Chemical assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on processed Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) from different energy sources

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-72
Author(s):  
L.A. Agbabiaka ◽  
I.I. Adedokun ◽  
S.A. Ojukannaye ◽  
D.C. Agbai
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Chemical Assessment

Chemical assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) on processed African catfish was carried out. Fish samples were processed using charcoal, firewood and gas oven following standard procedures. Gas chromatographic analysis was employed for PAHs determination. Results showed that mean PAHs concentrations in fish samples were observed to be: 737.86ng/μl in firewood-smoked samples, 1451.82ng/μl in charcoal and 1990.23ng/μl in oven-dried fish. The highest mean concentration of PAHs was 906.93±0.01 ng/μl for pyrene from the charcoal-smoked samples. Lower molecular weight PAHs were generally dominant in tested samples. The number of PAHs ring showed significant variation (p<0.05) with respect to processing methods. Inference from the results showed that differently processed fish samples were of good quality and are suitable for human consumption. However, the charcoal processed samples appeared to be the best when considering the case of incomplete combustion of the wood during the drying process. Therefore, the use of charcoal in fish processing is hereby recommended. Also, it is suggested that fish processors be trained on the appropriate handling and processing methods to adopt in order to enhance the production of high-quality contaminants-free fish products. Keywords: Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH), anthropogenic, combustion, smoking methods, contaminants.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ologe Lagoon and Effects of Benzo[b]fluoranthene in African Catfish

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (22) ◽  
Author(s):  
Henry Ebele Obanya ◽  
Anthonia Omoarukhe ◽  
Nnamdi Henry Amaeze ◽  
Chukwuemeka Uche Okoroafor
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Aquatic Organisms ◽  
African Catfish ◽  
Initial Field ◽  
Environmental Concentration ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Canadian Council

Background. Ologe Lagoon is an important water body that receives effluents from neighboring industries. These effluents may increase the levels of anthropogenic contaminants in the lagoon, thereby creating stressors for aquatic organisms. Objectives. To assess the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Ologe Lagoon, along with the histopathological, biochemical and genotoxic effects of the most prevalent PAH compound. Methods. An initial field study was performed to determine the concentrations of PAHs in Ologe Lagoon, followed by a chronic toxicity test to assess the effects of the most prevalent PAH compound in a fish model (Clarias gariepinus). Results. High molecular weight PAHs were more predominant than low molecular weight PAHs in the lagoon, with B[b]F being the most predominant. The formation of micronuclei and binuclei was induced by a 10-fold increase over the present environmental concentration of B[b]F in Ologe Lagoon. Histopathological studies showed that epithelial necrosis, fused lamellae, shortened lamellae, and desquamation were the major histological anomalies induced by ERCs of B[b]F. Results from the biochemical assay indicated that ERCs of B[b] F increased aspartate aminotransferase and alanine transaminase levels in fish. Glutathione-S-transferase, superoxide dismutase and catalase were inhibited in the exposed fish, whereas malondialdehyde was significantly increased. Conclusions. Concentrations of fluoranthene, pyrene, benzo[a]anthracene, and benzo[a] pyrene in the surface water of Ologe Lagoon were above the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment's (CCME) safe limits, suggesting that the water may not be safe for domestic uses, and the present concentration of B[b]F in Ologe Lagoon may be chronically toxic to aquatic organisms, in terms of oxidative stress and hepatotoxicity. Competing Interests. The authors declare no competing financial interests.

scholarly journals AMINO ACID PROFILE AND POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS (PAHS) OF SMOKED FARMED CLARIAS GARIEPINUS (BURCHELL, 1822) RAISED UNDER DIFFERENT CULTURE SYSTEMS IN IBADAN, NIGERIA

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-78
Author(s):  
O. ADEOSUN ◽  
F. E. OLAIFA ◽  
G. R. AKANDE
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Amino Acid Profile ◽  
Quality And Safety ◽  
Culture Systems ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Fish food quality and safety is critical to consumers due to its public health implication. To exploit huge export opportunities for smoked farmed catfish, there is need for strict adherence to international quality and safety standards. This paper examined amino acid profile and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of smoked farmed catfish Clarias gariepinus raised under different culture systems with a view to determining its quality and safety. Six farms with the two most common fish culture systems (3 concrete tanks (CTs) and 3 earthen ponds (EPs) were purposively selected based on frequency of harvest and yield. Fish samples (500±10g) obtained from these farms after 4 months of culture were processed, smoked, packaged and stored for 36 weeks. Amino acid profile in farmed fresh and smoked C. gariepinus was determined at 12, 24 and 36 weeks of storage and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) was determined at 0 and 16 weeks of storage. These were compared with traditional smoked wild catfish obtained from local fish processor (LFP). The amino acids with highest concentrations (mg/g) found in this study were leucine (22.16 - 31.61 and 13.89 – 29.64), lysine (16.31 – 20.19 and 9.86 – 18.08), arginine (15.16 – 12.29 and 8.97 - 15.86), valine (15.96 – 21.35 and 9.68 - 19.36 ) and asparagine (19.66 – 21.61 and 12.36 mg/g – 20.71mg/g) for fresh and smoked catfish respectively. Levels of other amino acids ranged from 1.5mg/g to 9.98mg/g in smoked fish and 2.95mg/g to 12.21mg/g in fresh fish. The mean total poly aromatic hydrocarbons in smoked catfish at 16 weeks of storage were 0.039±0.004µg/kg, 0.034±0.005 µg/kg and 0.053±0.005 µg/kg for EP, CT and LFP, respectively. Therefore smoked farmed catfish raised under different culture systems still contain essential amino acids and Benzo(a)pyrene which is a carcinogen was not at detectable level in the samples.

scholarly journals Pollution Status and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Surface Water, Sediment and Fish from Ezu-River, Anaku, Anambra State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 26-39
Author(s):  
J. O. Ogbuagu ◽  
E. N. Obi ◽  
A. P. Okeke ◽  
U. E. Ukpai
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Anambra State ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Mormyrus Rume

The distribution of the sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was studied in surface water, sediment and three fish species (African catfish (Clarias gariepinus), Trout fish (Mormyrus rume) and Hetrobranchus longefilis) from Ezu-river, Anaku, Anambra State, Nigeria. The samples were analysed for PAHs by means of Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results of PAHs showed that, in surface water, the highest concentration was related to benzo(a)pyrene whereas benzo(k)fluoranthene was the most important pollutant in sediment. For the fish samples, Hetrobranchus longefilis recorded the highest concentration in Naphthalene while Anthracene was the most dominant pollutants in Mormyrus rume and in Clarias gariepinus benz(b) fluoranthene was the highest pollutants. The Health and exposure risk assessment was conducted for carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic exposure in adults and children which shows that the cumulative cancer risk and hazard index were within USEPA regulatory standard. Calculated Hazard Index for fish and water samples were less than one and thus be recommended for consumption.

Concentrations and Profiles of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Some Popular Fish Species in Nigeria

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 554-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHUKWUJINDU M. A. IWEGBUE ◽  
GODSWILL O. TESI ◽  
LORETTA C. OVERAH ◽  
FRANCISCA I. BASSEY ◽  
FRANK O. NWADUKWE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Fish Species ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Gadus Morhua ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trachurus Trachurus ◽  
Gymnarchus Niloticus ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

The concentrations and profiles of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in 10 popular fish species in the Nigerian market were determined with a view to providing information on the health hazards associated with the consumption of these fish species. The concentrations of PAHs were measured by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry after extraction by ultrasonication with acetone-dichloromethane and clean up. The concentration ranges of the Σ16 PAHs were 20 to 39.6 μg kg−1 for Parachanna obscura (African snake head), 6.8 to 532.3 μg kg−1 for Oreochromis niloticus (tilapia), 7.4 to 91.1 μg kg−1 for Gymnarchus niloticus (Asa), 13.1 to 34.1 μg kg−1 for Sebastes fasciatus (red fish), 11.2 to 80.0 μg kg−1 for Gadus morhua (cod), 23.9 to 34.6 μg kg−1 for Chrysicthys nigrodigitatus (silver cat fish), 63.4 to 131.4 μg kg−1 for Sardinella aurita (sardine), 22 to 52.9 μg kg−1 for Trachurus trachurus (Atlantic horse mackerel), 21.0 to 63.7 μg kg−1 for Scomber scombrus (mackerel), and 27.7 to 44.5 μg kg−1 for Pseudotolithus senegalensis (croaker). Benzo[a]pyrene occurred in 23% of these fish samples at concentrations above the European Union permissible limit of 2.0 μg kg−1. The calculated margins of exposure based on the indicators for occurrence and effects of PAHs were greater than 10,000 indicating no potential risk for the consumers of the species evaluated in this study.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Different Varieties of Rice (Oryza sativa) from Yobe State, Nigeria

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Clement Akan ◽  
Joshua Yohanna Dawa ◽  
Lawan Inuwa Bukar ◽  
Zakari Muhammed
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Cancer Risk ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Average Daily Dose ◽  
Daily Dose ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Rice Samples

The present study determined the levels of sixteen polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in rice (Oryza Sativa) samples from six agricultural locations in Bade and Karasuwa Local Government Areas, Yobe State, Nigeria. Four varieties of rice (FARO 42, 44, 45 and 52) were collected for this study. The concentrations of PAHs in the study rice samples were lower than the maximum allowable concentration (MAC), average daily dose (ADD) of PAHs in the different variety of rice from the six agricultural locations shows that FARO 44 had the highest ADD (5.84 x1011 mg/kg), while FARO 52 shows the lowest ADD (1.20 x1015 mg/kg). The potential for non-carcinogenic PAHs in this study revealed that FARO 42 has the highest hazard index (2.04 x1011 mg/kg). Result from incremental lifetime expectancy cancer risk shows that FARO 44 from Jawa had the highest value (4.19 x1010 mg/kg), while the lowest value (7.61 x1015 mg/kg) was recorded for FARO 52 from Rina Kuna agricultural location. Results from the present study shows that the rice samples from the study locations are safe for human consumption and not significantly contaminated by PAHs.

scholarly journals Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH) in Fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (Burchell, 1822) to Petroleum

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Onyemaechi Ezike ◽  
Felix Okaliwe Echor
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Diesel Oil ◽  
Exposed Fish ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Experimental Treatments

One hundred and twenty (120) fingerlings of Clarias gariepinus (mean weight: 0.96 &plusmn; 0.1g) were randomly exposed to 4 experimental treatments of petroleum, based on LC50 values (6.4mg/L of crude oil, 8.7mg/L of petrol, 8.0mg/L of kerosene and 7.8mg/L of diesel oil) and replicated thrice, to determine polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in exposed fish for 96 h. There was no significant difference (P &gt; 0.05) in total (PAHs) between crude oil (97.1 ng/uL) and diesel (97.2 ng/uL) exposed fish and also between petrol (53.2 ng/uL) and kerosene (49.6 ng/uL) exposed fish, but there was a significant difference (P &lt; 0.05) in PAH levels of the crude oil/diesel exposed -groups of fish compared to petrol/kerosene exposed -groups of fish (97.1/97.2 and 53.2/49.6 ng/uL). Naphthalene correlated positively to benzo a anthracene (r=0.672, (P &lt; 0.05), benzo b fluoranthene (r=0.681, P &lt; 0.05) and chrysene (r=0.615, P &lt; 0.05) but did not correlate to fluorene. Benzo a anthracene correlated positively to benzo a pyrene (r=0.578, P &lt; 0.05), phenathrene (r=0.685, P &lt; 0.05) but did not correlate to acenaphthene. Fluorene correlated positively to benzo a pyrene (r=0.695, P &lt; 0.05) but did not correlate to chrysene. Chrysene correlated positively to dibenzo a,h, pyrene (r=0.658, P &lt; 0.05) to phenathrene and benzo b fluoranthene (r=0.659, P&lt; 0.05). Indeno 123 cd- pyrene and fluranthene however did not correlate to other PAHs except naphthanene, acenaphthene and acenaphthylene. The level of PAH in fish may translate to the toxicity effect since crude oil and diesel with lower LC50 (6.4 and 7.8 mg/L)&nbsp;&nbsp; deposited greater PAH than kerosene and petrol with higher LC50 (8.7 and 8.0 mg/L) in fingerlings of C. gariepinus. High risk to cancer disorders may occur in exposed fish to petroleum with high incidence of fluorene , anthracene, pyrene and benz a anthracene which correlated positively to benzo a pyrene which provide some basis for predicting impact of oil spills on fingerling population.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Source Apportionment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in Green Mussel (Perna viridis) from Cilincing Waters of Jakarta Bay, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-40
Author(s):  
Deny Yogaswara ◽  
Tri Partono ◽  
Awalina Satya
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Anthropogenic Activity ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Perna Viridis ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Green Mussel ◽  
Sample Extract ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic

Green mussels (Perna viridis) as sedentary organisms have been adopted as bioindicators in the marine environment for many decades. They have been potentially affected by anthropogenic activity and organic contaminants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in an aquatic environment. This study aims to determine concentration, distribution and potential sources of PAHs in green mussel biomass obtained from Cilincing waters, Jakarta Bay. Fresh green mussels were collected from aquaculture facilities at Cilincing waters of Jakarta Bay with various size categories of shell length and were extracted with solvent n-hexane-dichloromethane mixture using Soxhlet method. The concentrate of sample extract was purified using silica gel/sodium sulfate anhydrous with n-pentene-DCM effluent in fractionation. Finally, the purified sample was injected into the GC-MS instrument. The result showed that the highest concentration of total PAH (TPAH) was 126.47 ng.g-1 wet weight (ww), founded in the guts from the biggest group of green mussel (length of 6.00 to 7.99 cm), and     3-aromatic rings were predominantly detected in all group sizes of green mussel. The result of the   LMW/  HMW and diagnostic binary ratio indicated that PAH contamination is caused by a mixed source of petrogenic and pyrogenic processes. It may be due to the presence of oil spilled and petroleum waste from shipyard and cargo activities and atmospheric deposition. Based on excess cancer risk (ECR) value and the concentration level of PAH carcinogenic according to National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM) regulation, PAH level in green mussels are acceptable and minor negative impact due to typical human consumption. Nevertheless, it needs to be circumspect to exploiting green mussels as seafood resources for daily consumption due to the carcinogenic content.

scholarly journals The Effects of Three Traditional Smoking Methods on the Concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHS) in Smoked Fishes

2021 ◽  
pp. 22-30
Author(s):  
Aderinola Oluwatoyin Joseph ◽  
A. A. Adu ◽  
O. O. Babalola ◽  
V. Kusemiju ◽  
G. O. Mekuleyi
Keyword(s):  
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Aromatic Hydrocarbons ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Awareness Campaigns ◽  
Smoked Fish ◽  
Total Pahs ◽  
Scomber Scombrus ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Polycyclic Aromatic ◽  
Solid Liquid

The effects of three traditional smoking methods on the concentrations of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) in smoked fishes were studied to determine the concentration of PAHs in locally available and commonly consumed smoked fish species. Samples of two highly traded species of fish, Scomber scombrus and Horse markerel, among the low income people for immediate consumption were purchased from the market and processed using sawdust smoke, firewood smoke and charcoal smoke respectively. Some of the fresh fishes were also analyzed as control. The PAHs content were extracted with standard dichloromethane using solid-liquid extraction, and analyzed using Gas chromatography – Mass spectrophotometer (GC-MS) method. The results showed that fish samples processed with sawdust smoke recorded the highest concentrations of total PAHs, having 1.295 mg/kg in Horse markerel and 2.020 mg/kg in Scomber scombrus, followed by firewood smoked samples with total PAHs content of 0.910mg/kg in Horse markrel and 1.175 g/kg in Scomber scombrus while charcoal smoked samples recorded the least total PAHs levels of 0.590 mg/kg in Horse markerel and 0.960 mg/kg in Scomber scombrus. Benzo(a)pyrene concentrations which is usually used to estimate the carcinogenicity of other PAHs was below detection level in both species of fish. PAH4 was proposed by European food safety authority, recommendation level of 30 mg/kg was concluded by the EU regulation. Any PAHs have been associated with intense carcinogenicity in humans, and thus have implication for the quality and safety of these fish products. Therefore, it is imperative that regulatory bodies conduct awareness campaigns to educate the smoked fish processors, traders and consumers on the need to discourage the use of sawdust in smoking fish and adopt safer and improved methods of smoking fishes.

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