scholarly journals Central nervous system depressant activity of fractions of Globimetula braunii Engl. (Loranthaceae) growing on Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae) and isolation of lupeol

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 196-206
Author(s):  
Suleiman Danladi ◽  
Mohammed Ibrahim Sule ◽  
Musa Aliyu Muhammad ◽  
Abdullahi Hamza Yaro
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Treated Group ◽  
Hexane Fraction ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Terminalia Catappa ◽  
Cns Depressant ◽  
Cns Depressant Activity

Globimetula braunii is a parasitic plant belonging to the family Loranthaceae. Traditionally, the plant has been reported to be used in the treatment of insomnia. The study was carried out to investigate the central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity of the fractions of Globimetula braunii growing on Terminalia catappa and to isolate the phytochemical compound(s) present in the most active fraction. The CNS depressant activity of all the fractions was investigated using diazepam induced sleep. The most active fraction was further subjected to the hole board test and beam walk assay. The chromatographic technique was used for the isolation of phytochemical compound. Hexane fraction significantly (p<0.05) reduced latency to sleep and prolonged the sleeping time. Both chloroform and ethylacetate fractions at highest and median doses showed significant increase in the duration of sleep compared to normal saline. The n-butanol fraction at all doses tested do not have any effect on time of onset and duration of sleep when compared with normal saline treated group. Hexane fraction significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of head dip in a dose dependent manner and delayed the time to reach the goal box compared to normal saline treated group. Lupeol was isolated from n-hexane fraction.

scholarly journals Evaluation of central nervous system depressant activity of methanolic and petroleum ether extract of Manilkara zapota leaves (in vivo)

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 308
Author(s):  
Manirujjaman ◽  
Trudi Collet
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Locomotor Activity ◽  
Petroleum Ether ◽  
Open Field ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Manilkara Zapota ◽  
Cns Depressant ◽  
Cns Depressant Activity

<p>The purpose of this study was to examine the central nervous system (CNS) -depressant activity of methanolic and petroleum ether extracts of leaves obtained from <em>Manilkara zapota </em>(Sapotaceae) <em>in vivo</em>. CNS-depressant action was evaluated by observing the effects of plant extracts on both exploratory and spontaneous locomotor activity in mice using open field and hole cross tests respectively. The extracts were found to exhibit CNS-depressant activity in a dose-dependent manner. In the open field test, both the methanolic and petroleum ether extracts reduced the exploratory behavior of mice significantly (p&lt;0.05). Although the extracts reduced locomotor activity in the hole cross test, the results were found to be insignificant. Overall, these findings indicate that both types of extracts derived from <em>M. zapota</em> leaves possess CNS-depressant activity.</p>

scholarly journals Evaluation of central nervous system depressant activity of Cleome rutidosperma

2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Anindya Bose ◽  
Anuradha Khuntia ◽  
Jayanta Kumar Gupta ◽  
Sudam Si
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Cns Depressant ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Central Nervous System Depressant ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cns Depressant Activity ◽  
Cleome Rutidosperma

The central nervous system (CNS) depressant activity of the ethanol extract (200 and 400 mg/kg) and its fractions (200 mg/kg each) of the aerial parts of Cleome rutidosperma was investigated in various models. The tested extract and its fractions showed significant (P&lt;0.01) anxiolytic, anticonvulsant activity (in treating petit mal epilepsy) without any unwanted sedation effect. These findings justify the traditional use of this plant in CNS disorders.

scholarly journals Neurons Are Host Cells for Mycobacterium tuberculosis

2014 ◽  
Vol 82 (5) ◽  
pp. 1880-1890 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philippa J. Randall ◽  
Nai-Jen Hsu ◽  
Dirk Lang ◽  
Susan Cooper ◽  
Boipelo Sebesho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Host Cells ◽  
Productive Infection ◽  
Target Cells ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Central Nervous System

ABSTRACTMycobacterium tuberculosisinfection of the central nervous system is thought to be initiated once the bacilli have breached the blood brain barrier and are phagocytosed, primarily by microglial cells. In this study, the interactions ofM. tuberculosiswith neuronsin vitroandin vivowere investigated. The data obtained demonstrate that neurons can act as host cells forM. tuberculosis.M. tuberculosisbacilli were internalized by murine neuronal cultured cells in a time-dependent manner after exposure, with superior uptake by HT22 cells compared to Neuro-2a cells (17.7% versus 9.8%). Internalization ofM. tuberculosisbacilli by human SK-N-SH cultured neurons suggested the clinical relevance of the findings. Moreover, primary murine hippocampus-derived neuronal cultures could similarly internalizeM. tuberculosis. InternalizedM. tuberculosisbacilli represented a productive infection with retention of bacterial viability and replicative potential, increasing 2- to 4-fold within 48 h.M. tuberculosisbacillus infection of neurons was confirmedin vivoin the brains of C57BL/6 mice after intracerebral challenge. This study, therefore, demonstrates neurons as potential new target cells forM. tuberculosiswithin the central nervous system.

scholarly journals Pharmacological Screening for CNS Depression, Analgesic and Anti-inflammatory Potentials of Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) Barks in Different Solvent Fraction

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Mst. Shirajum Munira ◽  
Syeda Naureen Ahmed ◽  
Md. Siddiqul Islam ◽  
Md. Shariful Islam ◽  
Mst. Luthfun Nesa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Late Phase ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Superior Result ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽  
Cns Depressant ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Pharmacological Screening ◽  
Cns Depressant Activity

Aims: Bark of different fractions of Sonneratia caseolaris (Linn.) (Sonneratiaceae) were screened for its analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS activities. Study Design: For the purpose of these experiments the extracts were subjected to an in-vivo study. Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in August 2014 in the Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Methodology: Ethanolic (ETF), ethyl acetate (EAF), chloroform(CLF) and pet ether (PTF) fractions of bark of  S. caseolaris were used to evaluate the analgesic activity using Acetic acid induced writhing and Formalin test. The same fractions were evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity using Carrageenan induced hind paw edema model. The CNS depressant activity was evaluated by Hole cross method. Two doses of 150 mg/kg and 300 mg/kg were used. Results: The different fractions produced significant (p<0.05) writhing inhibition at both doses and reduced the number of linking induced by formalin. Among these fractions the most potent activity was found in ETF about 79.40% (300 mg/kg) that was almost similar to standard Diclofenac-Na 82.78% (10 mg/kg), then EAF 74.59% followed by CLF 59.03% and PTF 52.45% at dose 300 mg/kg). In formalin-induced paw licking model, all fractions of S. caseolaris showed superior result in the late phase compare to the early phase .The same fractions of extracts caused significant (p<0.05) inhibition of carrageenan induced paw edema in a dose dependent manner. A statistically significant (p<0.05) locomotor activity was also observed. Conclusion: Our result revealed that all the extractives of S. caseolaris have noticeable analgesic, anti-inflammatory and CNS depressant activities.

scholarly journals Mitochondrial Calcium Uptake Capacity Modulates Neocortical Excitability

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (7) ◽  
pp. 1115-1126 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basavaraju G Sanganahalli ◽  
Peter Herman ◽  
Fahmeed Hyder ◽  
Sridhar S Kannurpatti
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Evoked Responses ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Calcium Uniporter ◽  
Sensory Evoked

Local calcium (Ca2 +) changes regulate central nervous system metabolism and communication integrated by subcellular processes including mitochondrial Ca2 + uptake. Mitochondria take up Ca2 + through the calcium uniporter (mCU) aided by cytoplasmic microdomains of high Ca2 +. Known only in vitro, the in vivo impact of mCU activity may reveal Ca2 + -mediated roles of mitochondria in brain signaling and metabolism. From in vitro studies of mitochondrial Ca2 + sequestration and cycling in various cell types of the central nervous system, we evaluated ranges of spontaneous and activity-induced Ca2 + distributions in multiple subcellular compartments in vivo. We hypothesized that inhibiting (or enhancing) mCU activity would attenuate (or augment) cortical neuronal activity as well as activity-induced hemodynamic responses in an overall cytoplasmic and mitochondrial Ca2 + -dependent manner. Spontaneous and sensory-evoked cortical activities were measured by extracellular electrophysiology complemented with dynamic mapping of blood oxygen level dependence and cerebral blood flow. Calcium uniporter activity was inhibited and enhanced pharmacologically, and its impact on the multimodal measures were analyzed in an integrated manner. Ru360, an mCU inhibitor, reduced all stimulus-evoked responses, whereas Kaempferol, an mCU enhancer, augmented all evoked responses. Collectively, the results confirm aforementioned hypotheses and support the Ca2 + uptake-mediated integrative role of in vivo mitochondria on neocortical activity.

scholarly journals Interleukin-6 Derived from the Central Nervous System May Influence the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis in a Cell-Dependent Manner

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paula Sanchis ◽  
Olaya Fernández-Gayol ◽  
Gemma Comes ◽  
Anna Escrig ◽  
Mercedes Giralt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Interleukin 6 ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Minor Role ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis ◽  
Experimental Autoimmune

Background: Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is a pleiotropic and multifunctional cytokine that plays a critical role in induction of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a mouse model of multiple sclerosis (MS). Although EAE has always been considered a peripherally elicited disease, Il6 expression exclusively within central nervous system is sufficient to induce EAE development. Neurons, astrocytes, and microglia can secrete and respond to IL-6. Methods: To dissect the relevance of each cell source for establishing EAE, we generated and immunized conditional Il6 knockout mice for each of these cell types with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55) peptide dissolved in complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA) and supplemented with Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Results and conclusions: The combined results reveal a minor role for Il6 expression in both astrocytes and microglia for symptomatology and neuropathology of EAE, whereas neuronal Il6 expression was not relevant for the variables analyzed.

Mechanism of potassium uptake in neuropile glial cells in the central nervous system of the leech

1990 ◽  
Vol 63 (5) ◽  
pp. 1089-1097 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. A. Wuttke
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cell Volume ◽  
Normal Saline ◽  
Cell Swelling ◽  
Equilibrium Potential ◽  
K Uptake ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Mean ◽  
K Concentration

1. Ion-selective double-barreled microelectrodes (ISME) were used to measure intracellular K+ (aKi), Na+ (aNai), and Cl- (aCli) activities of neuropile glial (NG) cells in the central nervous system of the medicinal leech Hirudo medicinalis. Ion fluxes were induced by an increase in extracellular K+ concentration [( K+]o) and analyzed to elucidate the ionic mechanism of the K+ uptake occurring under such conditions. 2. In addition, the K+ concentration of the extracellular space of the nerve cell body region (NCBR) and the neuropile (N) was measured with neutral carrier K(+)-ISME. In normal saline (4 mM K+), a concentration of 4.2 mM was measured in both extracellular spaces. No differences between the K+ concentration of the bathing fluid and the extracellular spaces were found at higher (i.e., 10 and 40 mM) K+ concentrations. 3. In normal saline, the mean membrane potential (Em) was -68 mV, and the mean aKi, aNai, and aCli were found to be 77, 10, and 7 mM, respectively. The corresponding equilibrium potentials were -81, 56, and -66 mV. The chloride equilibrium potential (ECl) was similar to Em, and it is concluded that chloride is passively distributed across the NG cell membrane. 4. When [K+]o was transiently increased 10-fold (i.e., to 40 mM), aKi and a Cli increased transiently by 22 and 25 mM, respectively, and the membrane depolarized to -28 mV, which was similar to both K+ equilibrium potential (EK) and ECl. The KCl uptake was accompanied by a transient decrease in aNai to 5 mM. 5. After incubation for at least 1 h in Na(+)-free saline, NG cells accumulated K+ in the absence of extracellular Na+ to levels similar to those observed in the presence of Na+. Therefore the uptake of K+ was not dependent on external--and probably also internal--Na+. 6. Changes in cell volume induced by the increase in [K+]o were estimated by loading NG cells with choline and monitoring its intracellular concentration with Corning-K(+)-ISME. In saline containing 40 mM K+, NG cell volume increased to approximately 150% of its volume in normal saline. 7. It is concluded that the mechanism of K+ uptake in NG cells is by passive KCl and water influx, which causes cell swelling.

scholarly journals β-Arrestin2 Regulates Cannabinoid CB1 Receptor Signaling and Adaptation in a Central Nervous System Region–Dependent Manner

2012 ◽  
Vol 71 (8) ◽  
pp. 714-724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter T. Nguyen ◽  
Cullen L. Schmid ◽  
Kirsten M. Raehal ◽  
Dana E. Selley ◽  
Laura M. Bohn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cb1 Receptor ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Receptor Signaling ◽  
Cannabinoid Cb1 Receptor ◽  
Central Nervous System Region
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