What should we demand from an online dictionary for specialized translation?

Author(s):  
Sven Tarp

AbstractThis contribution treats the concept of a specialised translation dictionary and argues that this concept is much broader than the traditional vision of a bilingual dictionary going from source language to target language. Based on a methodology developed in the framework of the function theory and using qualitative evidence from existing user research, the contribution then discusses the respective phases and sub-phases of the overall translation process where lexicographically relevant problems and needs may occur. Subsequently, it discusses how these needs could be solved in a complex combination of monolingual and bilingual lexicographical solutions and presents an overall concept of a specialised translation dictionary together with some general principles. Finally, it provides examples of how these principles can be applied in both printed and online dictionaries using already available techniques from information and computer science.

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 180-198
Author(s):  
Mbanefo Chukwuogor

A bilingual dictionary example is a verbal or non-verbal phrase or a grammatically complete sentence that includes the lemma and is translated from the source language to the target language or vice versa (Toope 1996). The use of examples in bilingual dictionaries has been an issue of discussion for many lexicographers like Al Kasimi (1977), Zofgen (1991), Jacobsen et al (1991), and Nielsen (2014) among others. This issue includes questions like ‘What is an effective example?’, ‘Should examples be based on authentic material or should they be written (invented) by the lexicographer? This paper reviews metalexicographic literature on examples in bilingual dictionaries while focusing on two Igbo-English dictionaries with a view to finding out if certain considerations were taken into account in the use of examples. Consequently, it is observed that factors such as availability of space, dictionary type as well as idiosyncratic information, amount of information to be given and the need for generalization all influence the use of examples in both dictionaries thereby leading the researcher to conclude that the use of examples in Igbo-English dictionaries does not deviate but aligns with the norms reviewed in the literature. Keywords: Bilingual Dictionary, Metalexicography, Lemma, Examples


1970 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-25
Author(s):  
Sajarwa Sajarwa

Transfer of message in the translation process is always characterized by the difference of culture in the source language and the target language. Language, as a part of culture, affects the speaker mind including translator. Text of French literature (as source text, ST) and text of Indonesian literature (as target text, TT) could be an example of difference in mindset of French people as writer of French literature and Indonesian people as translator. The study results showed the differences in the mindset throught analyzes of (i) Active-Passive Construction of French pronoun on and passive di-, (ii) dominantly pronoun as means of topics continuity in French and repetition in Indonesian, and (iii) the difference ofinformational arrangement looked in impersonal construction of French with pattern of IL+IB and IB+IL in Indonesian.


Author(s):  
Dhini Aulia

Translation is a process to render the meaning from the source text into the target text. A translator, however, will find some problems during translation process. Equivalence is the case which often appears (i.e. culture specific concept, the source-language concept is not lexicalized in the target language, source-language word is semantically complex, etc). To cope with equivalnce problems in translation process, some experts suggest some strategies which can be applied in doing translation. Some strategies are transference, naturalization, cultural equivalent, etc. The strategies which often appears in the example texts in this paper are transference, naturalization, descriptive equivalent, couplet and  through-translation. It is recomended that translator apply the strategies if only there is no equivalence problem in target language. 


2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (02) ◽  
pp. 31-40
Author(s):  
Suhendar Suhendar ◽  
Muhammad Adjie Akbar

The purpose of the research was to analyze the idiomatic translation found in “The Twilight Saga Breaking Dawn” By Stephanie Meyer and “Awal Yang Baru” Translated By Monica Dwi Chresnayani. The result of the research is the idiomatic translations method which is found in the novel and analyzed by using the theory of translation from Newmark. Based on the data analysis, the writer found some proofs that the data which were translated used idiomatic translation method. In analyzing translation process, the writer compared with other translation methods. The purpose was  that the writer showed the translation method used by the translator was idiomatic translation method. In translation, the translator paid attention to the meaning of source language so that the message in target language can be received by the readers.        


Babel ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 52 (2) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
Laurence Wong

Abstract This paper discusses the relationship between syntax and translatability, particularly in respect of literary texts. By translatability is meant the degree of ease with which one language lends itself to translation into another language. Through practice in the translation between Chinese and some of the major European languages, such as English, French, Italian, German, Spanish, Latin, and Greek, as well as between the European languages themselves, it can be found that translating between the European languages is much easier than translating between Chinese and any one of the European languages. Of all the factors that determine whether a language translates more readily or less readily into another language, syntactic differences constitute one of the most decisive. This is because the translator is, during the translation process, constantly dealing with syntax in two directions: the syntax of the source language on the one hand and the syntax of the target language on the other. As a result, problems arising from the syntactic differences between the two languages are bound to figure more prominently than those arising from the differences between individual lexical items and phrases or between cultures. In this paper, syntax will be studied and analysed with reference to Chinese, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Latin, and Greek texts. Finally, it will be shown that, mainly because of syntactic differences, there is a higher degree of translatability between any two of the above European languages (which are members of the Indo-European family) than between Chinese (which is a member of the Sino-Tibetan family) and any one of these European languages, and that the syntax of any one of these European languages can cope comfortably with Chinese syntax, but not the other way round. Résumé Cet article traite de la relation entre la syntaxe et la traduisibilité, en particulier, en ce qui concerne les textes littéraires. On entend par traduisibilité le degré de facilité avec laquelle une langue se prête à la traduction dans une autre. Par la pratique de la traduction entre le chinois et quelques-unes des principales langues européennes, comme l’anglais, le français, l’italien, l’allemand, l’espagnol, le latin et le grec, ainsi qu’entre les langues européennes mêmes, on s’aperçoit qu’il est beaucoup plus facile de traduire entre les langues européennes qu’entre le chinois et n’importe quelle langue européenne. Parmi tous les facteurs qui déterminent si une langue se traduit plus ou moins aisément dans une autre, les différences syntactiques comptent parmi les plus décisifs. Ceci est dû au fait que le traducteur, pendant le processus de traduction, est constamment confronté à une syntaxe dans deux directions : la syntaxe de la langue source, d’une part, et la syntaxe de la langue cible, d’autre part. En conséquence, les problèmes dus à des différences syntactiques entre les deux langues doivent nécessairement apparaître de manière plus évidente que ceux provenant de différences entre les syntagmes et éléments lexicaux individuels ou entre les cultures. Dans cet article, la syntaxe sera étudiée et analysée en référence à des textes en chinois, anglais, français, allemand, italien, espagnol, latin et grec. Enfin, il montrera qu’en raison des différences syntactiques surtout, la traduisibilité est plus grande entre deux langues européennes précitées quelles qu’elles soient (qui appartiennent à la famille indo-européenne) qu’entre le chinois (qui appartient à la famille sino-tibétaine) et une quelconque de ces langues européennes. Il montrera que la syntaxe de toute langue européenne peut sans difficulté venir à bout de n’importe quelle syntaxe chinoise, mais que l’inverse n’est pas vrai.


Terminology ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Nakagawa

Bilingual machine readable dictionaries are important and indispensable resources of information for cross-language information retrieval, and machine translation. Recently, these cross-language informational activities have begun to focus on specific academic or technological domains. In this paper, we describe a bilingual dictionary acquisition system which extracts translations from non-parallel but comparable corpora of a specific academic domain and disambiguates the extracted translations. The proposed method is two-fold. At the first stage, candidate terms are extracted from a Japanese and English corpus, respectively, and ranked according to their importance as terms. At the second stage, ambiguous translations are resolved by selecting the target language translation which is the nearest in rank to the source language term. Finally, we evaluate the proposed method in an experiment.


Author(s):  
Vida Jesenšek

AbstractMost phrasemes contain varied semantic, stylistic, functionally pragmatic, and text-forming properties. Furthermore, phrasemes also contain additional semantic and pragmatic properties. Hence, they are regarded as complex for the translation process. Their complexity becomes even more evident during literary translation. The relationship between dictionary equivalence and text equivalence within interlingual connections is considered as particularly important. Consequently, it is observed in the present paper. The research is based on recorded instances of translated phrasemes between German as the source language and Slovene as the target language. The paper outlines how original German phrasemes were translated into Slovene, which translation procedures and strategies were applied, and to what extent dictionaries were used during the translation process. It has become evident that contrastive-linguistically defined and lexicographically documented phraseological system equivalence does not sufficiently cater for the active translator. The active translator namely principally seeks functionally pragmatic interlingual equivalence, which has to be determined in compliance with a given context. The analysis has shown many phrasemes to feature specific semantic characteristics. Consequently, the meaning of each phraseme is essentially dependent on context. Meanings of phrasemes vary significantly and can lexicographically be accurately deduced only by taking different contexts into consideration. Requirements for highlighting phraseology in dictionaries appropriately - in order for dictionaries to be applicable as viable translation aids - should therefore be based on the essential semantic characteristics of phrasemes in order to enable the user (translator) to access a vast repository of tentative translation equivalents.


2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-79
Author(s):  
Astrid Guillaume

Abstract Translation in the Middle Ages did not involve the same constraints as translation today for various reasons, which this article will attempt to highlight through a semiotic analysis of the opposing powers and other translation-related pressures which interact in the translation process. This process involves a source language and a target language, but above all a source culture and target culture. Translation in the Middle Ages, like translation today, is primarily about taking into consideration certain constraints, some of which are shared between the two eras but which, in all cases, take into account the period in which they were translated. Indeed, an era involves modes of thought, political and religious ideologies, translation and stylistic practices that are unique to that particular time. If, as example periods, we have chosen two eras which are quite remote from each other, it is to demonstrate that the issues certainly differ, but not as much as one might imagine, particularly in certain political and ideological contexts.


2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 98
Author(s):  
Vahid Rafieyan

<p>In order for the translator to be able to translate the source text into the target language in a relevant way, the strata of the translated text through which relevance can be obtained (pragmatic, pragmatic-semantic, and semantic strata) should be equalized to that of the source text (Li &amp; Luo, 2004). The translator can achieve this by raising his/her awareness of the source and target language pragmatic perspectives. To investigate the actual effect of developing knowledge of pragmatic perspectives of the source language and the target language on the quality of translation of culture-bound texts, the current study was conducted on 64 Iranian undergraduate students of English translation. The study consisted of three phases: 1) administering a culture-bound text to be translated by all participants, 2) dividing participants into two groups: one merely receiving translation exercises while the other receiving metapragmatic discussions of the pragmatic perspectives of the source language along with translation exercises, and 3) assessing the translation quality of both groups immediately and two months following the treatment. The study revealed the significant positive effect of pragmatic instruction on improving the quality of translation of culture-bound texts and maintaining the obtained knowledge. The pedagogical implications of the findings suggested incorporating the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic perspectives of the source language and their distinctions with the pragmalinguistic and sociopragmatic perspectives of the target language into translation classes as an integral part of translation classes.</p>


2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-84 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pintu Lohar ◽  
Haithem Afli ◽  
Andy Way

Abstract The advent of social media has shaken the very foundations of how we share information, with Twitter, Facebook, and Linkedin among many well-known social networking platforms that facilitate information generation and distribution. However, the maximum 140-character restriction in Twitter encourages users to (sometimes deliberately) write somewhat informally in most cases. As a result, machine translation (MT) of user-generated content (UGC) becomes much more difficult for such noisy texts. In addition to translation quality being affected, this phenomenon may also negatively impact sentiment preservation in the translation process. That is, a sentence with positive sentiment in the source language may be translated into a sentence with negative or neutral sentiment in the target language. In this paper, we analyse both sentiment preservation and MT quality per se in the context of UGC, focusing especially on whether sentiment classification helps improve sentiment preservation in MT of UGC. We build four different experimental setups for tweet translation (i) using a single MT model trained on the whole Twitter parallel corpus, (ii) using multiple MT models based on sentiment classification, (iii) using MT models including additional out-of-domain data, and (iv) adding MT models based on the phrase-table fill-up method to accompany the sentiment translation models with an aim of improving MT quality and at the same time maintaining sentiment polarity preservation. Our empirical evaluation shows that despite a slight deterioration in MT quality, our system significantly outperforms the Baseline MT system (without using sentiment classification) in terms of sentiment preservation. We also demonstrate that using an MT engine that conveys a sentiment different from that of the UGC can even worsen both the translation quality and sentiment preservation.


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