UK Variant COVID-19

Virus has a nature of antigenic drift and shift so over time their genetic make-up changes through the mutation and emerged a new strain of virus. Six type of coronavirus are known to infect the human being till now. The latest one and seventh number coronavirus is COVID-19. Diseases caused by coronavirus ranging from common cold to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV). One more strain or mutant COVID-19 identified at UK in September 2020 and this strain is fast and quick spreading that is 70% more transmissible than the old strain. The first “Variant Under Investigation” in December -2020 in which most significant mutation known as N501Y change the protein spike (S) of the virus that is the receptor binding domain, used to bind the human ACE2 receptors. Five alarming warning signs of new strain of coronavirus are Breathing problem, Confusion, Persistent chest pain, Tired and unable to stay awake, Bluish lips or face. RT-PCR and genetic sequencing still reliable diagnostic method for new variant of corona. Control and prevention need to follow all guidelines which are following previously and till now many vaccines developed but scientist need more research and data for its efficacy on new variant of corona.

An Application of Imipenem Discs or P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 Reference Strain Increases Sensitivity of Carbapenem Inactivation Method for Non-Fermenting Gram-Negative Bacteria

Non-fermenting Gram-negative rods are one of the most commonly isolated bacteria from human infections. These microorganisms are typically opportunistic pathogens that pose a serious threat to public health due to possibility of transmission in the human population. Resistance to beta-lactams, due to carbapenemases synthesis, is one of the most important antimicrobial resistance mechanisms amongst them. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of the Carbapenem Inactivation Method (CIM), and its modifications, for the detection of carbapenemase activity amongst non-fermenting Gram-negative rods. This research involved 81 strains of Gram-negative rods. Of the tested strains, 55 (67.9%) synthesized carbapenemases. For non-fermenting rods, 100% sensitivity and specificity was obtained in the version of the CIM test using imipenem discs and E. coli ATCC 25922 strain. The CIM test allows for differentiation of carbapenems resistance mechanisms resulting from carbapenemase synthesis from other resistance types. It is a reliable diagnostic method for the detection of carbapenemase activity amongst non-fermenting Gram-negative rods. Application of imipenem discs and P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 reference strain increases CIM results sensitivity, while imipenem discs and E. coli ATCC 25922 strain use maintains full precision of the test for non-fermenting rods.

Cattle (Bos Taurus) endometrium morphology on the seventh day of the estrous cycle

The aim of our study was to describe the histopathological and cytological characteristic of the cow endometrium on the seventh day of the estrous cycle. In this study, 11 different breeds’ dairy cows (78.18 ± 37.46 months old, in 3.6 ± 2.17 lactation, the mean body condition score 3.4 ± 0.72 (5 points scale)) from Research and Study farm ‘Vecauce’ were selected. All cows were more than 210 days postpartum. Overall health and reproductive tract examination was performed, progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2) concentration in blood serum were established and the biopsy and cytology samples of endometrium were taken. Mean E2 concentration was 14.92 ± 7.92 pg mL-1, mean P4 concentration was 13.64 ± 9.44 nmol L-1. The mean percentage in the cytology slides was established: epithelial cells 89 ± 9%, polimorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) 6 ± 5%. Cytological subclinical endometritis (SE) was confirmed in 5 cows. Histopathological findings (out of 22 samples): endometrium stromal edema in 14, hemosiderin and hemosiderophages in 8, supranuclear vacuolization in 12, pseudodecidual reaction in 12 samples. No subnuclear vacuolization and mitosis in the glandular epithelium were detected. Histopathological examination did not reveal SE. Morphology between the uterine horns with and without corpus luteum (CL) and between cows with serum P4 level higher than 15 nmol L-1 and lower than 15 nmol L-1 were not statistically different (p>0.05). In conclusion, histopatological examination is more reliable diagnostic method for SE. Future investigation should be performed to establish cut-off values for the diagnosis of SE in cows more than 210 days postpartum.

Fast TWIST with iterative reconstruction improves diagnostic accuracy of AVM of the hand

Very high temporal and spatial resolution is mandatory for the diagnosis of arteriovenous malformations (AVM) of the hand. Until now, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has not fulfilled both requirements simultaneously. This study presents how the combination of a very fast TWIST MRI (time-resolved angiography with interleaved stochastic trajectories) sequence and iterative reconstructions optimizes temporal as well as spatial resolution. 11 patients were examined at a 3-T MRI scanner with two different TWIST protocols: the standard and the study protocol, acquiring a data set every 5.57 s and 1.44 s respectively. The study data was retrospectively iteratively reconstructed with different regularization factors (0.001, 0.002, 0.004, 0.008). Results were compared using the sign-test. P-values < 0.05 were regarded statistically significant. With a low amount of contrast medium, the temporal resolution of the study protocol enabled the differentiation of arteries from veins in all patients whereas the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) deteriorated. Depending on the regularization factors, SNR, delineation of arterial feeders and non-involved hand and interdigital arteries, as well as artefact levels varied. Overall, iterative reconstruction with regularization factor 0.004 achieved the best results, consequently showing the ability of MRI as a reliable diagnostic method in AVMs of the hand.

The Significance of Scalp Involvement in Pemphigus: A Literature Review

Scalp is a unique location for pemphigus because of the abundance of desmogleins localized in hair follicles. Scalp involvement is observed in up to 60% of patients in the course of pemphigus. The lesions may occasionally lead to alopecia. Unforced removal of anagen hairs in a pull test is a sign of high disease activity. Direct immunofluorescence of plucked hair bulbs is considered a reliable diagnostic method in patients with pemphigus. Follicular acantholysis is a characteristic histopathological feature of pemphigus lesions localized on the scalp. Trichoscopy may serve as a supplementary method in the diagnosis of pemphigus. This review summarizes the most recent data concerning scalp involvement in pemphigus vulgaris and pemphigus foliaceus. A systematic literature search was conducted in three medical databases: PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science. The analysis included literature data about desmoglein distribution in hair follicles, as well as information about clinical manifestations, histopathology, immunopathology, and trichoscopy of scalp lesions in pemphigus and their response to treatment.

Challenges to Global Implementation of Infrared Thermography Technology: Current Perspective

Medical infrared thermography (IT) produces an image of the infrared waves emitted by the human body as part of the thermoregulation process that can vary in intensity based on the health of the person. This review analyzes recent developments in the use of infrared thermography as a screening and diagnostic tool in clinical and nonclinical settings, and identifies possible future routes for improvement of the method. Currently, infrared thermography is not considered to be a fully reliable diagnostic method. If standard infrared protocol is established and a normative database is available, infrared thermography may become a reliable method for detecting inflammatory processes.

Subclinical mastitis in dairy camels in Algeria: Comparison of screening tests

The aim of the present study was to determine a threshold values and to assess the effectiveness of four indirect tests for the diagnosis of subclinical mastitis in dairy camels comparing with bacteriological culture. One hundred fifty three milk samples from 17 lactating camels were subjected to bacteriological culture, where 84 milk samples were positive, 47 were negative and 22 samples were considered as contaminated. A total of 131 milk samples were screened by pH, electrical conductivity (EC), California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC). The good combination of sensitivity and specificity were obtained with a threshold of 6.55, 7.2 mS/cm, score trace was considered as CMT (+) and 240 000 cells/ml for the four tests, respectively. The sensitivity of the SCC, pH, EC and CMT was 72.61, 66.66, 47.61 and 39.28 %; the specificity 70.21, 38.02, 59.57 and 72.34 %; percentage accuracy 71.75, 51.14, 51.90 and 51.14 %; and positive predictive value 81.33, 47.61, 67.79 and 71.73 %, respectively. The SCC was significantly correlated with bacteriological culture (r = 0.415, p &lt; 0.05). Kappa value of SCC was higher than that of other tests (SCC &gt; CMT &gt; EC &gt; pH). In conclusion, the results suggest that the SCC was the most accurate, reliable, diagnostic method compared to other tests used in this study after cultural isolation for the detection of subclinical mastitis in dairy camel under field conditions.