scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and Anti-diabetic Studies of Chromolaena odorata Linn. (Asteraceae) Powdered Leaves in Alloxan-induced Diabetic Rats

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
A. A. Abdullahi ◽  
B. A. Aremu ◽  
S. A. Atunwa ◽  
S. O. Usman ◽  
F.A.U. Attah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Mineral Elements ◽  
Toxicity Assessment ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Atomic Absorption Spectrometer ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Medicinal Properties

Background: ChromolaenaodorataLinn. (Asteraceae)is being used traditionally for its many medicinal properties including lowering of blood glucose level. However, few and inconsistent information about its antidiabetic potential is available.Objective: to standardize; determine physicochemical and elemental parameters; and evaluate anti-diabetic potential of Chromolaena odorata Linn. (Asteraceae) powdered leaves in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.Materials and Methods: Physicochemical screening of fresh and powdered leaves of C. odorata leaves were respectively determined using a light microscope connected to a standard camera. Elemental analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) GBC Avanta Model. Thirty-three Wistar rats of either sex weighing 150 – 200 g were used in the procedures. Acute toxicity assessment (LD50) was carried out using the guideline of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). Chromolaena odorata powdered leaves were evaluated using alloxan-induced model.Results: Physicochemical screening of the fresh and powdered leaves confirmed the pharmacognostic parameters of Chromolaena odorata. The moisture content was 6.0 ± 0.07 %, the alcohol soluble extractive was 30 ± 0.05 %. while the water-soluble extractive was 40 ± 0.05%. The elemental analysis of the powdered leaves of C. odorata showed that the leaves contains 29.00mg/L of K, 13.500mg/L of Na, 0.15mg/L of Mn, 4.78mg/L of Mg and 0.30mg/L of Ca. Chromolaena odorata showed no toxicity when it was orally administered to rats (LD50 ≥ 2000 mg/kg). The powdered leaves of Chromolaena odorata at 100, 200 and 300 mg/kg showed dose and time-dependent anti-diabetic activities.Conclusion: The powdered leaves of Chromolaena odorata is non-toxic and preliminary data showed its anti-diabetic potential possibly due to the presence of some phytochemicals and mineral elements identified  

Standardization, Physicochemical, Elemental Analysis and Anti-diabetic activity of Powdered Leaves of Chromolaena odorata in Alloxan-induced diabetic Rats

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulrasheed Ajao Abdullahi ◽  
B. A. Aremu ◽  
S.A. Atunwa ◽  
S.O. Usman ◽  
N.S. Njinga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Blood Glucose Level ◽  
Atomic Absorption ◽  
Glucose Level ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Constant Weight ◽  
Leaf Arrangement

Abstract BackgroundThe prevalence of diabetes is increasing worldwide, but more evidently in developing countries where there is higher incidence of the risk factors. Plants have offered an effective medicine for the treatment of illnesses since the dawn of mankind.The present study is aimed to standardize, determine the physicochemical parameters, element present and anti-diabetic activity of Chromolaenaodorata. Elemental analysis was done using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy, while Alloxan-induced model was used to determine anti-diabetic activity.MethodologyThe leaves were cleaned and air dried for some days. The following macroscopic characters of the fresh leaves were noted; shape, length, colour, apex, margin, base, leaf arrangement and odour. The microscopy of the surface preparation and cross section of the fresh leaves and powdered leaves were carried out using a light Microscope connected to a standard camera.Alcohol soluble extractive was determined following the method used by Azwanida, (2015). Water soluble extractive was done on the powdered leavesThe moisture content was determined following the method used by Pimentel (2006). An evaporating dish was heated to a constant weight and allowed to cool in a desiccator. Elemental Analysis (K, Na, Mn, Mg and Ca) was carried out on the powdered leaves of Chromolaena odorata using the method of Association of Official Analytical Chemist (AOAC, 1980) with the aid of Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) GBC Avanta Model. Standards and digested samples were aspirated and the mean signal responses were recorded at each of the element respective wavelengths.The acute toxicity (LD50) test was determined following the method used by Jonsson et al. (2013) with little modification.Alloxan-induced model was used to determine the anti-diabetics activity following method by Rohilia and Ali, (2007) with slight modification.Twenty-Five Albino rats of both sexes weighing 150– 200g were used for the study.The data were expressed as mean ± standard error of mean (SEM). One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) with Student-Newman-keuls tests was used to analyze the data and results were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05 when compared to the control.ResultsThe macroscopic evaluation reviewed a triangular shape, height of 6-10cm, pungent odour, acuminate apex, opposite leaf arrangement, dentate margin, hastate base and a green colour leaf. The microscopic study of both the fresh and powdered leaves of C. odorata showed the presence of anisocytic and anomocytic stomata, as well as multicellular uniseriate covering trichomes. The moisture content was 6.0 ±0.07%, the alcohol soluble extractive was 30±0.05%. while the water-soluble extractive was 40±0.05%. %. The elemental analysis of the powdered leaves of C. odorata showed that the leaves contains 29.00mg/L of K, 13.500mg/L of Na, 0.15mg/L of Mn, 4.78mg/L of Mg and 0.30mg/L of Ca.The powdered leaves showed a dose dependent anti-diabetic activity as 300 mg/kg significantly reduced the blood glucose level when compared to the negative control (p<0.05) on day 7, 14 and day 21. The 200 mg/kg dose showed significant reduction on day 14 and day 21 and the 100 mg/kg only on day 21.ConclusionThe presence of phytochemicals such as alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids and flavonoids, as well as elements such as Na, K, Mn and Mgin C. odorata could be responsible for an increase stimulate the production of insulin from the pancreas thus leading to reduction in the blood glucose level. The study suggest that the powdered leaves of C.odorata possess anti-diabetic activity

scholarly journals Pharmacognostic and Acute Toxicity Study of Burkea Africana Root

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 565-573
Author(s):  
M.M. Namadina ◽  
B.S. Aliyu ◽  
H. Haruna ◽  
U. Sunusi ◽  
R.M. Kamal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Elemental Analysis ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Safety Margin ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Acid Digestion ◽  
Digestion Method ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Safety Limit

Burkea africana is a plant that belongs to then family Fabaceae; it is widely spread in tropical Africa including Nigeria. It is of valuable in  ethnomedicine especially in the treatment of antidote for venomous stings and bites, cutaneous and sub cutaneous parasitic infection, convulsion and pulmonary troubles. Despite the fact that roots of Burkea africana have several medicinal properties, no standardization parameter has been  assessed. Due to lack of standard parameters, proper identification and ascertaining quality and purity in the events of adulteration has been thwarted. The objective of the study was to establish some important pharmacognostic profile and safety margin of Burkea africana root with the hope of assisting in its standardization for quality, purity and safety. Elemental analysis was carried out using acid digestion method and phytochemical composition of the plants was evaluated using standard method. Acute toxicity was achieved using Lorke method to determine the LD50. Chemomicroscopical evaluation revealed the presence of cellulose, tannins, starch, lignin, calcium oxalate, suberin, aleurone grain and mucilage with the exception of calcium carbonate. The average moisture contents, total ash, acid insoluble, water soluble ash, alcohol extractive value and water extractive values in the powdered plant material were 3.8%, 7.5%, 4.43%, 8.07%, 25.0% and 20.33% respectively. In addition, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Cd and Cu were found to be within the safety limit. Phytochemicals which include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, carbohydrates and triterpenes were detected in both aqueous and methanolic extracts. The LD50 of Burkea africana was found to be greater than 5000 mg /kg and could be considered safe for consumption. Keywords: Elemental analysis, Burkea africana, Pharmacognostic, Phytochemical

Exploring the Pharmacognostic Features, Anti-oxidant and Lipid Lowering Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Seed

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Neeraj Panihar ◽  
Neeru Vasudeva ◽  
Sunil Sharma ◽  
Babu Lal Jangir
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Β Carotene

Background: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. is a herb consumed as food and has medicinal value. It is a rich source of bioactive nutrients which cure and prevent many ailments. Traditionally, it is used to treat hypertension, diabetes, constipation, cancer etc. Methods and Objective: Present work illustrates morphological, microscopic and physicochemical parameters of Fagopyrum esculentum seeds as per WHO guidelines, in vitro antioxidant activity; assessed by DPPH scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching method and study of lipid lowering potential of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of seeds on normal diet fed Wistar rats. Results: Morphological studies delineated the triangular shape, dark brown colour, 8 mm length and 6 mm width of the seed. The microscopic examination of the transverse section of seed depicted features like testa or pericarp (seed coat), the endosperm, embryo and sclerenchyma cells. Study of physiochemical parameters exhibited 0.3±0.02% of foreign matter and 1.44±0.51% crude fibre content. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash value were 6.7±1.7%, 1.9±0.23% and 3.9± 0.31% respectively. Alcohol soluble and water soluble extractive value came out to be 65.02± 3.21 mg/g and 12.7±1.24 mg/g respectively. Foaming index was less than 100, swelling index was found to be 0.5±0.01 ml/g. Loss on drying was 4.02±1.27%. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and flavonoids. Trace amount of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Pesticide residue analysis confirmed the presence of nontoxic pesticides like dimethipin, hymexazol, phenothrin-2, methoprene, triadimenol, prohydrojasmon- 1, jasmolin ii, triademinol, jasmolin i, prohydrojasmone i, cyromazine in both the extracts by gc-ms spectrometer. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extract has shown significant in-vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated by the DPPH method (IC50 = 94.37±2.51 and 216.04±4.39 μg/ml respectively), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (IC50 = 83.72±3.72 and 193.47±5.05 µg/ml respectively) and β-carotene bleaching method (IC50 = 100.67±4.01 and 205.39±2.89 µg/ml respectively). Lipid lowering study performed on Wistar rats demonstrated a significant (p<0.001) decrease in serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level as compared to normal group. Both the extracts have shown a non significant difference in the level of TG as compared to standard drug atorvastatin, depicting that the efficacy of extracts is at par with that of standard drug atorvastatin. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study of the plant can be a very good tool for identification as well as authentication of a herb. Moreover, these parameters may be helpful in the development of monograph of the plant. Pharmacological activity confirmed Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. seed to be a good antioxidant and have lipid lowering potential.

Dosing time-dependent nephrotoxicity of cyclosporin A during 21-day administration to Wistar rats

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 187-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alain Batalla ◽  
Marie-France Malmary ◽  
Jean Cambar ◽  
Christian Labat ◽  
Jean Oustrin
Keyword(s):  
Cyclosporin A ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Time Dependent

Attenuation of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity in Wistar rats by aqueous leaf-extracts of Chromolaena odorata and Tridax procumbens

2021 ◽  
Vol 274 ◽  
pp. 114004
Author(s):  
Jude C. Ikewuchi ◽  
Catherine C. Ikewuchi ◽  
Mercy O. Ifeanacho ◽  
Victoria S. Jaja ◽  
Esther C. Okezue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Chromolaena Odorata ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Tridax Procumbens

Functional changes in adenylyl cyclases and associated decreases in relaxation responses in mesenteric arteries from diabetic rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 289 (5) ◽  
pp. H2234-H2243 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takayuki Matsumoto ◽  
Kentaro Wakabayashi ◽  
Tsuneo Kobayashi ◽  
Katsuo Kamata
Keyword(s):  
Mesenteric Artery ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Functional Change ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Mesenteric Arteries ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Adenylyl Cyclases ◽  
Camp Production ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Rat Mesenteric Artery

To assess the functional change in adenylyl cyclases (AC) associated with the diabetic state, we investigated AC-mediated relaxations and cAMP production in mesenteric arteries from rats with streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes. The relaxations induced by the water-soluble forskolin (FSK) analog NKH477, which is a putative AC5 activator, but not by the β-adrenoceptor agonist isoproterenol (Iso) and the AC activator FSK, were reduced in intact diabetic mesenteric artery. In diabetic rats, however, Iso-, FSK-, and NKH477-induced relaxations were attenuated in the presence of inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase. To exclude the influence of phosphodiesterase (PDE), we also examined the relaxations induced by several AC activators in the presence of 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX; a PDE inhibitor). Under these conditions, the relaxation induced by Iso was greatly impaired in STZ-diabetic rats. This Iso-induced relaxation was significantly attenuated by pretreatment with SQ-22536, an AC inhibitor, in mesenteric rings from age-matched controls but not in those from STZ-diabetic rats. Under the same conditions, the relaxations induced by FSK or NKH477 were impaired in STZ-diabetic rats. Neither FSK- nor A-23187 (a Ca2+ ionophore)-induced cAMP production was significantly different between diabetics and controls. However, cAMP production induced by Iso or NKH477 was significantly impaired in diabetic mesenteric arteries. Expression of mRNAs and proteins for AC5/6 was lower in diabetic mesenteric arteries than in controls. These results suggest that AC-mediated relaxation is impaired in the STZ-diabetic rat mesenteric artery, perhaps reflecting a reduction in AC5/6 activity.

Dietary Choline Deprivation Exacerbates Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Adult Rats

Diabetology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 190-204
Author(s):  
Ahmed Al-Humadi ◽  
Athina Strilakou ◽  
Hussam Al-Humadi ◽  
Rafal Al-Saigh ◽  
Emmanouel Agapitos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Dietary Intervention ◽  
Myocardial Dysfunction ◽  
Posterior Wall ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Myocardial Inflammation ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Adult Rats ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

Choline (Ch) is an essential molecule of substantial importance for the optimal development and function of several biological systems. Ch deprivation has been linked with abnormal fat metabolism, insulin resistance, and myocardial dysfunction. The current study provides evidence of an exacerbation of streptozotocin-induced cardiomyopathy in adult diabetic Wistar rats by dietary Ch deprivation through the administration of a Ch-deprived diet (CDD). Twenty-four adult male Wistar rats were randomly separated into four groups: control, diabetic (DM), choline-deprived through choline-deprived diet (CD), and diabetic choline-deprived (DM + CD). After five weeks of dietary intervention, myocardium echocardiographic and histological assessments were performed. Choline-deprived diabetic rats exhibited significantly slower heart rate, significantly higher myocardial ejection velocity and left ventricle wall tension index with a concomitant significant decreased LV posterior wall thickness as compared to diabetic rats fed on a standard diet. Moreover, histopathological evidence demonstrated an exacerbation of myocardial inflammation and fibrosis associated with significant up-regulation of VEGF expression in the diabetic rat myocardium as a result of Ch deprivation. The study’s findings are of particular significance since the examined experimental approach introduces a previously uncharacterised comorbidity simulation with regards to myocardial structure and functional profiling.

scholarly journals Regression of gestational diabetes induced cardiomegaly in offspring of diabetic rat

2009 ◽  
Vol 24 (4) ◽  
pp. 251-255 ◽  
Author(s):  
Honório Sampaio Menezes ◽  
Cláudio Galeano Zettler ◽  
Alice Calone ◽  
Jackson Borges Corrêa ◽  
Carla Bartuscheck ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Heart Weight ◽  
Diabetic Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Levene Test

PURPOSE: To compare body weight and length, heart weight and length, heart-to-body weight ratio, glycemia, and morphometric cellular data of offspring of diabetic rats (ODR) and of normal rats (control). METHODS: Diabetes was induced in 3 pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 30 rats, on the 11th day after conception by intraperitoneal injection of 50 mg/kg of streptozotocin. Six normal pregnant Wistar rats, bearing 50 rats, made up the control group. Morphometric data were obtained using a scale for the weight, length, heart and body measurements. Morphometric cellular data were obtained by a computer assisted method applied to the measurements of myocytes. Statistical analysis utilized Student's t-test, ANOVA and Levene test. RESULTS: Control offspring had greater mean body weight and length than offspring of diabetic rats (p < 0.001). Heart weight and length and heart-to-body ratios of newborn rats differed between groups at birth (p < 0.001), but showed no difference at 21 days. Mean nuclei area and perimetric value of the myocytes decrees throughout the first 21 days of life (p < 0.01) in the diabetic group. CONCLUSIONS: Heart hypertrophy on the offspring of diabetic rats at birth was demonstrated by the significant difference between the groups. After the eleventh day, no difference was found, which confirmed regression of cardiomegaly. The significant difference between the first and the 21th day of life, for nuclei area feature, demonstrate regression of cardiac hypertrophy in the offspring of diabetic rats.

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