):  
Urban Poor ◽  
Poverty Reduction ◽  
Social Sustainability ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Financial Sustainability ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Aids Crisis ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Operational Capacity

HIV and AIDS is an urgent housing and human settlements issue, especially among women and children living in poverty and suffering from poor housing conditions in urban slums in the South. The link between poverty and HIV prevalence is well established, and the fact that inadequate shelter increases the vulnerability of the urban poor to HIV and AIDS is increasingly recognised. Since 2003, Rooftops Canada and their partners in Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, Zimbabwe, South Africa, and more recently Uganda, have been working on strategies and developing programmes to respond to the AIDS crisis in these countries. Related programmes link shelter to poverty reduction through sustainable economic and social development, environmental protection, respect for human rights, democratisation and gender equality. This paper compiles the experiences of the partner housing organisations and resource groups in Sub-Saharan Africa responding to HIV and AIDS among their constituent stakeholders. The community-based responses focus on promoting social sustainability, enhancing operational capacity and improving financial sustainability. Community-based responses relate to issues of stigma and discrimination, reducing the impact of housing rights violations and responding to the specific vulnerability of children, women and youth. Social sustainability deals with the impact of HIV and AIDS on the social viability of communities. Operational capacity analyses housing groups' responses to the organ-isational impact of HIV and AIDS - including loss of staff, leadership and institutional memory, decreased productivity and capacity - and the experience of including HIV and AIDS within the core organisational mandate. Financial sustainability explores the challenges of reconciling related financial and social goals.

scholarly journals Exploring the potential causes of HIV prevalence among young women in South Africa: a critical literature review

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Zakeyo ◽  
Mathew Nyashanu
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Young Women ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Living With Hiv ◽  
The Impact

Purpose The purpose of this study is to explore the potential causes of HIV prevalence among young women in South Africa. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is one of the leading causes of death in sub-Saharan Africa. South Africa (SA) has the largest HIV pandemic in the world with approximately 7.2 million people living with HIV as of 2017. There is a disproportionate incidence of HIV between women and men, particularly affecting young women 15–24 years of age. This paper reviewed 10 articles on the impact of HIV in SA among young women. Design/methodology/approach A total of 10 articles on HIV in SA were selected for review using academic databases including Library One Search Pro, Google Scholar, the British Medical Journal and Elsevier. The search generated 11,095 articles, which were narrowed down to 10 by the criteria of being specific to gender and age and publication period. Findings Five themes were identified from the findings as to the potential causes of HIV prevalence among young women these included age-disparate relationships, social factors and sexual behaviour. Impact of HIV on communities and individuals, gender and patriarchy including poverty and social isolation. Originality/value The paper shows the impact of inequalities between men and women leading to HIV infection among young women. It also shows some gaps that require further research with regards to HIV infections among young women.

scholarly journals Inequalities in women’s empowerment and prevalence of HIV in India

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 3069
Author(s):  
Shri Kant Singh ◽  
Deepanjali Vishwakarma ◽  
Bhawana Sharma ◽  
Santosh Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Gender Gap ◽  
Hiv Infections ◽  
Women's Empowerment ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Women’S Empowerment ◽  
Spousal Violence ◽  
Sexual Rights ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Hiv Aids

Background: Over the years, there has been growing evidence of continuous narrowing gender gap in new HIV infections, despite stagnation in overall HIV prevalence in India. Among others, one of the reasons behind the exiting pattern in HIV/AIDS in the country is the poor status of women, lack of control over their sexuality and poor reproductive and sexual rights.Methods: This paper analyses the troika of women’s empowerment, spousal-violence, and HIV prevalence in India using data from two rounds (2005-2006 and 2015-2016) of Indian DHS having a community-based HIV testing.Results: Results corroborate the recent spurts in women’s empowerment in India, which cuts across socio-economic groups. It has positively influenced a decline in spousal-violence even in the lowest socio-economic strata despite significant inequality across states. HIV prevalence among women has not been changed over the last decade (0.22% to 0.23%) despite decreased adult HIV prevalence. Women having control over their sexuality is significantly less likely to have HIV infection. Relationship between marital control behavior of husband and HIV prevalence, which was significant in 2005-06 (OR=1.2, p<0.10), has emerged to be insignificant in 2015-16. This means that increasing women's empowerment has altered their HIV prevalence through increasing sexual-rights and reducing the intensity of marital control behavior.Conclusions: A combative relationship has been established between women’s empowerment and their risk of HIV/AIDS. The results have been consistently showing the variations of inequality in women’s empowerment across different states, consequently affecting the risk of HIV/AIDS. Ensuring sexual-rights of women should be the best strategy.

scholarly journals The Effect of Ethiopia’s Community-Based Health Insurance Scheme on Revenues and Quality of Care

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (22) ◽  
pp. 8558
Author(s):  
Zemzem Shigute ◽  
Anagaw D. Mebratie ◽  
Robert Sparrow ◽  
Getnet Alemu ◽  
Arjun S. Bedi
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Patient Satisfaction ◽  
Quality Of Care ◽  
Health Insurance ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Community Based Health Insurance ◽  
The Impact

Ethiopia’s Community-Based Health Insurance (CBHI) scheme was established with the objectives of enhancing access to health care, reducing out-of-pocket expenditure (OOP), mobilizing financial resources and enhancing the quality of health care. Previous analyses have shown that the scheme has enhanced health care access and led to reductions in OOP. This paper examines the impact of the scheme on health facility revenues and quality of care. This paper relies on a difference-in-differences approach applied to both panel and cross-section data. We find that CBHI-affiliated facilities experience a 111% increase in annual outpatient visits and annual revenues increase by 47%. Increased revenues are used to ameliorate drug shortages. These increases have translated into enhanced patient satisfaction. Patient satisfaction increased by 11 percentage points. Despite the increase in patient volume, there is no discernible increase in waiting time to see medical professionals. These results and the relatively high levels of CBHI enrollment suggest that the Ethiopian CBHI has been able to successfully negotiate the main stumbling block—that is, the poor quality of care—which has plagued similar CBHI schemes in Sub-Saharan Africa.

Can Access to Microfinance Reduce HIV Prevalence among Women?

2014 ◽  
pp. 135-157 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Atta Peprah ◽  
Charles Buonbah
Keyword(s):  
Small Businesses ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Hiv Prevalence ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Empirical Literature ◽  
Magic Bullet ◽  
Microfinance Institutions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Prevention Of Hiv

Microfinance has been heralded by many as the magic bullet, able to empower marginalized populations by investing into their agency. It has been growing at an average rate of about 40%, and providers have shown interest in reducing HIV prevalence and promoting health educational attainment among beneficiaries’ children especially among women who are vulnerable in most societies. Advocates of microfinance interventions have often stated it aims at improving lives by enabling clients to launch and nurture their own small businesses and enterprises so that they can become independent and improve their livelihoods. However, complementary to microfinance strategy is to assist clients in generating income and growing assets from the impact of crises events such as HIV and related diseases such as malaria and tuberculosis. Sub-Saharan Africa as compared to the rest of the world faces a serious HIV epidemic and the poor in general and women in particular are mostly at risk. This group of people is also the target for microfinance initiatives. The study reviews some theoretical and empirical literature about poverty, HIV and microfinance. The chapter establishes the fact that if microfinance can reduce poverty then it could also be used as a tool for preventing HIV infection. Policy recommendation that will enable microfinance institutions to contribute to the prevention of HIV, and its related diseases are offered.

scholarly journals Incidence of cardiometabolic diseases in a Lesotho HIV cohort: Evidence for policy decision-making

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Motlalepula Sebilo ◽  
Neo R.T. Ledibane ◽  
Simbarashe Takuva
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Cardiometabolic Diseases ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
The Impact

Background: Antiretroviral treatment (ART) has been associated with the development of certain cardiometabolic diseases (CMDs). The burden of CMDs amongst ART-experienced patients in sub-Saharan Africa was unknown.Objective: We quantified the burden of CMDs and identified the associated risk factors in a large treatment cohort on ART at a high-volume facility in Lesotho.Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we extracted data from the daily dispensing electronic system and routine clinical records of 785 adults on ART between 2011 and 2015 in Maseru, Lesotho. CMD was defined as a diagnosis of hypertension, diabetes mellitus or dyslipidaemia (singly or collectively). Descriptive statistics were used to describe the disease burden; Kaplan–Meier curves and cause-specific Cox proportional hazards models were fitted to examine the impact of the ART regimen and identify the risk factors associated with the occurrence of CMD.Results: Of the 785 participants, 473 (60%) were women. The median age of the group was 42 years, interquartile range (IQR), 36–51 years. The overall incidence of CMD was 5.6 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 4.4–7.1) per 100 person-months of follow-up. The median time to onset of CMD was 16.6 months (IQR = 7.4–23.4). ART was not associated with the occurrence of CMD (cause-specific hazard ratio [CHR] = 1.55; 95% CI = 0.14–16.85; P = 0.72). Higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with the occurrence of diabetes mellitus (CHR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.14–1.38; P = 0.026).Conclusion: The incidence of CMD in this relatively young patient population is low yet noteworthy. We recommend that patients living with HIV and AIDS should be routinely screened for CMD. Higher BMI is generally associated with the occurrence of CMD.

scholarly journals Increasing Human Papillomavirus Vaccination and Cervical Cancer Screening in Nigeria: An Assessment of Community-Based Educational Interventions

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 89-99
Author(s):  
Chigozie Anastacia Nkwonta ◽  
DeAnne K. Hilfinger Messias ◽  
Tisha Felder ◽  
Kathryn Luchok
Keyword(s):  
Human Papillomavirus ◽  
Hpv Vaccine ◽  
Cervical Screening ◽  
Hpv Vaccination ◽  
Educational Interventions ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Community Based ◽  
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination ◽  
The Impact

We explored the impact of two community-based educational interventions on Nigerian adults’ knowledge and intention to take or encourage human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine and cervical screenings. Face-to-face presentation and printed pamphlet intervention were delivered to 266 men and women aged 18 to 65 years in 12 locations in urban setting. At baseline, the majority (80%) had poor knowledge of HPV, and less than 12% had ever received or have a family member who had received HPV vaccine or cervical screening. Postintervention, there was significant increase (>70%) in the participants knowledge and intention to take or encourage HPV vaccination and cervical screening. In addition, more than half were willing to pay for HPV vaccine and screening even when expensive. Gender-focused and context-specific low-cost community-based educational interventions are effective in increasing HPV vaccine and cervical screening in sub-Saharan Africa.

scholarly journals (The effect of personal and family factors in the establishment of pilot project (Field study on Higher Education students in Dhofar Governorate: أثر العوامل الشخصية والعائلية في نية تأسيس المشروع الريادي (دراسة ميدانية على طلبة التعليم العالي بمحافظة ظفار)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ahmed Hamed Ahmed Koufan -    Samir Marwan Hamami
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Project ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Education Students ◽  
Community Based ◽  
University Professors ◽  
Job Opportunities ◽  
Statistical Program ◽  
The Impact

The study aimed to investigate the impact of personal factors and family and the surrounding environment in the establishment of the pilot project and to identify the relative importance of each factor of personal factors, and analysis of statistical relationship between them and the establishment of the private project, who plays the role of great importance in the development of economic development and community-based organizations, the multiplicity of sources of income, providing job opportunities for the high rate, where formed a sample search of (474) personnel, university professors and university students, as was the distribution of (474) identification. It was tested hypotheses search containing statistical method descriptive, and testing and analysis Al-ameli Factor analysis and the use of the regression technique between the variables using the statistical program SPSS.

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