Measurement of Breast Milk Intake Using Deuterium Oxide and Fourier Transformed Infrared Spectrophotometer - A Pilot Study

AbstractBreast-feeding habits are related to the nutritional status and the risk of illness and death in children under 2 years of age. For the first 6 months, infants should be exclusively breast-fed. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between the infant’s nutritional status and human milk intake by breast-fed infants at high altitude. A quantitative, descriptive, correlational study was conducted including mother/baby pairs of infants aged 2–6 months. The amount of human milk consumed by the infants was assessed by the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique. The lipid content of human milk was measured by creamatocrit, and anthropometric measurements were performed. A total of eighteen mother/baby pairs were assessed. The mean human milk intake was 888 (sd 149) g/d, and the intake of water from other sources was 24·3 (sd 29·8) g/d. The lipid content in human milk was 41 (sd 12) g/l. The infant’s nutritional indicators were normal in all cases. A moderate positive correlation was found between milk volume and z scores weight-for-length r 0·58 (P=0·01), BMI-for-age r 0·56 (P=0·01) and weight-for-age r 0·45 (P=0·05). There was no correlation with length-for-age z score. The mean of breast milk intake in this study was similar to that found in other studies in the world. The lipid content is comparable to similar studies and was within the normal range. Children older than 3 months showed signs of stunting despite adequate volume and lipid content of breast milk.

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Breast milk intake and mother to infant pesticide transfer measured by deuterium oxide dilution in agricultural and urban areas of Mexico

Chemosphere ◽

10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.110 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 181 ◽

pp. 682-689 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Ana Teresa Limon-Miro ◽

Maria Lourdes Aldana-Madrid ◽

Gerardo Alvarez-Hernandez ◽

Lesley Evelyn Antunez-Roman ◽

Guillermo Rodriguez-Olibarria ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Deuterium Oxide ◽

Milk Intake

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A Possible Role of Elevated Breast Milk Lactoferrin and the Cytokine IL-17 Levels in Predicting Early Allergy in Infants: A Pilot Study

Acta Alimentaria ◽

10.1556/aalim.2015.0001 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. Polonkai ◽

E. Gyimesi ◽

I. Kovács ◽

A. Csillag ◽

Gy. Balla ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Breast Milk

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Determining the Actual Zinc and Iron Intakes in Breastfed Infants: Protocol for a Longitudinal Observational Study

JMIR Research Protocols ◽

10.2196/19119 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. e19119

Author(s):

Oraporn Dumrongwongsiri ◽

Pattanee Winichagoon ◽

Nalinee Chongviriyaphan ◽

Umaporn Suthutvoravut ◽

Veit Grote ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Iron Status ◽

Deuterium Oxide ◽

Nutrient Status ◽

Dietary Intakes ◽

Breastfed Infants ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Longitudinal Observational Study

Background Zinc and iron deficiencies among breastfed infants during the first 6 months of life have been reported in previous studies. The amounts of zinc and iron intakes from breast milk are factors that contribute to the zinc and iron status of breastfed infants. Objective This study aims to quantitatively determine zinc and iron intakes by breastfed infants during the first 4 months of life and to investigate the factors that predict zinc and iron status in breastfed infants. Methods Pregnant women at 28 to 34 weeks of gestation were enrolled. Zinc and iron status during pregnancy was assessed. At delivery, cord blood was analyzed for zinc and iron levels. Participants and their babies were followed at 2 and 4 months postpartum. Maternal dietary intakes and anthropometric measurements were performed. The amount of breast milk intake was assessed using the deuterium oxide dose-to-mother technique. Breast milk samples were collected for determination of zinc and iron levels. The amount of zinc and iron consumed by infants was calculated. Zinc and iron status was determined in mothers and infants at 4 months postpartum. Results A total of 120 pregnant women were enrolled, and 80 mother-infant pairs completed the study (56 provided full breastfeeding, and 24 provided breast milk with infant formula). All data are being managed and cleaned. Statistical analysis will be done. Conclusions This study will provide information on zinc and iron intakes in exclusively breastfed infants during the first 4 months of life and explore predictive factors and the possible association of zinc and iron intakes with infant growth and nutrient status. International Registered Report Identifier (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/19119

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The Copenhagen Cohort Study on Infant Nutrition and Growth: breast-milk intake, human milk macronutrient content, and influencing factors

American Journal of Clinical Nutrition ◽

10.1093/ajcn/59.3.600 ◽

1994 ◽

Vol 59 (3) ◽

pp. 600-611 ◽

Cited By ~ 91

Author(s):

K F Michaelsen ◽

P S Larsen ◽

B L Thomsen ◽

G Samuelson

Keyword(s):

Cohort Study ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Human Milk ◽

Influencing Factors ◽

Infant Nutrition ◽

Milk Intake ◽

Macronutrient Content

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Comparing saliva and urine samples for measuring breast milk intake with the 2H oxide dose-to-mother technique among children 2–4 months old

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1017/s0007114519002642 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 123 (2) ◽

pp. 232-240

Author(s):

Eric Matsiko ◽

Paul J. M. Hulshof ◽

Laura van der Velde ◽

Marlou-Floor Kenkhuis ◽

Lisine Tuyisenge ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Energy Expenditure ◽

Body Fluids ◽

Milk Intake ◽

Model Fit ◽

Urine Samples ◽

Main Body ◽

Doubly Labelled Water ◽

Convenience Sample ◽

Milk Output

AbstractSaliva and urine are the two main body fluids sampled when breast milk intake is measured with the 2H oxide dose-to-mother technique. However, these two body fluids may generate different estimates of breast milk intake due to differences in isotope enrichment. Therefore, we aimed to assess how the estimated amount of breast milk intake differs when based on saliva and urine samples and to explore whether the total energy expenditure of the mothers is related to breast milk output. We used a convenience sample of thirteen pairs of mothers and babies aged 2–4 months, who were exclusively breastfed and apparently healthy. To assess breast milk intake, we administered doubly labelled water to the mothers and collected saliva samples from them, while simultaneously collecting both saliva and urine from their babies over a 14-d period. Isotope ratio MS was used to analyse the samples for 2H and 18O enrichments. Mean breast milk intake based on saliva samples was significantly higher than that based on urine samples (854·5 v. 812·8 g/d, P = 0·029). This can be attributed to slightly higher isotope enrichments in saliva and to a poorer model fit for urine samples as indicated by a higher square root of the mean square error (14·6 v. 10·4 mg/kg, P = 0·001). Maternal energy expenditure was not correlated with breast milk output. Our study suggests that saliva sampling generates slightly higher estimates of breast milk intake and is more precise as compared with urine and that maternal energy expenditure does not influence breast milk output.

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Nano-HPLC-HRMS Analysis to Evaluate Leptin Level in Milk Samples: A Pilot Study

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app10176135 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (17) ◽

pp. 6135

Author(s):

Federica Dal Bello ◽

Enrica Mecarelli ◽

Daniela Gastaldi ◽

Francesco Savino ◽

Claudio Medana

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Infant Formula ◽

Analytical Method ◽

Critical Role ◽

Bovine Milk ◽

Human Breast Milk ◽

Human Breast ◽

Milk Samples ◽

Limit Of Quantitation

Leptin is a 16 kDa lipophilic protein hormone secreted by adipocytes and its most significant function is to inform the brain with negative feedback that regulates food intake. Recently the protein found in human breast milk was related to breast feeding and onset of obesity, and the evidence of a low probability to develop pediatric obesity in children fed with breast milk was also confirmed. Since leptin could have a critical role, its quantitation both in human breast, bovine milk and in infant formula products is interesting. For this reason, we developed an analytical method based on immunoaffinity purification followed by an analysis with nano-High Pressure Liquid Chromatography coupled with High Resolution Mass Spectrometry analyzer (nano-HPLC-HRMS) to identify and quantify leptin in milk samples and performed a pilot study using samples of human breast milk, bovine milk and infant formulas. With an obtained lower limit of quantitation (LLOQ) of 100 ng mL−1 we quantified leptin in human breast milk finding an average of 6.70 ng mL−1. Our results show that leptin was under LLOQ both in bovine milk and in infant formula products. In conclusion, the developed analytical method here described was suitable to quantify leptin in milk samples with a good sensitivity and selectivity, and without the use of radioactive reagents.

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