milk output
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2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingding Dong ◽  
Xifang Ru ◽  
Xiaofang Huang ◽  
Tian Sang ◽  
Shan Li ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Mothers of preterm infants face many challenges in breastfeeding, especially regarding lactation. This study aimed to investigate the lactation status and challenges in breastfeeding faced by preterm infants’ mothers. Methods We approached 124 mothers who gave birth to preterm infants between 26 May and 31 October 2018 in a tertiary hospital in China. Lactation status and challenges in breastfeeding on day 7 postpartum, at discharge of infants, 2 weeks post-discharge, and 3 months of corrected age were collected using questionnaires. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve for expressed milk volume on day 7 postpartum for predicting expressed milk volume ≥ 300 mL/d at discharge was calculated. Logistic regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with delayed lactogenesis II onset and continuation of breastfeeding at 3 months of corrected age. Results Seventy mothers were enrolled, and 51.4% had delayed lactogenesis II. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that older maternal age (aOR = 1.19; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.40) and first live birth (aOR = 4.81; 95% CI 1.43, 16.18) were significant independent predictors of delayed lactogenesis II. Mothers with delayed lactogenesis II had significantly lower expressed milk volume (day 7 postpartum: 160.0 mL vs. 300.0 mL, U = 328.50, p = 0.001; at discharge: 425.0 mL vs. 612.5 mL, U = 372.00, p = 0.005), with a lower proportion of exclusive breastfeeding in their infants (at discharge: 33.3% vs. 69.8%, χ2 = 12.39, df = 1, p < 0.001; 3 months of corrected age: 17.8% vs. 52.8%, χ2 = 11.03, df = 1, p = 0.001). The ROC showed that expressed milk volume > 190 mL/d on day 7 postpartum significantly predicted expressed milk volume ≥ 300 mL/d at discharge. Insufficient human milk was the main reason for breastfeeding discontinuation at 3 months of corrected age. Twins were less likely to continue breastfeeding at 3 months of corrected age (aOR = 0.27; 95% CI 0.09, 0.86). In singleton infants, mother’s own milk ≥50% of total milk uptake at 2 weeks post-discharge (aOR = 32.66; 95% CI 3.00, 355.25) was an independent predictor of continuous breastfeeding at 3 months of corrected age. Feeding complications in infants, poor breastfeeding technique, and low milk output are the main challenges in breastfeeding. Conclusion Interventions to improve early postpartum lactation and breastfeeding techniques may increase breastfeeding adoption in mothers of preterm infants.


BMC Nutrition ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Chimanuka Murhima’Alika ◽  
Ghislain Maheshe Balemba ◽  
Pacifique Mwene-Batu Lyabayungu ◽  
Guy Mulinganya Mulume’oderhwa ◽  
Grace Munthali ◽  
...  

Abstract Background Malnutrition is a public health problem, as wasting affects 7.5% of children worldwide. The harmful effects of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) can last a lifetime, but how SAM in childhood affects later breastfeeding ability is not clear. In the present study, we assessed the human milk output and body composition among mothers with a history of childhood SAM. Methods This retrospective cohort study was carried out in Miti-Murhesa Health Zone (Democratic Republic of Congo) from January 15 to March 17, 2020. We selected lactating mothers with breastfed infants aged 2–12 months. Two categories of mothers were included: those who had been treated for SAM during their childhood (years 1988–2003; n = 39) and a community control with no history of SAM (n = 40). The weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference were measured and body mass index (BMI) calculated as weight/height2. Body composition and human milk output were assessed using standard deuterium dilution methods. Student t and chi2 tests ware applied to compare two groups. Results The mean age ± standard deviation of the mothers was 24.4 ± 5.1 and 26.0 ± 6.1 years for the SAM and control groups, respectively (p = 0.186). The age of their infants was 5.4 ± 2.3 months in both groups (p = 0.962). In the SAM and control groups, the mean maternal BMI was 23.8 ± 2.3 and 23.6 ± 3.7 kg/m2 (p = 0.849), mean Fat Mass 27.1% ± 5.0 and 27.1% ± 5.8% (p = 0.708), and the mean Fat Free mass 72.9% ± 5.0 and 72.9% ± 5.8% (p = 0.998), respectively. Human milk output was 833.7 ± 152.1 g/d in SAM group and 827.4 ± 171.4 g/d in the control group (p = 0.864). Conclusions We found no significant difference in human milk output and body composition in mothers treated for SAM during childhood compared to community controls.


Author(s):  
Stephan Hoehl ◽  
Sebastian Hess

Abstract Increasingly, European dairy farmers have to manage the raw milk price risk. Price hedging for raw milk and an increasing number of individual fixed-price contracts with processors are now available. However, the choice of hedging a certain share of milk output still leaves individual farmers facing a complex decision. The cash flow model in this study explains the probability of a typical northern European dairy farm surviving illiquidity over an 18-month period under common milk price volatility. The probability of farm survival was modelled in relation to available liquidity buffers and different levels of farm-specific production costs. The model allowed minimum shares of milk output to be determined, for which a fixed price should be hedged if the objective is farm survival at a given probability. Using these modelling results, practitioners are able to determine this share graphically.


2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Uffe Krogh ◽  
Hélène Quesnel ◽  
Nathalie Le Floch ◽  
Aude Simongiovanni ◽  
Jaap van Milgen

Abstract The physiology of the sow mammary gland is qualitatively well described and understood. However, the quantitative effect of various biological mechanisms contributing to the synthesis of colostrum and milk is lacking and more complicated to obtain. The objective of this study was to integrate physiological and empirical knowledge of the production of colostrum and milk in a dynamic model of a single sow mammary gland to understand and quantify parameters controlling mammary gland output. In 1983, Heather Neal and John Thornley published a model of the mammary gland in cattle, which was used as a starting point for the development of this model. The original cattle model was reparameterized, modified, and extended to describe the production of milk by the sow mammary gland during lactation and the prepartum production of colostrum as the combined output of immunoglobulins (Ig) and milk. Initially, the model was reparameterized to simulate milk synthesis potential of a single gland by considering biological characteristics and empirical estimations of sows and piglets. Secondly, the model was modified to simulate more accurately the responses to changes in milk removal rates. This was done by linking the ejectable milk storage capacity to the number of secretory cells rather than being constant throughout lactation. Finally, the model was extended to include the prepartum synthesis of milk and the kinetics of Ig into and out of the mammary gland. A progressive capacity of secretory cells to synthesize milk was used to differentiate the time between the onset of milk synthesis and Ig transfer. Changes in maximum milk removal rate, duration of milk ejection, and nursing interval exerted a great impact on the modeled milk output. Changes by ±60% in one of these parameters were capable of increasing milk output by 28% to 39% during the first 4 wk in lactation compared with the reference parameterization. This suggests that the ability of the piglet to remove milk from the gland exerts a key control on milk synthesis during lactation. Modeling colostrum as the combined output of Ig and milk allowed to represent the rapid decline in Ig concentration observed during the first hours after farrowing. In conclusion, biological and empirical knowledge was integrated into a model of the sow mammary gland and constitutes a simple approach to explore in which conditions and to what extent individual parameters influence Ig kinetics and milk production.


2021 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 287-292
Author(s):  
A. G. Ezekwe ◽  
N. Machebe

Milk was once obtained daily for 98 days from Muturu cows in their 3r lactation and analysed for yield and composition. Results showed that milk yield was generally low but there were highly significant (P < 0.01) individual variations in milk output. The butter fat content of the milk appeared relatively high (4.72 +0.08%). However, all the milk constituents were within the values reported for other tropical breeds. There was a significant inverse relationship (r = -0.87; P<0.05) between butterfat and milk protein, while the relationship between milk protein and lactose was positive and significant (r = 0.81; p < 0.05). Even though the milk yield of Muturu cattle is low, resource-poor rural farmers can readily extract some fresh milk from their cows for immediate family use in order to improve the family nutrition. 


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine Chimanuka Murhima’Alika ◽  
Ghislain Maheshe Balemba ◽  
Daniella Bugugu Mapendo ◽  
Aminata Kapapa ◽  
Grace Munthali ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Good breastfeeding practice is essential in preventing malnutrition in children. The deuterium method is the best technique for assessing human breast milk output. We investigated whether deuterium doses < 30 g can be used to assess human breast milk using saliva and the new Agilent 4500S for Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Methods: In a cross-sectional study, the breastmilk output of lactating mothers was evaluated using four different doses of deuterium in the Miti-Murhesa Health Zone (Democratic Republic of Congo). Lactating mothers of infants aged 3-23 months were recruited and assigned to a dosage group. Weight, height, and mid-upper arm circumference were measured and the body mass index calculated as weight/height2. Body composition (fat mass, free fat mass, total body water, and breastmilk output) was assessed using standard deuterium dilution methods. One-way ANOVA was used to compare the means in different groups and the chi² test to compare proportions. Results: Seventy-five lactating mothers were included in the study: 19 received 6 g, 20 received 10 g, 18 received 15 g, and 18 received 20 g deuterium. The mean ± standard deviation infant age was 10.6 ± 5.2, 11.1 ± 4.4, 10.9 ± 4.4, and 11.0 ± 3.9 months, respectively (p=0.076). We found no difference in the age and anthropometric parameters of the lactating mothers in the different groups. The mean ± standard deviation breast milk output rate was 796.6 ± 292.4, 260.8± 23.2, 749.8 ± 244.2, and 733.6 ± 207.1 g/d in the 6 g, 10 g, 15 g, and 20 g groups, respectively (p=0.883). Conclusions: The different doses of deuterium administered to lactating mothers resulted in similar breast milk output values. Thus, it is possible to evaluate human breast milk with deuterium doses <30 g when using the Agilent 4500S.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Xiaoling Tang ◽  
Ting Peng

The acidulant is widely used in the production of animal husbandry, and its use is affected by many factors, including environmental factors, dosage, diet composition, and animal’s own factors, so only the correct use of the acidulant can bring good results in animal production and financial income. This article takes acidifier as an example to study the application of compound chemical treatment in livestock farms. In this paper, the effect of using acidulant in the first 1 to 3 weeks after early weaning of piglets is obvious through this experimental study. The effect gradually decreases after 3 weeks and basically has no effect after 4 weeks. Experimental studies have found that the combination of organic acids, antibiotics, and high copper is the most effective. These three have different functions and have complementary or additive effects. Under harsh feeding conditions, especially when the environmental sanitation and environmental conditions are relatively poor, the effect of acidulants is better than good feeding conditions. Experimental data show that fulvic acid depletes milk’s somatic cells in a short period of time and then quickly activates immune function, which is indicated by the increase in lymphocytes in the blood. When a large number of somatic cells migrate to the breast, the somatic cells in milk will also increase, thereby improving the immunity mediated by human cells. The experimental results show that the BFA formula added 1% to the cattle feed. After the research control of this experiment, the milk output increased by 9–17%, and the quality milk output increased by 19.12%, so the use of acidulant increased feed compensation and reduces gastrointestinal diseases and the reproduction of microorganisms in the rumen of dairy cows.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dingding Dong ◽  
Xifang Ru ◽  
Xiaofang Huang ◽  
Tian Sang ◽  
Shan Li ◽  
...  

Abstract BackgroundMothers of preterm infants face challenges in breastfeeding. The aim of the study was to investigate lactation status and challenges in breastfeeding faced by mothers of preterm infants. MethodsMothers giving birth to preterm infants between May 26th 2018 and October 31st 2018 were enrolled. Lactation status and challenges in breastfeeding on day 7 postpartum, at discharge of infants, 2 weeks post-discharge, and 3 months of corrected age (CA 3m) were collected by questionnaires. ResultsSeventy mothers were enrolled, and 51.4% had delayed lactogenesis II. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that cesarean section (OR=3.368, p=0.032), older maternal age (OR=1.189, p=0.008), and primiparity (OR=5.091, p=0.012) were significant independent predictors of delayed lactogenesis II. Mothers with delayed lactogenesis II had significantly lower milk output (day 7 postpartum: 160.0mL vs. 300.0mL, p=0.001; at discharge: 425.0mL vs. 612.5mL, p=0.005) and lower proportion of exclusive breastfeeding (at discharge: 38.9% vs. 70.6%, p=0.008; CA 3m: 12.5% vs. 33.3%, p=0.050). The ROC showed that milk output >190mL/d and >245mL/d on day 7 postpartum significantly predict milk output ≥300mL/d at discharge and exclusive breastfeeding at post-discharge two weeks, respectively. Insufficient human milk was the top reason for breastfeeding discontinuation at CA 3m, and mother’s own milk ≥50% of total milk uptake at postpartum two weeks (OR=5.303, p=0.007) was an independent predictor of continuous breastfeeding at CA 3m. Feeding complications in infants, poor breastfeeding techniques, and low milk output were the top challenges in breastfeeding. ConclusionInterventions to improve early postpartum lactation and breastfeeding techniques may increase breastfeeding adoption in mothers of preterm infants.


Agriculture ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 53
Author(s):  
Abhishek Rajan ◽  
Tushaar Shah

This paper explores the impact of irrigation on India’s mixed crop-based dairy production system. It uses a four-equation recursive regression model to outline the impact of water applied under different modes (groundwater irrigation, surface water irrigation, and rainfall) on the bovine herd efficiency and dairy output. The results of the model show that rain-fed areas account for 47% of the total value of milk output, whereas area under groundwater irrigation and surface water irrigation account for 38% and 15%, respectively. Of all the different irrigation modes, groundwater irrigated areas have the most efficient bovine herd for milk production. The addition of one hectare of groundwater in an irrigated area adds around Indian Rupees (INR) 20,000 (~US $448) to the gross value of milk output of a district, which is twice the addition of one hectare of surface water in an irrigated area and five times the addition of one hectare of rainfed area. Based on the results of the model, the paper suggests that expanding well irrigation in the groundwater-abundant eastern and central tribal belt of India can yield a positive impact on milk production.


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