VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS–ISOLATION, IDENTIFICATION, CLASSIFICATION, AND ECOLOGY1

1973 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 202-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. R. Colwell ◽  
T. E. Lovelace ◽  
L. Wan ◽  
T. Kaneko ◽  
T. Staley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
The United States ◽  
Dna Base Composition ◽  
Dna Base ◽  
Dna Reassociation ◽  
Cape Hatteras

Vibrio parahaemolyticus was isolated from samples of water, sediment, blue crabs, oysters, and clams collected in several areas of Chesapeake Bay. Numerical taxonomy was used to identify and classify the bacterial isolates. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base composition, serology, isozyme, gas chromatography, bacteriophage sensitivity, and DNA/DNA reassociation analyses confirmed the identification and classification of V. parahaemolyticus and permitted establishment of genetic relationships of the Chesapeake Bay strains with isolates from victims of food poisoning in Japan and from samples taken in geographically diverse areas of the United States. Isolates implicated in recent outbreaks of food poisoning, the first fully documented cases of V. parahaemolyticus food poisoning in the United States, were shown by DNA/DNA reassociation measurements to be closely related to the Japanese and other isolates collected in the United States. Fatty acid profiles of cell derivatives prepared using GLC were useful in diagnosing Vibrio spp., including V. parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae. Bacteriophages isolated from ocean sediments collected off Cape Hatteras were found to be active against V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Distribution of V. parahaemolyticus appears to be restricted to coastal and estuarine regions. V. parahaemolyticus has been shown to be closely associated with zooplankton and a life cycle for V. parahaemolyticus in Chesapeake Bay is proposed.

Genetic Diversity of Wild Oat (Avena fatua)Populations from China and the United States

Weed Science ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 95-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Runzhi Li ◽  
Shiwen Wang ◽  
Liusheng Duan ◽  
Zhaohu Li ◽  
Michael J. Christoffers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Gene Diversity ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mantel Test ◽  
Wild Oat ◽  
Chinese Populations ◽  
Nei's Distance ◽  
The Impact

Weed genetic diversity is important for understanding the ability of weeds to adapt to different environments and the impact of herbicide selection on weed populations. Genetic diversity within and among six wild oat populations in China varying in herbicide selection pressure and one population in North Dakota were surveyed using 64 polymorphic alleles resulting from 25 microsatellite loci. Mean Nei's gene diversity (h) for six wild oat populations from China was between 0.17 and 0.21, and total diversity (HT) was 0.23. A greater proportion of this diversity, however, was within (Hs= 0.19) rather than among (Gst= 0.15) populations. For the wild oat population from the United States,h= 0.24 andHT= 0.24 were comparable to the values for the six populations from China. Cluster analysis divided the seven populations into two groups, where one group was the United States population and the other group included the six Chinese populations. The genetic relationships among six populations from China were weakly correlated with their geographic distribution (r= 0.22) using the Mantel test. Minimal difference in gene diversity and small genetic distance (Nei's distance 0.07 or less) among six populations from China are consistent with wide dispersal of wild oat in the 1980s. Our results indicate that the wild oat populations in China are genetically diverse at a level similar to North America, and the genetic diversity of wild oat in the broad spatial scale is not substantially changed by environment, agronomic practices, or herbicide usage.

scholarly journals Comparative Genetic Analysis of Magnaporthe oryzae Isolates Causing Gray Leaf Spot of Perennial Ryegrass Turf in the United States and Japan

Plant Disease ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 517-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Tosa ◽  
W. Uddin ◽  
G. Viji ◽  
S. Kang ◽  
S. Mayama
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Perennial Ryegrass ◽  
Magnaporthe Oryzae ◽  
Leaf Spot ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gray Leaf Spot ◽  
Genetic Lineage ◽  
Type I ◽  
Type Ii

Gray leaf spot caused by Magnaporthe oryzae is a serious disease of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) turf in golf course fairways in the United States and Japan. Genetic relationships among M. oryzae isolates from perennial ryegrass (prg) isolates within and between the two countries were examined using the repetitive DNA elements MGR586, Pot2, and MAGGY as DNA fingerprinting probes. In all, 82 isolates of M. oryzae, including 57 prg isolates from the United States collected from 1995 to 2001, 1 annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) isolate from the United States collected in 1972, and 24 prg isolates from Japan collected from 1996 to 1999 were analyzed in this study. Hybridization with the MGR586 probe resulted in approximately 30 DNA fragments in 75 isolates (designated major MGR586 group) and less than 15 fragments in the remaining 7 isolates (designated minor MGR586 group). Both groups were represented among the 24 isolates from Japan. All isolates from the United States, with the exception of one isolate from Maryland, belonged to the major MGR586 group. Some isolates from Japan exhibited MGR586 fingerprints that were identical to several isolates collected in Pennsylvania. Similarly, fingerprinting analysis with the Pot2 probe also indicated the presence of two distinct groups: isolates in the major MGR586 group showed fingerprinting profiles comprising 20 to 25 bands, whereas the isolates in the minor MGR586 group had less than 10 fragments. When MAGGY was used as a probe, two distinct fingerprint types, one exhibiting more than 30 hybridizing bands (type I) and the other with only 2 to 4 bands (type II), were identified. Although isolates of both types were present in the major MGR586 group, only the type II isolates were identified in the minor MGR586 group. The parsimony tree obtained from combined MGR586 and Pot2 data showed that 71 of the 82 isolates belonged to a single lineage, 5 isolates formed four different lineages, and the remaining 6 (from Japan) formed a separate lineage. This study indicates that the predominant groups of M. oryzae associated with the recent outbreaks of gray leaf spot in Japan and the United States belong to the same genetic lineage.

The Preservation of Chesapeake Bay Watercraft

1977 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A. Baker
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
The United States ◽  
Naval Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Sailing Yacht ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Naval Service ◽  
Maritime Heritage

The logo for this Third Chesapeake Sailing Yacht Symposium, the profile of a rakish sailing log canoe superimposed on that of a modern racing sloop, vividly illustrates the difference between the past and the present. Some might say good riddance to the past but there are many good reasons for trying to preserve something of our maritime heritage, not only the larger vessels such as the whaler Charles w. Morgan and the U. S. Corvette Constellation, but the smaller working watercraft as well. Although the Constellation was built in the Bay region, she was designed as a normal ocean-going ship for naval service; she has none of the unique features of Bay naval architecture hence is outside of the scope of this paper. In the days of our grandfathers the Chesapeake Bay region was the home of a multitude of watercraft employed for a wide variety of pursuits from general freighting to crabbing. There were rams, pungies, schooners, sloops, bugeyes, brogans, canoes, bateaux, skiffs, and scows. Of the skiffs alone, it is said that fourteen different designs were recognized on the Bay. While large numbers of these working boats and vessels have disappeared, it is only on Chesapeake Bay, of all the waters of the United States, that a fair variety of local watercraft can be found. Here there is still a chance of preserving for posterity more than isolated examples.

Wintering Sea Duck Distribution Along the Atlantic Coast of the United States

2013 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Silverman ◽  
D. T. Saalfeld ◽  
J. B. Leirness ◽  
M. D. Koneff
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Atlantic Coast ◽  
The United States ◽  
Common Eider ◽  
Cape Cod ◽  
Sea Ducks ◽  
Surf Scoter ◽  
Sea Duck ◽  
The U.S

Abstract Although monitoring data for sea ducks (Tribe Mergini) are limited, current evidence suggests that four of the most common species wintering along the eastern coast of the United States—long-tailed duck Clangula hyemalis, white-winged scoter Melanitta fusca, surf scoter Melanitta perspicillata, and black scoter Melanitta americana—may be declining, while the status of American common eider Somateria mollissima dresseri is uncertain. The apparent negative trends, combined with the fact that sea duck life histories are among the most poorly documented of North American waterfowl, have led to concerns for these species and questions about the impacts of human activities, such as hunting, as well as catastrophic events and environmental change. During winter, thousands of sea ducks are found along the U.S. Atlantic coast, where they may be affected by proposed wind-power development, changes to marine traffic, aquaculture practices, sand mining, and other coastal development. Possible impacts are difficult to quantify because traditional winter waterfowl surveys do not cover many of the marine habitats used by sea ducks. Thus, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service conducted an experimental survey of sea ducks from 2008 to 2011 to characterize their winter distributions along the U.S. Atlantic coast. Each year, data were collected on 11 species of sea ducks on >200 transects, stretching from Maine to Florida. In this paper, we describe distribution of common eider, long-tailed duck, white-winged scoter, surf scoter, and black scoter. Densities of the two species with the most northerly distribution, white-winged scoter and common eider, were highest near Cape Cod and Nantucket. Long-tailed duck was most abundant around Cape Cod, Nantucket Shoals, and in Chesapeake Bay. Surf scoter also concentrated within Chesapeake Bay; however, they were additionally found in high densities in Delaware Bay, and along the Maryland–Delaware outer coast. Black scoter, the most widely distributed species, occurred at high densities along the South Carolina coast and the mouth of Chesapeake Bay. Spatial patterns of high-density transects were consistent among years for all species except black scoter, which exhibited the most interannual variation in distribution. The distance from land, depth, and bottom slope where flocks were observed varied among species and regions, with a median distance of 3.8 km from land along the coastal transects and 75% of flocks observed over depths of <16 m. Common eider and long-tailed duck were observed closer to shore and over steeper ocean bottoms than were the three scoter species. Our results represent the first large-scale quantitative description of winter sea duck distribution along the U.S. Atlantic coast, and should guide the development of sea duck monitoring programs and aid the assessment of potential impacts of ongoing and proposed offshore development.

scholarly journals Performance of cold chains and modeled growth of Vibrio parahaemolyticus for farmed oysters distributed in the United States and internationally

2020 ◽  
Vol 313 ◽  
pp. 108378 ◽  
Author(s):  
David C. Love ◽  
Lillian M. Kuehl ◽  
Robert M. Lane ◽  
Jillian P. Fry ◽  
Jamie Harding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
The United States

Food Safety: Problems of the Past and Perspectives of the Future1

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (7) ◽  
pp. 658-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. M. FOSTER
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Food Service ◽  
The United States ◽  
Red Tides ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
The Past ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Market Areas ◽  
Bacterial Food

Historically, most bacterial food poisoning in the United States is associated with mishandling, either in the home or in the food service establishment. Outbreaks traceable to errors in processing plants are rare. When they do occur they are often associated with changes in processing or packaging technology whose effect is not determined before the product is on the market. Areas of future concern that need research include (1) a better understanding of the mycotoxins; (2) how to minimize Salmonella contamination in animal products; (3) how to prevent, or at least predict, red tides; (4) better bactericidal agents that can be applied to foods; (5) an understanding of the nature and significance of mutagenic agents that are produced in foods during cooking.

scholarly journals Genomic Variation and Evolution of Vibrio parahaemolyticus ST36 over the Course of a Transcontinental Epidemic Expansion

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime Martinez-Urtaza ◽  
Ronny van Aerle ◽  
Michel Abanto ◽  
Julie Haendiges ◽  
Robert A. Myers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Pacific Northwest ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Evolutionary Process ◽  
The United States ◽  
Sequence Type ◽  
Evolutionary Divergence ◽  
Human Pathogens ◽  
The Pacific ◽  
Northeast Coast

ABSTRACT Vibrio parahaemolyticus is the leading cause of seafood-related infections with illnesses undergoing a geographic expansion. In this process of expansion, the most fundamental change has been the transition from infections caused by local strains to the surge of pandemic clonal types. Pandemic clone sequence type 3 (ST3) was the only example of transcontinental spreading until 2012, when ST36 was detected outside the region where it is endemic in the U.S. Pacific Northwest causing infections along the U.S. northeast coast and Spain. Here, we used genome-wide analyses to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the V. parahaemolyticus ST36 clone over the course of its geographic expansion during the previous 25 years. The origin of this lineage was estimated to be in ~1985. By 1995, a new variant emerged in the region and quickly replaced the old clone, which has not been detected since 2000. The new Pacific Northwest (PNW) lineage was responsible for the first cases associated with this clone outside the Pacific Northwest region. After several introductions into the northeast coast, the new PNW clone differentiated into a highly dynamic group that continues to cause illness on the northeast coast of the United States. Surprisingly, the strains detected in Europe in 2012 diverged from this ancestral group around 2000 and have conserved genetic features present only in the old PNW lineage. Recombination was identified as the major driver of diversification, with some preliminary observations suggesting a trend toward a more specialized lifestyle, which may represent a critical element in the expansion of epidemics under scenarios of coastal warming. IMPORTANCE Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae represent the only two instances of pandemic expansions of human pathogens originating in the marine environment. However, while the current pandemic of V. cholerae emerged more than 50 years ago, the global expansion of V. parahaemolyticus is a recent phenomenon. These modern expansions provide an exceptional opportunity to study the evolutionary process of these pathogens at first hand and gain an understanding of the mechanisms shaping the epidemic dynamics of these diseases, in particular, the emergence, dispersal, and successful introduction in new regions facilitating global spreading of infections. In this study, we used genomic analysis to examine the evolutionary divergence that has occurred over the course of the most recent transcontinental expansion of a pathogenic Vibrio, the spreading of the V. parahaemolyticus sequence type 36 clone from the region where it is endemic on the Pacific coast of North America to the east coast of the United States and finally to the west coast of Europe. IMPORTANCE Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio cholerae represent the only two instances of pandemic expansions of human pathogens originating in the marine environment. However, while the current pandemic of V. cholerae emerged more than 50 years ago, the global expansion of V. parahaemolyticus is a recent phenomenon. These modern expansions provide an exceptional opportunity to study the evolutionary process of these pathogens at first hand and gain an understanding of the mechanisms shaping the epidemic dynamics of these diseases, in particular, the emergence, dispersal, and successful introduction in new regions facilitating global spreading of infections. In this study, we used genomic analysis to examine the evolutionary divergence that has occurred over the course of the most recent transcontinental expansion of a pathogenic Vibrio, the spreading of the V. parahaemolyticus sequence type 36 clone from the region where it is endemic on the Pacific coast of North America to the east coast of the United States and finally to the west coast of Europe.

VIBRIO PARAHAEMOLYTICUS–A REVIEW1

1971 ◽  
Vol 34 (9) ◽  
pp. 447-452 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Nickelson ◽  
C. Vanderzant
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Vibrio Parahaemolyticus ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Diagnostic Procedures ◽  
The United States ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody Technique ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Antibody Technique ◽  
The Past

This review presents current information on the taxonomic position, biochemical characteristics, distribution, isolation and identification procedures, pathogenicity, and serology of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. In the past, V. parahaemolyticus was associated primarily with outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Japan caused by consumption of seafoods and other salted foods. In recent years, this organism has been isolated from marine environments and seafoods in many countries, including the United States. In addition to gastroenteritis, some strains may cause localized tissue infections in humans and cause death of crab and shrimp. In the United States, V. parahaemolyticus has been incriminated in unconfirmed outbreaks of foodborne illness associated with consumption of shellfish. Isolation procedures based on direct plating of food homogenates on selective media with or without prior enrichment in broth media are available. Suspect colonies are confirmed by biochemical tests and fluorescent antibody technique. Although antisera (7 polyvalent and 47 monovalent) for serological grouping of strains of V. parahaemolyticus are available, their usefulness in diagnostic procedures is at the present uncertain.

DNA reassociation and electrokaryotype study of some Candida species and synonymy of Candida terebra, Candida entomaea, and Candida veronae

1993 ◽  
Vol 39 (9) ◽  
pp. 864-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Fu Lee ◽  
Fwu-Ling Lee ◽  
Wen-Haw Hsu ◽  
Wen Hwei Hsu
Keyword(s):  
Candida Species ◽  
Base Composition ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
Dna Base Composition ◽  
Dna Relatedness ◽  
Dna Base ◽  
Dna Reassociation

Some Candida species that were similar in phenotypic characteristics were studied by molecular taxonomic comparisons including electrophoretic karyotypes, DNA base composition, and DNA relatedness. Among the species studied, Candida terebra, Candida entomaea, and Candida veronae showed similar electrophoretic karyotypes and a G + C range from 39.7 to 40.2 mol% in DNA base composition, and demonstrated 85–104% DNA similarity on the basis of flourometric hybridization in microdilution wells. As C. terebra has priority, we suggest that C. entomaea and C. veronae should be synonyms of C. terebra. Other species in this study, Candida dendronema, Candida diddensiae, Candida naeodendra, and Candida atmospherica, had low DNA relatedness. Thus, these species should be maintained in their original separate taxa.Key words: DNA reassociation, electrokaryotype, Candida species, synonym.

IWRM in the United States: Integration in the Chesapeake Bay Program

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith A. Layzer ◽  
Alexis Schulman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
The United States
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