A COMPARISON OF SCREENING TESTS TO DETECT ABNORMAL MILK1

1969 ◽  
Vol 32 (9) ◽  
pp. 365-368 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Nageswararao ◽  
H. E. Calbert
Keyword(s):  
Optical Density ◽  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Microscopic Count ◽  
Insignificant Correlation

The results of the Feulgen-DNA-color optical density and score, the California mastitis test (CMT) score, viscosity developed in milk samples by addition of equal volume of CMT reagent, the catalase test, the (direct microscopic count bf leucocytes, and the proportion of live leucocytes were compared using fresh, quarter, and bucket milk samples and 1 to 2 day old bulk milk samples. The Feulgen-DNA-color gave. good correlations with all the tests in all types of samples, except with the CMT of bulk samples. The CMT score and viscosity gave good correlations with all the tests on fresh milk samples and insignificant correlation with stored milk samples. The catalase test gave good correlations with all other tests in fresh samples and low but significant correlations with stored samples. Quarter and bucket milk samples contained 71% and 74% live leucocytes and bulk milk samples contained 42% live leucocytes. Holding of milk at 5 C for 5 days did not significantly change the Feulgen-DNA-color and catalase activity, slightly increased total leucocyte counts, but gradually decreased the CMT score, the viscosity, and the proportion of live leucocytes. The Feulgcn-DNA-color of milk samples containing few millions of leucocytes and the direct microscopic count of total, leucocytes gave poor reproducibility.

scholarly journals Subclinical mastitis in dairy camels in Algeria: Comparison of screening tests

2017 ◽  
Vol 108 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Leyla HADEF ◽  
Hebib AGGAD ◽  
Brahim HAMAD ◽  
Mohamed Said MAHMOUD ◽  
Aicha ADAIKA
Keyword(s):  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Bacteriological Culture ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Cultural Isolation ◽  
Kappa Value ◽  
Indirect Tests ◽  
Reliable Diagnostic Method

The aim of the present study was to determine a threshold values and to assess the effectiveness of four indirect tests for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy camels comparing with bacteriological culture. One hundred fifty three milk samples from 17 lactating camels were subjected to bacteriological culture, where 84 milk samples were positive, 47 were negative and 22 samples were considered as contaminated. A total of 131 milk samples were screened by pH, electrical conductivity (EC), California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). The good combination of sensitivity and specificity were obtained with a threshold of 6.55, 7.2 mS/cm, score trace was considered as CMT (+) and 240 000 cells/ml for the four tests, respectively. The sensitivity of the SCC, pH, EC and CMT was 72.61, 66.66, 47.61 and 39.28 %; the specificity 70.21, 38.02, 59.57 and 72.34 %; percentage accuracy 71.75, 51.14, 51.90 and 51.14 %; and positive predictive value 81.33, 47.61, 67.79 and 71.73 %, respectively. The SCC was significantly correlated with bacteriological culture (r = 0.415, p < 0.05). Kappa value of SCC was higher than that of other tests (SCC > CMT > EC > pH). In conclusion, the results suggest that the SCC was the most accurate, reliable, diagnostic method compared to other tests used in this study after cultural isolation for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy camel under field conditions.

scholarly journals Assessment of ceftiofur residues in cow milk using commercial screening test kits

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. e000329 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luc Durel ◽  
Guglielmo Gallina ◽  
Terence Pellet
Keyword(s):  
Screening Test ◽  
Generation Cephalosporin ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Withdrawal Time ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk

Ceftiofur, a third-generation cephalosporin, is one of the most used antibiotics in dairy industry. Intramuscular injection of 1 mg/kgBW ceftiofur hydrochloride (HCl) generally results in 0 hour withdrawal time for the milk in dairy cows. Nevertheless, farmers and dairy processors occasionally complain about ceftiofur-based products in case of positive result to a commercial rapid screening test for the presence of violative residues of antimicrobials (inhibitors) in the bulk milk tank. Six lactating cows were injected with a 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based product at the dosage regimen of 1 mg/kg, intramuscularly, once a day, for five consecutive days, as per label. Milk samples were then collected just before the very last injection (T0) and then at 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84 and 96 hours after the last injection. Individual milk samples were tested using three commercial screening test kits for inhibitor residues: DelvotestSP NT, SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus and ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test. Since bulk tank is screened in real operating conditions, samples were also diluted to 1:4, 1:10 and tested again. For the Delvotest SP NT, which lowest detected concentration is close the MRL of the ceftiofur (100 µg/kg), all results were negative. For the ROSA MRL Beta-Lactam Test and the SNAP Beta-Lactam ST Plus, several samples yielded positive and doubtful results at T0 and T12. However, after dilution to 1:10, all results were negative. Consequently, when used as officially instructed, the tested 50 mg/ml ceftiofur HCl-based injectable veterinary products are safe, and milk should be free of violative residues of ceftiofur. With consideration to the low specificity and the low positive predictive value of commercial screening tests, positive reactions of the bulk milk should be interpreted as false positive or another risky usage of β-lactam-based medicines in the farm must be investigated.

COMPARISONS OF MASTITIS SCREENING TEST RESULTS FROM QUARTER, BUCKET AND BULK MILK SAMPLES1,2

1967 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. S. Postle
Keyword(s):  
Test Scores ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Leukocyte Counts ◽  
Bulk Tank ◽  
One Year

Summary Milk from four dairy farms in southern Wisconsin was examined over a period of one year in a study that was undertaken: (a) to determine the agreement between results of mastitis screening tests when applied to bulk, bucket and quarter milk samples; (b) to determine the relative efficiencies of five mastitis screening tests using direct microscopic leukocyte counts as a standard, and (c) to examine the quality, as determined by leukocyte content and screening test results, of the milk from all quarters contributing to the bulk tank on each farm. Most screening tests examined, when applied to quarter milk samples, gave a higher correlation with direct microscopic leukocyte counts than when applied to either bucket or bulk milk samples. Similarly, efficiency ratings of screening tests applied to quarter samples were higher than those for the same tests applied to bulk samples. Three of the four farms examined maintained bulk tank milk screening test scores that failed to suggest the presence of milk from a substantial number of quarters that were shedding abnormal numbers of leukocytes.

COLLABORATIVE STUDY OF SOME SCREENING TESTS FOR DETECTION OF ABNORMAL MILK1

1972 ◽  
Vol 35 (11) ◽  
pp. 639-645 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. D. Schultze ◽  
J. W. Smith ◽  
D. E. Jasper ◽  
O. Klastrup ◽  
F. H. S. Newbould ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cell Concentration ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Concentration Limit ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Mean Cost

The California Mastitis Test, Modified Whiteside Test, Wisconsin Mastitis Test, tube Catalase Test, Milk Gel Index, and Direct Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (NMC Method) were done according to a detailed protocol in five laboratories. Each laboratory tested about 250 bulk tank milk samples in blind duplicate. Screening tests were compared at various critical scores with respect to their identification of milk samples with cell concentration above (positive) and below (negative) 1.0 and 1.5 million/ml. The percent of positive samples correctly identified is the Utility of the screening test; the percent of negative samples mis-identified is the Cost. At the 1.5 million cells per milliliter limit, and using U.S.P.H.S. recommended critical scores, the mean Cost/Utility estimates were: CMT 68/98, MWT 64/97, WMT 13/84, and CAT 38/94. Lowering the critical score for WMT to > 20 increased its Utility to an acceptable 89% at 17% Cost. At the 1.0 million/ml cell concentration limit the ranking of tests did not change materially. Laboratories varied widely in Cost of screening with all tests, and, particularly for subjectively-scored tests, in the critical score required for equivalent Utility. In all comparisons, the MGI was the test of choice, with the WMT ranking next.

THE RELATIONSHIP OF YELLOW COLOR ON MILK SEDIMENT PADS TO MASTITIS1

1966 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 53-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sung S. Choi ◽  
T. L. Forster
Keyword(s):  
Catalase Activity ◽  
Esterase Activity ◽  
Leucocyte Count ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dairy Herds ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Yellow Color ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship

Summary In a study of the relationship of yellow-colored material on milk sediment disks to mastitis, representative milk samples were examined from 400 individual quarters of 144 different cows in 7 dairy herds. Observations made included (a) California Mastitis Test (CMT) reaction, (b) yield of milk per quarter at one experimental milking, (c) leucocyte count, (d) catalase activity, (e) A-esterase activity, and (f) evaluation of a sediment disk for degree of yellow-colored material present. These observations revealed that the yellow-colored material was closely related to the other indices of mastitis. It was concluded that the yellow-colored material (a) is particulate in nature, (b) originates in the udder, and (c) the amount appearing on milk sediment disks is, in general, directly proportional to the severity of mastitis.

Stability of Tetracycline Antibiotics in Raw Milk under Laboratory Storage Conditions

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 547-548 ◽  
Author(s):  
LYNDA V. PODHORNIAK ◽  
SHANITA LEAKE ◽  
FRANK J. SCHENCK
Keyword(s):  
Metal Chelate ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Rapid Screening ◽  
Tetracycline Antibiotics ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Tetracycline Residues ◽  
Metal Chelate Affinity Chromatography

Raw milk samples collected from bulk milk tankers may be screened for the presence of tetracycline antibiotics using rapid screening tests. If tetracycline residues are detected, the milk may be shipped to a laboratory for high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Because the milk may be shipped on ice blocks, it is important to know whether tetracycline residues are stable at that temperature and for how long. Control raw milk samples fortified with 50 ppb each chlortetracycline, demeclocycline, methacycline hydrochloride, minocycline, oxytetracycline, and tetracycline were incubated at 4°C or 25°C, then analyzed using a metal chelate affinity chromatography extraction and HPLC. No loss of tetracycline was observed after 48 h of storage at 4°C or 24 h at 25°C. Losses ranging from 4 to 13% and 0 to 18% were noted after 72 h at 4°C and 48 h at 25°C, respectively.

SUBCLINICAL MASTITIS IN LACTATING COWS: COMPARISON OF FOUR SCREENING TESTS AND EFFECT OF ANIMAL FACTORS ON ITS OCCURRENCE

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
M Badiuzzaman ◽  
MA Samad ◽  
SHMF Siddiki ◽  
MT Islam ◽  
S Saha
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Clinical Mastitis ◽  
Standard Test ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Lactation Stage ◽  
Cultural Isolation

A total of 444 quarter milk samples from 111 crossbred dairy cows were subjected to California mastitis test (CMT), somatic cell count (SCC) test, white side test (WST) and surf field mastitis (SFMT) test to quantify their efficacy in detecting sub clinical mastitis in dairy cows of Bangladesh during the period from 2010 to 2011.Milk samples positive by CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT were 265,230, 225 and 222 respectively. All samples were subjected to cultural isolation (gold standard test for comparison of indirect mastitis tests). Of these, 261 samples were positive by cultural isolation. The sensitivity of the CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT were 80.08%, 86.60%, 60.54% and 57.47%; specificity 69.40%, 97.81%, 63.38% and 60.66%; percentage accuracy 75.68%,91.22%, 61.71%  and 58.78%; positive predictive value 78.87%, 98.26%, 70.22% and 67.57%; and negative predictive value 70.95%, 83.64%, 52.97% and 50%respectively. Quarter-wise sub clinical mastitis (SCM) was detected in 59.68%, 51.80%, 50.68% and 50% samples by CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT, respectively, while animal-wise SCM was recorded in 72.07%, 66.67%, 64.86% and 61.26% samples by CMT, SCC, WST and SFMT, respectively. The right hind quarters were most significantly (p<0.001) susceptible to SCM than other quarters. Cows with 3rd and 4th parity and at their early lactation stage had significantly higher (p<0.001) SCM than others. Kappa value of SCC was higher than that of CMT. CMT was concluded to be the most accurate test after cultural isolation and SCC. Unlike laboratory tests as cultural isolation and SCC that require adequate laboratory facilities and skilled personnel, CMT is a reliable diagnostic method in field conditions.

Occurrence and aetiology of subclinical mastitis in water buffalo in Bangladesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 88 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-320
Author(s):  
Shuvo Singha ◽  
Carl David Ericsson ◽  
Salma Chowdhury ◽  
Sanjib Chandra Nath ◽  
Ovirup Bhushan Paul ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Buffalo ◽  
Subclinical Mastitis ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Penicillin Resistance ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Udder Health ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Underlying Risk

AbstractSubclinical mastitis (SCM) in water buffalo is a production disease associated with decreased milk yield and impaired milk quality and safety. Water buffalo is an important livestock species in Bangladesh, but information about the occurrence and aetiology of SCM in this species is scarce. A cross-sectional study was conducted as part of the Udder Health Bangladesh Programme to (i) determine the occurrence of SCM and bulk milk somatic cell count (SCC) in water buffalo in Bangladesh, (ii) identify pathogens causing SCM and (iii) evaluate penicillin resistance in isolated staphylococci strains. Sixteen buffalo farms in the Bagerhat and Noakhali regions of Bangladesh were selected for study and a bulk milk sample was collected from each farm. In addition, 299 udder quarter milk samples were collected from 76 animals. The bulk milk samples were assessed by direct SCC and the quarter milk samples by California mastitis test (CMT). The occurrence of SCM calculated at quarter and animal level was 42.5 and 81.6%, respectively. Milk samples from 108 CMT-positive quarters in 48 animals and 38 randomly selected CMT-negative quarters in 24 animals were investigated using bacteriological culture. Estimated mean bulk milk SCC was 195 000 cells/ml milk (range 47 000– 587 000 cells/ml milk). On culture, estimated quarter-level intramammary infection (IMI) was 40.4%. The identity of isolated bacteria was confirmed by MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. Non-aureus staphylococci (NAS) were the most common pathogens (24.7%) and, among 36 NAS tested, 36.1% were resistant to penicillin. Thus there was high occurrence of SCM on the study farms, with relatively high penicillin resistance in NAS. Further studies are needed to identify underlying risk factors and develop an udder health control strategy for water buffalo in Bangladesh.

scholarly journals The Proximate Composition of Fresh and Fermented Milk in Parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Y. Aliyu ◽  
I. O. Abdullahi ◽  
C. M. Z. Whong ◽  
C. E. `Anumiri ◽  
J. D. Bwala ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Local Government ◽  
Proximate Composition ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fermented Milk ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Local Government Area ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fresh Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
The Mean

This study assessed the proximate composition of fresh and fermented milk in parts of Nasarawa State, Nigeria. A total of 180 samples comprising of fresh milk, bulk milk, nono, and kindirmo were collected over a period of six (6) months (May to October, 2017) from six (6) Local Government Areas (two Local Government Areas from the three Senatorial Zones in the State). Proximate parameters – dry matter (total solids), crude protein, crude fibre, oil, ash and nitrogen-free extract (soluble carbohydrates), were determined using the methods of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC). The results of the proximate analysis showed that bulk milk samples generally had the most nutritional content than the other sample types in most of the sampled areas. A statistically significant difference (p<0.05) was found between the mean values of dry matter (total solids), oil, and ash contents of bulk milk samples and nono in the sampled areas. The mean dry matter content of bulk milk samples collected from Nasarawa Local Government Area was 9.04±0.01, while that of nono samples collected from this area was 7.28±0.72. Fresh and bulk milk samples collected from Nasarawa, Keffi, Wamba, and Lafia Local Government Areas were found to contain more minerals (ash) compared to kindirmo samples collected and this may be attributed to the loss of some of the minerals during the processing of fresh milk to make kindirmo. The mean value of ash content of fresh milk and kindirmo samples from Nasarawa Local Government Area was 0.72±0.04 and 0.64±0.01, respectively, while the mean value of ash content of fresh milk of fresh milk and kindirmo samples from Keffi Local Government Area was 0.78±0.01 and 0.71±0.02 respectively. The samples were found to contain little or no fibre and this is not surprisingly as milk is not known to be a major source of fibre. Variations in the proximate composition of some fresh milk samples collected from the sampled areas may be attributed to genetic differences within a breed as all the cows from which the samples were collected, were of the same breed (White Fulani). All the samples analysed met the specifications for proximate composition stipulated by the Codex Alimentarius Commission.

A study of methods for estimating the cell content of bulk milk

1970 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-480 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. K. L. Pearson ◽  
C. L. Wright ◽  
D. O. Greer
Keyword(s):  
Correlation Coefficient ◽  
Chemical Method ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Screening Tests ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Centrifugal Method ◽  
California Mastitis Test ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Close Relationship

SummaryFour methods of estimating the cell content of bulk milk were studied, correlated statistically and their degree of reproducibility estimated. The relative merits of the 4 methods are discussed, and the need for defining the object of testing before selecting a test is stressed. If designed for use in a programme for mastitis control, or the control of milk quality based on cell content, each country must choose a screening test or a precise cell-counting technique, depending on the availability of laboratory resources, extension advisory services and other economic factors.Screening tests studied were the California Mastitis Test (CMT) and the Brabant Mastitis Test (BMR), the former showing a correlation coefficient of 0·817 against the Electronic Cell Count (ECC) method in 320 samples. The more objective BMR correlated well with the ECC method, showing a correlation coefficient of 0·987 for 406 samples. Direct microscopic counts (DMC) were correlated with a centrifugal method and with a chemical method of preparing samples for electronic cell counting. For 430 samples in each case the correlation coefficients obtained were 0·930 and 0·966 respectively. The 2 ECC techniques were compared using 430 samples, and a very close relationship was found (r=0·988).For regular examination of large numbers of milk samples using the electronic cell counter we consider the chemical method of sample preparation more suitable than the centrifugal method. Differences in the reproducibility and accuracy of both tests are negligible, but the former procedure is quicker, more economical in terms of cost, and more adaptable to a national testing programme.

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