scholarly journals Development and prediction of flame retarded particleboard fire behaviour in real scale

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 631-638
Author(s):  
T.O. Suoware ◽  
S.I. Umeh ◽  
S.O. Edelugo
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Fire Behaviour ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Predictive Tool ◽  
Bench Scale ◽  
Horizontal Orientation ◽  
Convolution Model ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Real Scale

Particleboard composites for building application has become very attractive because of their huge benefits which includes but is not limited to low cost, lightweight, durability and environmental benign. However, the vulnerability of these composite types when exposed to fire restricts their use in areas where stringent fire safety conditions may not apply. Experimental determination at bench scale of composite particleboard fire behaviour has shown that the addition of flame retardants (FR) can delay the start and spread of fire. Bench scale data obtained in the cone calorimeter (CC) may not represent accurately a real scale fore behaviour during a fire scenario as documented by various researchers. The convolution model is a significant tool for predicting in real scale, fire behaviour of composites which depends on experimental inputs from CC data. In this paper, particleboards made from wood sawdust reinforced polyester composite were processed with FR at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using compression moulding technique. Test specimens cut from the FR-particleboards was exposed in horizontal orientation in the CC at 50kW/m2 to obtain experimental data and these were used as inputs to the prediction model. The predictive tool was used to predict the heat released rate and smoke production rate for the FR-particleboard. The results obtained shows that the FR-particleboard contributes very limited fire in real scale and compares well based on Euro-classification with particleboards from literature.

scholarly journals Development of flame retarded composite fibreboard for building applications using oil palm residue

2019 ◽  
Vol 69 (335) ◽  
pp. 197 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. O. Suoware ◽  
S. O. Edelugo ◽  
B. N. Ugwu ◽  
E. Amula ◽  
I. E. Digitemie
Keyword(s):  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Residential Housing ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
The Impact

Residential housing is a critical aspect of human living and in developing countries this is a mirage due to high cost of building materials. In order to meet the needs for affordable housing with low cost materials as well as meet required fire safety standards, this research developed flame retarded fibreboards with oil palm residue reinforced in polyester resin, incorporating 0, 12 and 18% flame retardant loading using hand lay-up compression moulding. The fibreboards were tested for impact, thermal and flammability properties. Based on experiments, it was found that 12% aluminum tri-hydroxide fibreboard meets the impact and thermal limitations while the 18% hybrid formulation meets the required fire safety standard for building interior applications which will benefit rural dwellers in Nigeria and in similar climes around the world seeking to substitute conventional materials with the advantage of low cost, easy to process, biodegradable, environmentally benign and flame retarded composite material.

scholarly journals Valorization of Industrial Lignin as Biobased Carbon Source in Fire Retardant System for Polyamide 11 Blends

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Neeraj Mandlekar ◽  
Aurélie Cayla ◽  
François Rault ◽  
Stéphane Giraud ◽  
Fabien Salaün ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Condensed Phase ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Polyamide 11 ◽  
Twin Screw ◽  
Flame Retarded

In this study, two different types of industrial lignin (i.e., lignosulphonate lignin (LL) and kraft lignin (DL)) were exploited as charring agents with phosphorus-based flame retardants for polyamide 11 (PA11). The effect of lignins on the thermal stability and fire behavior of PA11 combined with phosphinate additives (namely, aluminum phosphinate (AlP) and zinc phosphinate (ZnP)) has been studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), UL 94 vertical flame spread, and cone calorimetry tests. Various blends of flame retarded PA11 were prepared by melt process using a twin-screw extruder. Thermogravimetric analyses showed that the LL containing ternary blends are able to provide higher thermal stability, as well as a developed char residue. The decomposition of the phosphinates led to the formation of phosphate compounds in the condensed phase, which promotes the formation of a stable char. Flammability tests showed that LL/ZnP ternary blends were able to achieve self-extinction and V-1 classification; the other formulations showed a strong melt dripping and higher burning. In addition to this, cone calorimetry results showed that the most enhanced behavior was found when 10 wt % of LL and AlP were combined, which strongly reduced PHRR (−74%) and THR (−22%), due to the interaction between LL and AlP, which not only promotes char formation but also confers the stability to char in the condensed phase.

Synthesis and Characterization of Caged Phosphate Microparticles Coated with Melamine Resin Based on Composite Properties of Materials

2012 ◽  
Vol 583 ◽  
pp. 236-239
Author(s):  
Xiao Min Fang ◽  
Yuan Qing Xu ◽  
Tao Ding
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardants ◽  
In Situ Polymerization ◽  
Core Material ◽  
Gravimetric Analysis ◽  
Melamine Resin ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Properties Of Materials ◽  
Loading Amount

In order to develop efficient “three in one” intumesent flame retardants, a novel caged bicyclic phosphate, tris(1-oxo-2,6,7-trioxa-1-phosphorbicyclo[2.2.2]octane methylene-4)phosphate (trimer) as the core material was encapsulated by melamine resin and etherified melamine resin as nitrogen resource respectively via in situ polymerization. The two microencapsulations were characterized by SEM, XPS and thermal gravimetric analysis. When they were used as intumesent flame retardant in epoxy they all exhibit good properties. With 20wt% loading amount the flame-retarded epoxy all can pass UL94 V-0 rating.

Thermal Degradation Behavior of Polypropylene and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Treated with Intumescent Flame Retardants Containing Caged Bicyclic Phosphates

2014 ◽  
Vol 936 ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Xin Li ◽  
Yu Xiang Ou
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Degradation ◽  
Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate ◽  
Formation Mechanisms ◽  
Thermal Degradation Behavior ◽  
Flame Retarded ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Acetate Copolymer ◽  
Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer

Polypropylene (PP) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were treated with intumescent flame retardants containing caged bicyclic phosphates. The behavior of thermal degradation of the flame-retarded PP and EVA were studied by TG, DSC, and the FTIR spectra of PP’s residues at different temperature were recorded. In addition, the possible thermal degradation and char formation mechanisms were analyzed and discussed.

Infrared Analysis on Pyrolysis Products of Flame Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foam

2014 ◽  
Vol 1033-1034 ◽  
pp. 900-906
Author(s):  
Ze Jiang Zhang ◽  
Li Jun Li ◽  
Feng Li ◽  
Jin He ◽  
Zi Qiong Gan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Polyurethane Foam ◽  
Magnesium Hydroxide ◽  
Hydrogen Cyanide ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
Antimony Trioxide ◽  
Stretching Vibration ◽  
Flame Retarded

Infrared spectra of the pyrolysis gases of polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide, or antimony trioxide flame retardants was analyzed online by FTIR method. At 600°C, the polyurethane foam flame retarded by MPOP, MP, MC, magnesium hydroxide or antimony trioxide flame retardants released more hydrogen cyanide than the pure polyurethane foam, proved that the MPOP, MP, MC and magnesium hydroxide flame retardants could change the law that the polyurethane released hydrogen cyanide. At 600 °C, the peak of C=O stretching vibration at 1730cm-1did not appear for the flame-retardant polyurethane, indicating that the flame retardants can make the polyurethane rapidly carbonize and the fewer C=O intermediate was produced. The absorbent peaks of the fire-retardant samples at 1604cm-1, 1538 cm-1, 1250 to 1230 cm-1and 1450cm-1implied that the flame retardants could delay the oxidative decomposition of the polyurethane component at 600 °C, so that more components may be carbonized. When increasing the pyrolysis temperature, the perlite would make polyurethane foam release fewer hydrogen cyanide.

ADDASAT Development Plan for the Attitude Control System

2013 ◽  
Vol 436 ◽  
pp. 47-53
Author(s):  
Radu D. Rugescu ◽  
Mihai Al. Barbelian ◽  
Efim Micu
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Attitude Control ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Environmental Policies ◽  
Laboratory Model ◽  
Land Resources ◽  
Attitude Control System ◽  
Low Friction ◽  
Orbital System ◽  
Real Scale

As a part of the ORVEAL project, a real scale laboratory model of the inertial platform for ADDASAT is developed by the joint ADDA and UPB teams, ensuring the capability of a three-axis attitude control demonstration in the ground laboratory that simulates weightlessness by low friction bearings. The study is part of the larger ADDA-UPB program for developing the low cost NERVA orbital system for applications in enhanced environmental policies and land resources surveillance. The ORVEAL research is granted by Romanian UEFISCDI financing authority.

scholarly journals DETERMINATION OF THE SUITABILITY OF OIL PALM FIBRE COMPOSITE FOR BUILDING APPLICATIONS BY CONE CALORIMETER AND THERMAL ANALYSIS

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 30-39
Author(s):  
T. O. Suoware ◽  
S. O. Edelugo ◽  
C. O. Amgbari ◽  
F. L. Sorgbara
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Fire Safety ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fibre Composite ◽  
Gum Arabic ◽  
Compression Moulding ◽  
Safety Standards ◽  
Loading Ratio

The high yielding of oil pam fibre reinforced composite (OPFC) to fire has necessitated research to improve and develop fire retardants (FR) to mitigate the spread of fire. Researchers relied on Flame Retardants (FR) classified as either halogenated or non-halogenated based FR to improve the performance of composites with emphasis on flammability properties (FP). The main object of this paper is to evaluate the effect of six non-halogenated FR species in OPFC to meet required fire safety standards for building purposes. The six FR species comprising aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), Gum Arabic powder (GAP) and carbon black (CB) were processed with OPFC at 0, 15 and 18% loading ratio using hand lay-up compression moulding technique. Specimens cut from the OPFC panels were tested for flammability and thermal properties using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA/DSC Metlar Toledo) and cone calorimeter apparatus respectively. The result obtained for thermal analysis shows that the panel was thermally stable at 391.6OC before degradation began compared to those without FR while peak flammability properties obtained for heat released rates, mass loss rates and smoke production rates showed the OPFC panels rapid fire response were significantly reduced respectively by 67.4%, 50.9% and 37.5% compared to those without FR. It can be concluded that the hybrid FR comprising APP-GAP showed a stable char structure during fire and thus prevented the escape of combustible volatiles which reduced the peak FP values of the OPFC panels. These flammability properties could be said to meet required fire safety standards for building applications.

scholarly journals Rotary drum composter as a low cost method for the removal of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris Trichiura in faecal sludge compost

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 237-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene Appiah-Effah ◽  
Kwabena Biritwum Nyarko ◽  
Esi Awuah ◽  
Eric Ofosu Antwi
Keyword(s):  
Ascaris Lumbricoides ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Trichuris Trichiura ◽  
Sludge Compost ◽  
Rotary Drum ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Rotary Drum Composter ◽  
Real Scale ◽  
Faecal Sludge ◽  
Maize Cobs

Abstract The aim of the study was to use of rotary drum composter as a low cost method for the removal of Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris Trichiura in faecal sludge compost. Two runs of compost experiment (Run 1 and Run 2) were carried out consecutively. Each Run of composting was done in four different rotary drums at real scale using a mixture of faecal sludge and shredded maize cobs and monitored for 12 weeks. Concentration of Ascaris and Trichuris were measured once a week to understand their behaviour. Temperature, Moisture Content and pH were also measured. High concentrations of Ascaris and Trichuris were present in the initial compost mix of both Runs 1 and 2. The concentration of Ascaris and Trichuris respectively in Run 1 ranged from 65–77 eggs/gTS and 30–41 eggs/gTS. In Run 2, measured concentrations of Ascaris and Trichuris ranged from 77–110 eggs/gTS and 46–52 eggs/gTS. After 84 days of composting faecal sludge, Ascaris was removed by a minimum of 82% and Trichuris by a minimum of 88%. The findings showed that plastic composter with paddles performed better compared with the other experiments. This means that the type of composter have a significant impact on the removal of helminth.

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