Sero-prevalence of Human Onchocerciasis and Lymphatic Filariasis in Low-Endemic communities of Ogun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-382
Author(s):  
D. Adepoju ◽  
S.O. Sam-Wobo ◽  
O.A. Surakat ◽  
W.R. Ajayi ◽  
N.O. Adekunle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Positive Result ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Human Migration ◽  
Mass Treatment ◽  
North East ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
The Status ◽  
Skin Snips ◽  
Over Time

This study reports the status of onchocerciasis and lymphatic filariasis (LF) in communities with low endemicity in Ogun-State, Nigeria. The Ov16/Wb123 biplex Rapid Diagnostic Test was used to screen 1,836 participants aged 5 years and above from 8 Local Government Areas (LGAs) from October to December, 2016. Skin snips and night blood were also used for microscopic detection of microfilariae (MF). A cumulative seroprevalence of 9.4% and 0.42% was recorded for onchocerciasis and LF respectively with a co-infection rate of 0.4%. Among the LGAs screened, Ijebu North-East recorded the highest seroprevalence of onchocerciasis (26.4%) and LF (0.9%) while Remo North, Sagamu and Obafemi-Owode LGAs recorded low prevalences ranging from 0.7 - 2.7% for both diseases. No positive result of MF was observed in all the communities screened, even in Ijebu North-East where seroprevalence was high, suggesting historic exposure to onchocerciasis and LF infection which may have occurred over time due to human  migration during farming and fishing seasons. Extension of ongoing mass treatment in endemic LGAs is recommended for Ijebu North-East to ensure inclusion in the drive towards the elimination of the diseases in Ogun State.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence of onchocerciasis in Ogun State, Nigeria after ten years of mass drug administration with ivermectin

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (3) ◽  
pp. 65-71
Author(s):  
O. A. Surakat ◽  
S. O. Sam-Wobo ◽  
T. De Los Santos ◽  
D. Faulx ◽  
A. Golden ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Administration ◽  
Mass Drug Administration ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Finger Prick ◽  
The Status ◽  
Baseline Information ◽  
Skin Snips

Background: This serological study conducted between March and July 2015 investigated the status of onchocerciasis in Ogun State, Nigeria after a decade of mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin. Baseline information from the rapid epidemiological mapping of onchocerciasis (REMO) prior to MDA had indicated that Ogun State was meso-endemic to onchocerciasis. Following years of treatment with ivermectin, it has become important to investigate the current status of the disease using more sensitive diagnostic methods.Methods: The study was conducted in 32 communities in eight onchocerciasis-endemic local government areas (LGAs). Using the Ov16 rapid diagnostic test (Ov16 RDT), finger-prick whole blood was obtained from 3 895 consented participants from age five and above. Skin snips were obtained from a subset of 481 corresponding participants as the majority of community members did not consent to skin snipping.Results: Study revealed a cumulative seroprevalence of 9.3% (CI 9.29–9.31%) by RDT and 17.3% (CI 16.73–18.34%) microfilaridermia prevalence by the skin snip subset. Seroprevalence among children between the ages of five and nine was 2.9% (CI 1.74–3.53%) across all LGAs. A community microfilaria load (CMFL) between 0 and 1.21 MF/skin snip was recorded in the different communities studied. Among the studied LGAs, children in Odeda LGA recorded the highest seroprevalence by RDT (14.9%) followed by Abeokuta North (5.1%), Abeokuta South (4.8%) and Imeko-Afon (0.6%), while Ewekoro, Ifo, Obafemi-Owode and Yewa North LGAs recorded zero prevalence.Conclusion: It appears that the elimination of onchocerciasis in some LGAs is possible considering the lack of new infection among children and the hypo-endemicity among the adult population. However, the microfilaria prevalence observed among adults is of concern as it may imply that mass treatment has not been effective. Increased therapeutic coverage is advised to fully maximise the potential of ivermectin treatment to achieve the disease elimination.

Intensity profile of lymphatic filariasis among community members of Yewa South Local Government Area, Ogun State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-98
Author(s):  
F.F. Adekola ◽  
S. O Sam-Wobo ◽  
U.F. Ekpo ◽  
F. Oluwafemi ◽  
O.A. Surakat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Community Members ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Consistent Treatment ◽  
Study Participants

An epidemiological study was conducted in four communities of Yewa-South Local Government Area of Ogun State to determine the prevalence of lymphatic filariasis. Also investigated was the intensity among the study participants. Three hundred and sixty-two participants of both sexes and age ranging from 5 to 85 years were examined. Blood samples for parasitological examination were obtained from consenting participants between 21.00 and 02.00 a.m. The samples were prepared using thick blood smear technique. The data obtained were collected and analyzed using descriptive statistics and chi-square. The result showed that, from the 362 blood samples examined, 186 were positive with an overall of 51.4%. Microfilaraemic prevalence was not significantly related (p>0.05) by sex category with male having 78 (21.5%) and female 108 (29.3%). However, there was significant (p<0.05) relationship in the prevalence by age groups as Community members within the age group =50 had the highest prevalence of 52(14.4%) while the 20-29 years recorded the least prevalence of 18(5.0%). In terms of microfilaraemic load, all females and males who tested positive for lymphatic filariasis with 50.8% having light intensity of < 50mf/ml. There was no significant relationship between prevalence of lymphatic filariasis and communities studied (P>0.05). The high prevalence observed in these communities could be due to bushy vegetation. There is the important need for increased and consistent treatment with Albendazole and health education in all affected communitiesto reduce prevalence and possible elimination of the parasite. Keywords: Intensity, Lymphatic filariasis, prevalence, Ogun State, Nigeria

Status of Lymphatic Filariasis in Security Challenged Areas of Borno State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (2) ◽  
pp. 389-393
Author(s):  
E. Davies ◽  
C. Anyaike ◽  
N. Akpan ◽  
Y. A. Saka ◽  
A. Suleiman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Test Strip ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Status ◽  
Elimination Programme ◽  
Health Programmes

National lymphatic filariasis elimination programme (NLFEP) of Federal Ministry of Health sets to provide status of LF in the country before 2020. Borno State, situated in the North East political zone of Nigeria with an estimated population of 4.1million had been enmeshed in insurgency for over a decade. Following an initial mapping between 2008 and 2016 in 16 LGAs out of 27 LGAs, it became imperative that the status of LF in the remaining 11 LGAs of Borno State be ascertained in order to have complete data for planning and policy. Using stratified sampling method, eleven communities were selected from the 11 LGAs namely: Abadam, Ngala, Guzamala, Ngazai, Gubio, Mafa, Jere, Biu, Bayo, Askirin/Uba, and Kwayar Kusar. Blood samples were obtained from consented 990 participants and filarial test strip (FTS) were employed to determine their LF status between November 2017 and February 2018. Of the 990 consented participants only 15 (1.5%) were positive for lymphatic filariasis. Ten cases of hydrocele in men were observed in 4 communities namely Bunari (3), Peta (3), Zaramiramga (2) and Uba (2). Considering the number of positive cases by FTS and hydrocele, result showed that hydrocele accounted for 66.7% of the total positive cases within the positive communities. It is advised that the State health workers should continue to properly educate communities on health programmes including LF preventive measures. Also both Federal Ministry of Health and State Ministry of Health sensitize health partners to start LF treatment and morbidity management in all positive communities to fast track elimination of LF.

scholarly journals Provincial Comparison of Development Status in Nepal: An Analysis of Human Development Trend for 1996 to 2026

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 53-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sanjib Dhungel
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Development Trend ◽  
National Average ◽  
Development Index ◽  
Development Status ◽  
The Status ◽  
Base Data ◽  
Over Time

The present study examines the status of Human Development Index (HDI) for 1996, 2001, 2006 and 2011 for seven provinces of Nepal and projected for 2016, 2021, 2026. Base data are obtained from Nepal Human Development Reports (HDR)1998, 2004, 2009 and 2014. The HDI value for the Province 1, 3, 4 and 5 are relatively higher than national average and that for Province 6 is least followed by Province 2 and Province 7. The largest HDI value for 1996 is 0.499 for Province 1, in 2001 is 0.508 for Province 4, in2006 is 0.558 for Province 3 and in 2011is 0.560 for Province. The estimated value for 2016 is 0.578 for Province 1, 0.60 in 2021. Province 1 will continue to lead with 0.622 in 2026. Meanwhile Province 5 will join the club in 2021. Similarly, the lowest HDI value for 1996 is 0.364 for Province 6 and it is lowest for Province 7, in 2001 with value of 0.364. HDI is 0.44 for Province 6, in 2006, and same province is at the lowest rank with value of 0.463 in 2011. Estimated lowest HDI value for 2016 is 0.486 for Province 6, and it will be 0.509 in 2021, and it will be 0.531 in 2026 for this Province. There is smooth growth on HDI over time i.e. impact of investment for development have positive result in Province 3, Province 4 and Province 6, followed by Province 1 and Province 7. Inconsistent growth is observed in Province 5 and Province 2.

scholarly journals Parasitological and epidemiological studies of Wuchereria bancrofti in Imobi, Ijebu East, Local Government Area of Ogun State, South Western Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Okonofua Christiana ◽  
Akinsanya Bamidele ◽  
Idowu Emmanuel Taiwo ◽  
Otubanjo Adetoro Olubunmi
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Lymphatic Filariasis ◽  
Health Centre ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wuchereria Bancrofti ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Ogun State ◽  
Parasitological Diagnosis ◽  
Public Health Challenge

Abstract Background Lymphatic filariasis is a mosquito-borne parasitic disease caused by Wuchereria bancrofti. It is a neglected tropical disease that constitutes a public health challenge in rural endemic communities in Nigeria. This is a debilitating disease of global concern, because of its effect on per capital income and its stigmatization on affected individuals. The Program for Elimination for Lymphatic filariasis has set a goal towards possible elimination. Results Communities in Imobi, in Ijedu East Local Government Area in Ogun State, have been undergoing Mass Drug Administration (MDA). However, there is need for a baseline data to assess, monitor and evaluate the progress of MDA in these communities towards eventual elimination. Systematic random sampling and cluster survey were used to gather 246 participants from six communities in Imobi to a central point at the Local Government Health Centre. Parasitological diagnosis was done using microscopy, while structured questionnaires, which probed into respondents Knowledge, Attitude and Practices, were administered. An overall prevalence of 50 (20.3%) was observed with 17 (21.5%) males being more infected than 24 (19.8%) females. Prevalence of infection was significantly higher in younger age groups 4 (28.6%) than in older age groups 20 (14.6%) at p < 0.05. Overall microfilarial density of 25.7 mf/ml was obtained among infected population. Microfilariae prevalence was not observed in people that had received treatment with both albendazole and ivermectin. Higher prevalence of infection was observed in people who did not made use of Long Lasting Insecticidal Nets 45 (21.1%), than in people who did 5 (15.2%). However, it was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Most of the respondents had little or no knowledge of the disease, its cause, transmission, prevention and treatment. The prevalence level is also higher than 1% for which MDA is required. Conclusions It is recommended that MDA be intensified in the study area, together with vector control and awareness campaign on the disease.

The Legal Status of Local Government in South Africa under the New Constitutional Dispensation

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mbuzeni Mathenjwa
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Local Government ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Republic ◽  
First Time

The history of local government in South Africa dates back to a time during the formation of the Union of South Africa in 1910. With regard to the status of local government, the Union of South Africa Act placed local government under the jurisdiction of the provinces. The status of local government was not changed by the formation of the Republic of South Africa in 1961 because local government was placed under the further jurisdiction of the provinces. Local government was enshrined in the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa arguably for the first time in 1993. Under the interim Constitution local government was rendered autonomous and empowered to regulate its affairs. Local government was further enshrined in the final Constitution of 1996, which commenced on 4 February 1997. The Constitution refers to local government together with the national and provincial governments as spheres of government which are distinctive, interdependent and interrelated. This article discusses the autonomy of local government under the 1996 Constitution. This it does by analysing case law on the evolution of the status of local government. The discussion on the powers and functions of local government explains the scheme by which government powers are allocated, where the 1996 Constitution distributes powers to the different spheres of government. Finally, a conclusion is drawn on the legal status of local government within the new constitutional dispensation.

THE ROLE OF LOCAL GOVERNMENT IN STRENGTHENING DEMOCRACY

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-131
Author(s):  
Mbuzeni Mathenjwa
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Local Government ◽  
United Nations ◽  
Public Interest ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
African Union ◽  
African Countries ◽  
The Status ◽  
Administrative Units

The place and role of local government within the structure of government in Africa has attracted much public interest. Prior to and after independence, African countries used local government as the administrative units of central governments without their having any legal status, to the extent that local authorities were under the strict control of central governments. The autonomy of local government is pivotal in the democratisation of a country. The United Nations, European Union and African Union have adopted treaties to promote the recognition and protection of local government in the state parties’ constitutions. Accordingly, this article explains the status of local government in Africa and its impact on strengthening democracy in African states.

Value Addition Through Higher Education: With Special Reference To Skill Development In North East India

GIS Business ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 341-348
Author(s):  
Dr. Mini Jain ◽  
Dr. Mini Jain
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Value Addition ◽  
Quality Initiatives ◽  
North East India ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Skilled Manpower ◽  
The Status

In India, higher education is a need of hour. The excellence of Higher Edification decides the production of skilled manpower to the nation. Indian education system significantly teaching has not been tested too economical to form youths of our country employable in line with the requirement of job market. Despite the rise in range of establishments at primary, secondary and tertiary level our young educated folks don't seem to be capable of being used and recovering job opportunities. Reason being they need not non-heritable such skills essential for demand of the duty market. The present study is aimed at analyzing the status of higher education institutions in terms of Infrastructure, various courses of the institute, quality Initiatives and skill development program offered by the Institutes, in the North-East India region, so as to see whether the Higher Educational Institutes of this region are in the process of gradually developing the skills of the students in attaining excellence. The paper also laid emphasis on the measures adopted by these institutes for quality improvement, and to find out their role in combating the adversity acclaimed in the region, since this region’s development is impeded by certain inherent difficulties However, this paper focuses attention on high quality education with special emphasis on higher education for forward linkages through value addition.

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