Evaluating the Banking Sector Recapitalization for Economic Growth in Nigeria

The purpose of this chapter is to assess the contribution of the banking sector’s recapitalization to economic growth. Secondary data of all banks in Nigeria for 1980-2006 from Central Bank of Nigeria were used for the study. The findings of the study revealed higher mean GDP (N86.229 trillion) at post-recapitalization era compared to pre-recapitalization era (N56.860 trillion). Furthermore, 37% and 25% growth in GDP were recorded at post- and pre-recapitalization era, respectively. Selected indicators (bank credit, asset, saving deposit, and total loan) were all higher in the post recapitalization era. The result of t-test showed that there was a significant difference in GDP at pre and post recapitalization era at 5% significance level holding inflation constant. Bank asset had significant effect on GDP in the post-recapitalization era. Bank performance indicators could not fully account for growth and development in Nigeria’s economy though growth was recorded. Under subsequent initiatives, bank asset and total loan increased massively, while bank credit and saving deposits were stepped up via credit and savings incentives provisions for greater impact on growth in Nigeria.

The Role of Social Media Strategies in Competitive Banking Operations Worldwide

Social media has rapidly taken its place among the important phenomenons of today. It has an important role in institutionalization and companies’ financial effectivness in many fields. This chapter discusses concept, development of social media, investigations about social media in different continents, its relation with institutionalization, and its role in the banking sector in the process of globalisation. In this study, social media strategies of a global bank on different continents are empirically analysed. Obtained data sheds light on the relationship between the social and economic capital in today’s world in an interdisciplinary platform.

Globalization of Financial Risks and Evaluation of Common Stocks

Risk can be defined as uncertainty about the events that will occur in the future. Risks are encountered in all areas of life, and become more important when it comes to financial markets. Risk in financial markets is defined as investment securities. If the investment vehicle is government bonds or treasury bills, they are considered to be free of risk. Because of the sudden changes in exchange rates in the process of globalization or fluctuations in interest rates influencing the cash flows of companies, most companies consider hedging as a viable part of the globalization strategy. Risk management policies to ease problems and disasters, which may arise from the use of instruments. The stock market serves as a bridge between economic activity and finance under favor of functions such as reducing the risk of investment, and it meets the capital needs for companies. For this reason, the development of stock markets plays an important role for the global economy and finance. Thus, the aim of this chapter is to introduce financial risks and their effect on common stocks.

Impact of the Volatility of Macroeconomic Variables on the Volatility of Stock Market Returns

This chapter investigates the relationship between volatility of macroeconomic variables and the volatility of Nigeria’s stock market returns using annual data from 1985-2009. The Macroeconomic variables used are: inflation rate, government expenditure, foreign exchange rate, index of manufacturing output, broad money supply, and minimum rediscount rate. In pursuance of this, the AR(1)-GARCH-X(1,1) model was used for the analysis. The findings of this study revealed that, Nigeria’s current stock market return is positively influenced by previous returns. Volatility of Nigeria’s stock market returns was affected by past volatility less than the related news from the previous period. Also, the result shows that there is a significantly positive relationship between the volatility of the Nigeria’s stock market returns and the short run deviations of the macroeconomic variables (macroeconomic factors volatility) in the system. The results provide some insight to investors, financial regulators, and policymakers in the Nigeria’s stock market when structuring their portfolios and formulating economic and financial policies.

Evidence for Some Underlying Time Series Momentum

The chapter documents significant and momentary momentum pattern in stock returns times series. Moreover, the chapter gives evidence that this time series momentum is the main driver of the cross-sectional momentum pattern. The temporary time series momentum pattern is midway between the behavioural and rational financial theories. Given the strong and positive autocorrelation in stock returns time series, the authors argue that investors are temporary under reacting, and they progressively find their full rationality. Using monthly returns inherent to all stocks listed on Tunisian stock market, from January 2000 to December 2009, the authors examine momentum strategy’s excess returns before and after considering time series momentum in stocks returns. Results show that momentum strategy is still profitable, but no longer puzzling. Furthermore, the chapter aims to reconcile between the behavioural and the rational financial theories, through the introduction of the progressive investors rationality.

Foreign Ownership and Bank Efficiency

This chapter examines the association between Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and efficiency of commercial banks in Turkey during the 2003-2010 period. First, the authors examine the technical efficiency of banks by applying the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) and financial ratio analysis following the relevant literature. Then, they attempt to shed light on the relationship between FDI and bank efficiency applying a second stage regression analysis. The results indicate that banks that have received FDI are more efficient than others whilst there is no significant correlation among the FDI dummy and bank efficiency in Turkey. Moreover, the analysis of balance sheet ratios suggests that foreign investors target more profitable and larger banks in the sector to form partnerships. Thus, consistent with Berger et al. (2003), the authors propose that efficiency is a pre-condition rather than a result of FDI in the Turkish banking sector.

Financial Control and Ratio Analysis in Local Governments

Local governments have to use their sources in the most efficient way against increasing service demands. Local governments’ incomes are to be collected regularly and in accordance with the conditions, and their expenses are to be spent in the most efficient way. These depend on the healthy operation of budget, accounting, and financial control systems related to them. Progress of the system shall be controlled in local governments, and this data shall be analyzed and presented to the higher authorities as reports. Today, only official reports take place in local governments, and there is no analysis related to control. This causes the deterioration of the balance of income and expenditure and affects service presentation and service quality in a negative way. Financial structure of local governments is the most important issue that determines the quality and aspect of the services provided to the region. The efficiency of local qualified incomes, transfers of local management, and size of the resources caused of borrowing play an important role in forming the financial structure (Kurtulus, 2006, p. 28). Therefore, management and financial analysis ratios are needed. Due to these ratios, establishing a control system can be used in management. In this study, financial resources in public management are analyzed, ratios related to these financial resources are included, and a suggestion for financial implementation for local governments is promoted.

Emerging Legal Issues in Banking Operations

This chapter deals with legal issues in banking activities, which have gained interest during the past decade. It determines the place of legal issues related to banking activities, such as consumer loans, credit cards, and electronic banking, which all have gained even more importance after the last global financial crisis. The chapter focuses on the comparative analysis of current legal issues in Turkey and in the European Union and the legal issues related to risks in the sphere of electronic banking and suggests potential strategies.

Innovative Work Behaviors in Turkish Banking Sector

In relation to globalization and its worldwide effects, the requirement for a high level of emotional intelligence competency that both senior managers, junior administrative officers, and other employees should have has gained importance for a successful decision making process. In addition, the significance of innovative management strategies and also employees who are open to innovations has started to be more of an issue for companies since dynamic changes and developments in the field of technology owing to this fierce competition affect almost all sectors seriously. Taking all of these variables into consideration, this chapter aims to investigate the role and importance of innovative work behaviors in the Turkish Banking Sector by using the questionnaire technique as a data collection tool. Findings have been obtained from 332 staff through the survey on emotional intelligence competency by Wong and Law and the innovative work behavior survey by Janssen.

Racial Differences in Financial Socialization and Financial Behaviors of U.S. College Students

This chapter focuses on the effect of race on financial socialization and financial behavior of college students. Data (N = 13,845) were collected from current college students age 18 and over via an online survey throughout the United States during spring and fall of 2008. Results from means comparisons showed significant differences on the financial socialization between Black and White college students. Logistic regression results suggest important relationship exist between race and financial behaviors. Black students were less likely to save and more likely to engage in risky credit card behavior than White students after controlling for the effects of all other variables.