scholarly journals Examples in Igbo-English Dictionaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-198
Author(s):  
Mbanefo Chukwuogor
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Authentic Material ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Amount Of Information ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Information Amount

A bilingual dictionary example is a verbal or non-verbal phrase or a grammatically complete sentence that includes the lemma and is translated from the source language to the target language or vice versa (Toope 1996). The use of examples in bilingual dictionaries has been an issue of discussion for many lexicographers like Al Kasimi (1977), Zofgen (1991), Jacobsen et al (1991), and Nielsen (2014) among others. This issue includes questions like ‘What is an effective example?’, ‘Should examples be based on authentic material or should they be written (invented) by the lexicographer? This paper reviews metalexicographic literature on examples in bilingual dictionaries while focusing on two Igbo-English dictionaries with a view to finding out if certain considerations were taken into account in the use of examples. Consequently, it is observed that factors such as availability of space, dictionary type as well as idiosyncratic information, amount of information to be given and the need for generalization all influence the use of examples in both dictionaries thereby leading the researcher to conclude that the use of examples in Igbo-English dictionaries does not deviate but aligns with the norms reviewed in the literature. Keywords: Bilingual Dictionary, Metalexicography, Lemma, Examples

scholarly journals Is Bigger Better? Corpus and Dictionary Use in the Search for Compounds, Collocations, Derived Forms and Fixed Expressions

2009 ◽  
Vol 54 (3) ◽  
pp. 520-532 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phaedra Royle ◽  
Isabelle Richardson ◽  
Sophie Boisvert ◽  
Nicolas Bourguignon
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Corpus Analysis ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Text Corpora ◽  
Fixed Expressions ◽  
Dictionary Use ◽  
High Frequency Words

Abstract In the course of the development of a bilingual dictionary, a number of monolingual source language and target language dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries, and text corpora are typically used as tools to create entries. When dealing with words that occur at a high frequency in the corpus, determining which collocations, compounds, derived forms and fixed expressions are to be included in the dictionary is an additional complication. This paper presents the relative merits of using dictionary and corpus sources for searching for this type of information. We present frequency searching as an efficient and useful tool for corpus analysis, especially in the case of high-frequency words.

scholarly journals The Arrangement Method in Bilingual Dictionary

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Mohamad Suhaizi Suhaimi ◽  
Nazri Mustapha Dawan
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Method ◽  
Document Analysis ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Significant Part ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Analysis Instrument ◽  
Selection Of

Producing dictionary requires its own structure or format which is usually divided into three parts which are mega, macro and micro. The reason is, a production of dictionary depends on the needs of the user, either monolingual dictionaries, bilingual dictionaries or a multilingual dictionary. Besides that, the lexicographer of the dictionary also plays a significant part in the production of a dictionary. Therefore, Kamus Pembaca Inggeris-Melayu, arranged by A. S Hornby, E. C Parnwell, Daud Baharum dan Asraf (1972) is selected as the study data to discuss the mega, micro and macro structure within the dictionary. This dictionary is categorized as bilingual dictionary as the source language has different language as the target language. This research is using qualitative method with document analysis instrument to get the information needed. The result showed that the application of all three structure help to complete the confusion in selection of the best reference dictionary.

scholarly journals Equivalence in Bilingual Dictionaries

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Xiaomei Yu
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries

The task of the bilingual dictionary is to provide lexical units in the source language with equivalents in the target language. Therefore, translation equivalence is of great importance in compiling a bilingual dictionary. This study is an introduction to categories of equivalence in bilingual dictionaries and the causes of non-equivalence. Some methods for translating non-equivalence are also recommended.

PROBLEMS OF LEXICAL EQUIVALENTING OF RUSSIAN PARTICLES IN A BILINGUAL DICTIONARY

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 99-107
Author(s):  
Larisa Alimpieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Russian Language ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Communicative Act ◽  
The Russian Language ◽  
Bilingual Lexicography

In the process of communicative act Russian particles concurrently fulfil different functions. It makes Russian particles an important unit of functional-pragmatic sphere of the Russian language which is characterized by its national specifics and connotativity. The problem of codification of Russian particles in bilingual lexicography is complicated. The main problem at compiling a dictionary lemma is filiation (division of meanings) of Russian particles and their rendering by lexical means of a foreign language. The existing lexicographic descriptions of Russian particles in bilingual dictionaries irrelevantly reflect the structure and contents of their meanings. The aim of the article is to consider some theoretical problems of description of Russian particles by means of a second (target) language in dictionary lemmas of bilingual dictionaries.

What should we demand from an online dictionary for specialized translation?

2013 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 146-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sven Tarp
Keyword(s):  
Computer Science ◽  
Function Theory ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Process ◽  
User Research ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Complex Combination ◽  
Qualitative Evidence

AbstractThis contribution treats the concept of a specialised translation dictionary and argues that this concept is much broader than the traditional vision of a bilingual dictionary going from source language to target language. Based on a methodology developed in the framework of the function theory and using qualitative evidence from existing user research, the contribution then discusses the respective phases and sub-phases of the overall translation process where lexicographically relevant problems and needs may occur. Subsequently, it discusses how these needs could be solved in a complex combination of monolingual and bilingual lexicographical solutions and presents an overall concept of a specialised translation dictionary together with some general principles. Finally, it provides examples of how these principles can be applied in both printed and online dictionaries using already available techniques from information and computer science.

scholarly journals Lexicographic Approaches to Sense Disambiguation in Monolingual Dictionaries and Equivalent Differentiation in Bilingual Dictionaries

2011 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-73
Author(s):  
Marjeta Vrbinc
Keyword(s):  
Native Language ◽  
Target Audience ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Sense Disambiguation

The article discusses methods of sense disambiguation in monolingual dictionaries and equivalent differentiation in bilingual dictionaries. In current dictionaries, sense disambiguation and equivalent differentiation is presented in the form of specifiers or glosses, collocators or indications of context, (domain) labels, metalinguistic and encyclopaedic information. Each method is presented and illustrated by actual samples of dictionary articles taken from mono and bilingual dictionaries. The last part of the article is devoted to equivalent differentiation in bilingual decoding dictionaries. In bilingual dictionaries, equivalent differentiation is often needed to describe the lack of agreement between the source language (SL) and target language (TL). The article concludes by stating that equivalent differentiation should be written in the native language of the target audience and sense indicators in a monolingual learner’s dictionary should be words that the users are most familiar with.

'Je Zuivelste Toren Van Babel'

1991 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 93-100
Author(s):  
Anne Marie Chardon
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Products ◽  
Word List ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Specific Domain ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Domain Specific ◽  
Master's Thesis

In my master's thesis, which is discussed in this article, I investigated the terminology that is used in French and Dutch for specific dairy products. This resulted in a Dutch/French encyclopedic word list, specialized in the industrial fabrication of consumption milk and milk products. The word list was made on the basis of existing monolingual or bilingual dictionaries completed by data from Dutch or French specialized literature. In this article, a certain number of problems with regard to equivalence between source language and target language in this specific domain are discussed. Furthermore, attention is given to the question whether the knowledge of a translator is generally sufficient to construct, with the help of all relevant documentation a reliable bilingual domain-specific word list.

Disambiguation of single noun translations extracted from bilingual comparable corpora

Terminology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nakagawa
Keyword(s):  
Information Retrieval ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Comparable Corpora ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Cross Language Information Retrieval ◽  
Machine Readable ◽  
Cross Language

Bilingual machine readable dictionaries are important and indispensable resources of information for cross-language information retrieval, and machine translation. Recently, these cross-language informational activities have begun to focus on specific academic or technological domains. In this paper, we describe a bilingual dictionary acquisition system which extracts translations from non-parallel but comparable corpora of a specific academic domain and disambiguates the extracted translations. The proposed method is two-fold. At the first stage, candidate terms are extracted from a Japanese and English corpus, respectively, and ranked according to their importance as terms. At the second stage, ambiguous translations are resolved by selecting the target language translation which is the nearest in rank to the source language term. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method in an experiment.

scholarly journals Quasi-ekwiwalenty związków frazeologicznych w teorii, frazeografii i translatoryce

2009 ◽  
pp. 323-346
Author(s):  
Joanna Szerszunowicz ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Linguistic Differences ◽  
Source Language ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries ◽  
Potential Problems ◽  
The Cross

Confrontative analyses show that some phraseological units have full equivalents, i.e. the units are similar in terms of form, semantics and stylistics, also called total equivalents. In fact, if a multi-aspectual confrontative analysis is conducted, it is it is hardly possible to find two units in the source language and the target language which are identical in all respects. They are bound to differ, for instance in frequency or gender restrictions. The paper presents the typology of quasi-equivalents, i.e. equivalents of phraseological units tra- ditionally called full or total equivalents, between which subtle differences are determined in a multi-aspectual analysis covering a number of criteria. As to the cross-linguistic differences, they manifest themselves in semantics, stylistics, variations, connotations and collocability of the phraseological units at issue. Another problem discussed is the phraseographic description of such units in bilingual dictionaries. Translation of units at issue is also discussed briefly in the paper to present potential problems and provide practical solutions. The choice of an appropriate cross-linguistic equivalent belonging to the group discussed depends on how subtle differences are actualized in a given context

scholarly journals Problems in the Translation of Phraseologisms in Bilingual Dictionaries Spanish-Chinese / Chinese-Spanish

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (8) ◽  
pp. 103
Author(s):  
Lyu Xiaoxiao
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Language ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Native Speaker ◽  
Communicative Competence ◽  
Language Teaching ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Cultural Backgrounds ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Bilingual Dictionary ◽  
Bilingual Dictionaries

<p>The phraseology is part of the linguistic studies on phrases, proverbs, idioms, proverbs and other units of syntax totally or partially fixed. It is the reflection of a certain tradition and idiosyncrasy of society. The native speaker recognizes the phraseological units in the praxis of speech without difficulty. However, because of their idiomaticity and the sociocultural divergence between two linguistic communities, Spanish sayings and expressions cannot always be understood by the Chinese speakers. Students of Spanish as a foreign language have difficulty recognizing the non-literal meaning of an expression, the use of this type of expression in language teaching develops communicative competence, linguistics competence, sociolinguistics and pragmatics competence. Then, when producing a bilingual dictionary, it is not enough to translate it into the target language, but rather to contrast the two languages in order to inform non-native speakers of unknown elements, such as historical and cultural backgrounds, uses, and their frequency of application, variants, etc.</p>

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