How to Empower Machine-Translation-to-Web Pre-Editing From the Perspective of Grice’s Cooperative Maxims

This article takes pre-editing to a new level, shifting its purpose from improving the linguistic accuracy of the machine-produced translation (MT) to boosting the communication effect of MT. Adopting the method of MT textual analysis, this research asked ten university students to read and assess two sets of MT versions generated from pre-edited and non-pre-edited texts retrieved from the web pages of five companies in Taiwan. Students were interviewed to express their preferences and make comments. The findings showed that 90% (9/10) of student respondents perceived the MT texts, which were generated from pre-edited text with a shorter length, as more communicative than the MTs produced from non-pre-edited texts. Additionally, 100% (10/10) of student respondents agreed that the MTs, which were generated from pre-edited texts with concise textual contents and thematic relevance to subheadings, were more communicative than the MTs produced from non-pre-edited texts. The respondents’ feedbacks are compatible with Grice’s maxims of quantity, quality, and relation. This article concludes by highlighting the new direction of revising the information amount, content, and thematic relevance of a web text, and supports extra-linguistic pre-editing from the perspective of Grice’s cooperative maxims.

Distribution of Various Types of Educational Information in the School Physics Course

The modern physics course appeared as a result of a long-term evolution of the physics teaching methods. The model of the school course is textbooks; they reflect the fundamental laws of cognition of the surrounding world and methodological ideas, therefore the problem of studying the distribution of various types of training material in the physics course is relevant. The article uses previously obtained estimates of the differential complexity of various topics of the school physics course. This takes into account: 1) the differential complexity of the text, depending on the information amount in the volume unit, on which the difficulty of understanding it by the student depends; 2) the integral complexity (general informativeness), which characterizes the total amount of information in the text; the amount of time and effort required to study training material depends on it; 3) the share of educational information related to mechanics, molecular physics and thermodynamics, electrodynamics, optics and quantum physics. It also took into account the fact that physical and mathematical complexity are independent characteristics of the physics textbooks. The carried out content analysis of standard school textbooks made it possible to determine the integral complexity of each topic and build a graph with an accumulation that shows the dynamics of changes in the contribution of each physics section to the total information amount over time. In particular, it follows from the graph that: 1) the speed of transmission of educational information in the 10-11th grades is 5 times higher than in the 7-9th grades; 2) the amount of information on physics reported to a student by the end of the 11th grade is 4,4 times more than the amount of information reported in the 7th, 8th and 9th grades.

mRBioM: An Algorithm for the Identification of Potential mRNA Biomarkers From Complete Transcriptomic Profiles of Gastric Adenocarcinoma

PurposeIn this work, an algorithm named mRBioM was developed for the identification of potential mRNA biomarkers (PmBs) from complete transcriptomic RNA profiles of gastric adenocarcinoma (GA).MethodsmRBioM initially extracts differentially expressed (DE) RNAs (mRNAs, miRNAs, and lncRNAs). Next, mRBioM calculates the total information amount of each DE mRNA based on the coexpression network, including three types of RNAs and the protein-protein interaction network encoded by DE mRNAs. Finally, PmBs were identified according to the variation trend of total information amount of all DE mRNAs. Four PmB-based classifiers without learning and with learning were designed to discriminate the sample types to confirm the reliability of PmBs identified by mRBioM. PmB-based survival analysis was performed. Finally, three other cancer datasets were used to confirm the generalization ability of mRBioM.ResultsmRBioM identified 55 PmBs (41 upregulated and 14 downregulated) related to GA. The list included thirteen PmBs that have been verified as biomarkers or potential therapeutic targets of gastric cancer, and some PmBs were newly identified. Most PmBs were primarily enriched in the pathways closely related to the occurrence and development of gastric cancer. Cancer-related factors without learning achieved sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 0.90, 1, and 0.90, respectively, in the classification of the GA and control samples. Average accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the three classifiers with machine learning ranged within 0.94–0.98, 0.94–0.97, and 0.97–1, respectively. The prognostic risk score model constructed by 4 PmBs was able to correctly and significantly (∗∗∗p < 0.001) classify 269 GA patients into the high-risk (n = 134) and low-risk (n = 135) groups. GA equivalent classification performance was achieved using the complete transcriptomic RNA profiles of colon adenocarcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, and hepatocellular carcinoma using PmBs identified by mRBioM.ConclusionsGA-related PmBs have high specificity and sensitivity and strong prognostic risk prediction. MRBioM has also good generalization. These PmBs may have good application prospects for early diagnosis of GA and may help to elucidate the mechanism governing the occurrence and development of GA. Additionally, mRBioM is expected to be applied for the identification of other cancer-related biomarkers.

A Novel Degradation Feature Extraction Technique Based on Improved Base-Scale Entropy

In order to track the performance degradation trend accurately, a novel degradation feature extraction technique is proposed based on improved base-scale entropy. A unified base scale is proposed and a new symbol standard is defined to overcome the disadvantages of the base-scale entropy method, so as to symbolize signal amplitude to characterize information amount under different degradation conditions quantitatively. A lifetime dataset of rolling bearing from the IMS Bearing Experiment Center is introduced. For instance, analysis and some entropy-based techniques including fuzzy entropy, approximate entropy and sample entropy are imported for comparison. The results show that the improved basic-scale technique is able to characterize information amount of the signal amplitude distribution, so that the characterizing performance degradation degree of bearing shows a proportional relationship. When comparing the entropy-based techniques, the improved base-scale entropy technique has a faster calculation speed and better algorithm stability.

New Patient Education Video on Colonoscopy Preparation: Development and Evaluation Study

Background Although several patient education materials on colonoscopy preparation exist, few studies have evaluated or compared them; hence, there is no professional consensus on recommended content or media to use. Objective This study aims to address this need by developing and evaluating a new video on colonoscopy preparation. Methods We developed a new video explaining split-dose bowel preparation for colonoscopy. Of similar content videos on the internet (n=20), the most favorably reviewed video among patient and physician advisers was used as the comparator for the study. A total of 232 individuals attending gastroenterology or urology clinics reviewed the new and comparator videos. The order of administration of the new and comparator videos was randomly counterbalanced to assess the impact of presentation order. Respondents rated each video on the following dimensions: information amount, clarity, trustworthiness, understandability, new or familiar information, reassurance, information learned, understanding from the patient’s point of view, appeal, and the likelihood of recommending the video to others. Results Overall, 71.6% (166/232) of the participants preferred the new video, 25.0% (58/232) preferred the comparator video, and 3.4% (8/232) were not sure. Furthermore, 64.0% (71/111) of those who viewed the new video first preferred it, whereas 77.7% (94/121) of the participants who viewed the new video second preferred it. Multivariable logistic regression analysis also demonstrated that participants were more likely to prefer the new video if they had viewed it second. Participants who preferred the new video rated it as clearer and more trustworthy than those who preferred the comparator video. Conclusions This study developed and assessed the strengths of a newly developed colonoscopy educational video.

Examples in Igbo-English Dictionaries

A bilingual dictionary example is a verbal or non-verbal phrase or a grammatically complete sentence that includes the lemma and is translated from the source language to the target language or vice versa (Toope 1996). The use of examples in bilingual dictionaries has been an issue of discussion for many lexicographers like Al Kasimi (1977), Zofgen (1991), Jacobsen et al (1991), and Nielsen (2014) among others. This issue includes questions like ‘What is an effective example?’, ‘Should examples be based on authentic material or should they be written (invented) by the lexicographer? This paper reviews metalexicographic literature on examples in bilingual dictionaries while focusing on two Igbo-English dictionaries with a view to finding out if certain considerations were taken into account in the use of examples. Consequently, it is observed that factors such as availability of space, dictionary type as well as idiosyncratic information, amount of information to be given and the need for generalization all influence the use of examples in both dictionaries thereby leading the researcher to conclude that the use of examples in Igbo-English dictionaries does not deviate but aligns with the norms reviewed in the literature. Keywords: Bilingual Dictionary, Metalexicography, Lemma, Examples

К ВОПРОСУ О СТРУКТУРИРОВАНИИ ЗАНЯТИЯ ПО ВТОРОМУ ИНОСТРАННОМУ ЯЗЫКУ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ СОВРЕМЕННЫХ ОБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНЫХ ТЕХНОЛОГИЙ В ВЫСШЕМ УЧЕБНОМ ЗАВЕДЕНИИ

Рассматривается проблема структурирования учебного занятия при изучении немецкого языка как второго иностранного. Данная проблема актуализирована потребностью современного педагога в умении перерабатывать большой объем информации в процессе подготовки, применяя при этом современные образовательные технологии. В дальнейшем правильное дробление информации и поэтапное ее представление положительно влияют на усвоение материала студентами. Из всего спектра современных образовательных технологий в ходе обучения второму иностранному языку применялись здоровьесберегающая, игровая, технологии модульного обучения, личностно ориентированного обучения и др. Разработанная структура практического занятия экспериментально апробирована и подтверждена. Доказано, что правильно структурированное, поэтапное изучение учебного материала ведет к эффективному его усвоению обучаемыми.Currently, the modern teacher is increasingly faced with the need to process a large information amount in classes’ preparation. This is especially true of university teachers who need to convey to students a lot of new information, using modern educational technologies. They consider lesson plans writing as a routine and time consuming activity. We propose to use the “structuring” of the lesson, in the process of which the teacher determines its theme, formulates the goal, objectives, final results and distributes the material into groups in accordance with the new state educational standards. In the future, such an information fragmentation has a positive effect on the students learning. In this article, the problem of structuring a lesson is considered with the interconnected teaching of German as a second foreign language, since the planning of such a lesson is associated with the simultaneous teaching of various aspects of the language. Of the entire spectrum of modern teaching technologies, in the course of teaching a second foreign language, health-saving, gaming, technologies of modular learning, personalityoriented, and others were applied. The practical training structure in the second foreign language has been experimentally tested and confirmed. It is proved that a properly structured, phased study of material leads to its effective learning by students.

A New Simple Epidemic Discrete-Time Model Describing the Dissemination of Information with Optimal Control Strategy

In this paper, we consider a new discrete-time model that describes the spread of information by sharing in some kind of online environments such as Facebook, WhatsApp, and Twitter. The impact of sharing on the information amount is investigated, which is incorporated in the considered model as a supplement compartment. We consider the possible interactions between individuals and information on the Internet, such as posts, images, and videos. The theory of control is used to show the effectiveness of our optimal control strategy in reducing the information amount and sharers and then decreases the dissemination of false information that can lead to annoying situations and unstable state in the society. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate several scenarios before and after the use of our strategy of control. Furthermore, sensitivity analysis of the information amount on parameters is simulated and discussed.

DEHAZING RESEARCH ON BRIGHTNESS EQUALIZATION MODEL OF DRONE IMAGE

Due to the rapid development of drone technology, aerial imagery of drones is increasingly used in various fields. However, the aerial image of the drone is highly susceptible to weather conditions during the imaging process. Most aerial images are inevitably affected by fog when they are acquired. Due to the scattering and absorption of the atmosphere, the aerial image of the drone in foggy days has the characteristics of low contrast and unclear scenery. Due to the scattering and absorption of the atmosphere, the aerial image of drone acquired in the foggy environment has the characteristics of low contrast and unclear scenery. The Defogging technology for aerial image of drone can obtain a large amount of useful information in a pictures with low information amount through a certain image processing method, and convert the image with low information amount into a useful image. Therefore, the image processing research carried out for such image degradation caused by natural phenomena has universal practical significance. Aiming at the problem that the aerial image of drone is often affected by haze and the image is blurred and the image quality is degraded, this paper proposes a new model for defogging aerial image of drone. The brightness equalization model is used to improve the degraded image with fog defects. The brightness equalization model obtains the brightness channel of the original image based on the HSI transform. The brightness equalization filter is used to dynamically adjust the brightness to the appropriate interval to achieve the purpose of defogging and then further optimizes the result image by using Gaussian blur and color reshaping. Two images with fog problems were compared, using the brightness equalization model of this paper. And the quality evaluation parameters are selected to evaluate the processing results of the dehazing model. The average value of the images processed by the model is more suitable and the main quality evaluation parameters such as standard deviation and entropy are better than those of the original image.The experimental results show that the brightness equalization model can effectively remove the influence of fog in the aerial image of the drone and improve the visual effect of the image.