Sampling Methods and Frozen Storage of Samples for Detection of Campylobacter jejuni on Freshly Processed Broiler Carcasses

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (6) ◽  
pp. 510-513 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. C. BLANKENSHIP ◽  
S. E. CRAVEN ◽  
J. Y. CHIU ◽  
G. W. KRUMM
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Test Tube ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Defibrinated Sheep Blood ◽  
Cryoprotective Agents ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Sampling Locations

Swab, rinse and excision sampling methods are commonly used for detection of microorganisms on poultry carcasses. Swabbing has been the most frequently reported sampling method for Campylobacter jejuni on poultry. We evaluated the three methods for C. jejuni detection on freshly processed poultry in the following ways: (a) the interior and exterior surfaces of half of a carcass were each thoroughly rubbed with separate swabs which were combined in a test tube containing 2 ml of appropriate medium; (b) 25 g of skin and tissue samples from neck and abdominal opening cut areas were deposited in a stomacher bag with 5 ml of brucella broth (BB) and stomached for 2 min; and (c) half carcasses were shaken for 1 min with 100 ml BB in plastic bags. One drop of each sample was streaked for isolation on brucella agar containing 10% defibrinated sheep blood and Skirrow antibiotics. Isolates were identified by microscopy and appropriate cultural tests. All three sampling techniques were essentially equivalent for detection of C. jejuni on fresh carcasses. However, when samples were stored frozen for 7 to 10 d to simulate transport conditions from sampling locations to the laboratory, the incidence of detection was significantly reduced. Use of cryoprotective agents was an effective method to preserve swab samples during frozen storage.

Comparison of Sampling Methods for Isolation of Campylobacter jejuni coli from Pork Skin

1986 ◽  
Vol 49 (7) ◽  
pp. 532-533 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. BRACEWELL ◽  
J. O. REAGAN ◽  
J. A. CARPENTER ◽  
L. C. BLANKENSHIP
Keyword(s):  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Resistant Strain ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Frozen Storage ◽  
Viable Cells

Samples of fresh pork skin were inoculated with known numbers of a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Campylobacter jejuni and sampled by two methods, swabbing and scraping, 10 min after inoculation to compare sampling methods. The effect of frozen storage of samples on detection was also examined. C. jejuni was readily recovered with swab samples while recovery of the organism was greatly reduced by the scrape method. Frozen storage of samples decreased the numbers of viable cells as compared to the fresh samples.

scholarly journals Evidence for the Use of Mucus Swabs to Detect Renibacterium salmoninarum in Brook Trout

Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 460
Author(s):  
Tawni B. Riepe ◽  
Victoria Vincent ◽  
Vicki Milano ◽  
Eric R. Fetherman ◽  
Dana L. Winkelman
Keyword(s):  
Brook Trout ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Fish Health ◽  
Wild Populations ◽  
Renibacterium Salmoninarum ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Aquaculture Facilities

Efforts to advance fish health diagnostics have been highlighted in many studies to improve the detection of pathogens in aquaculture facilities and wild fish populations. Typically, the detection of a pathogen has required sacrificing fish; however, many hatcheries have valuable and sometimes irreplaceable broodstocks, and lethal sampling is undesirable. Therefore, the development of non-lethal detection methods is a high priority. The goal of our study was to compare non-lethal sampling methods with standardized lethal kidney tissue sampling that is used to detect Renibacterium salmoninarum infections in salmonids. We collected anal, buccal, and mucus swabs (non-lethal qPCR) and kidney tissue samples (lethal DFAT) from 72 adult brook trout (Salvelinus fontinalis) reared at the Colorado Parks and Wildlife Pitkin Brood Unit and tested each sample to assess R. salmoninarum infections. Standard kidney tissue detected R. salmoninarum 1.59 times more often than mucus swabs, compared to 10.43 and 13.16 times more often than buccal or anal swabs, respectively, indicating mucus swabs were the most effective and may be a useful non-lethal method. Our study highlights the potential of non-lethal mucus swabs to sample for R. salmoninarum and suggests future studies are needed to refine this technique for use in aquaculture facilities and wild populations of inland salmonids.

scholarly journals The glycosyltransferase ST3GAL2 is regulated by miR-615-3p in the intestinal tract of Campylobacter jejuni infected mice

Gut Pathogens ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
De Xi ◽  
Lukas Hofmann ◽  
Thomas Alter ◽  
Ralf Einspanier ◽  
Stefan Bereswill ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Regulatory Networks ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Luciferase Reporter ◽  
Colonic Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Vitro Model ◽  
Pathway Analyses

Abstract Background Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) infections are of increasing importance worldwide. As a typical mucosal pathogen, the interaction of C. jejuni with mucins is a prominent step in the colonisation of mucosal surfaces. Despite recent advances in understanding the interaction between bacterial pathogens and host mucins, the mechanisms of mucin glycosylation during intestinal C. jejuni infection remain largely unclear. This prompted us to identify relevant regulatory networks that are concerted by miRNAs and could play a role in the mucin modification and interaction. Results We firstly used a human intestinal in vitro model, in which we observed altered transcription of MUC2 and TFF3 upon C. jejuni NCTC 11168 infection. Using a combined approach consisting of in silico analysis together with in vitro expression analysis, we identified the conserved miRNAs miR-125a-5p and miR-615-3p associated with MUC2 and TFF3. Further pathway analyses showed that both miRNAs appear to regulate glycosyltransferases, which are related to the KEGG pathway ‘Mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis’. To validate the proposed interactions, we applied an in vivo approach utilising a well-established secondary abiotic IL-10−/− mouse model for infection with C. jejuni 81-176. In colonic tissue samples, we confirmed infection-dependent aberrant transcription of MUC2 and TFF3. Moreover, two predicted glycosyltransferases, the sialyltransferases ST3GAL1 and ST3GAL2, exhibited inversely correlated transcriptional levels compared to the expression of the identified miRNAs miR-125a-5p and miR-615-3p, respectively. In this study, we mainly focused on the interaction between miR-615-3p and ST3GAL2 and were able to demonstrate their molecular interaction using luciferase reporter assays and RNAi. Detection of ST3GAL2 in murine colonic tissue by immunofluorescence demonstrated reduced intensity after C. jejuni 81-176 infection and was thus consistent with the observations made above. Conclusions We report here for the first time the regulation of glycosyltransferases by miRNAs during murine infection with C. jejuni 81-176. Our data suggest that mucin type O-glycan biosynthesis is concerted by the interplay of miRNAs and glycosyltransferases, which could determine the shape of intestinal glycosylated proteins during infection.

scholarly journals Human Activity in Antarctica: Effects on Metallic Trace Elements (MTEs) in Plants and Soils

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 2593
Author(s):  
Jaime Tapia ◽  
Marco Molina-Montenegro ◽  
Camila Sandoval ◽  
Natalia Rivas ◽  
Jessica Espinoza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Activity ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Vascular Plant ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy ◽  
Flame Atomic Absorption ◽  
Sampling Locations ◽  
Metallic Trace Elements ◽  
Metallic Trace Element ◽  
The Antarctic

Colobanthus quitensis (Kunt) is one of the two vascular plant species present in Antarctica and develops under severe environmental conditions, being found in both pristine and human-threatened environments. We determined the Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn levels in C. quitensis roots, leaves, and soils of origin using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. In January 2017, we collected samples from four geographical zones on the longitudinal gradient along which C. quitensis is distributed, starting from Punta Arenas (PAR) at the extreme south of mainland Chile and moving southwards to the Antarctic territory from King George Island (KGI) to Hannah Point Peninsula (PHA) and finally Lagotellerie Island (LAT). We used certified reference material to validate the plant tissues and soil samples we collected. The highest concentrations of metals that we measured in the soils and in the C. quitensis roots and leaves were in samples we collected at the KGI station, the zone with the greatest human activity. The lowest concentrations we measured were at the LAT station, an island with little human intervention and scarce fauna. The mean concentrations of metals in the roots and leaves of C. quitensis followed a similar order at all sampling locations: Mn > Zn > Cu > Ni > Pb > Cr > Cd. In contrast, in soil, they followed the following order: Mn > Zn > Cu > Cr > Pb > Ni > Cd. The concentration levels obtained for the different metals in the soil and plants tissue samples in this region of Antarctica indicated that the area was non-polluted. However, the metallic trace element (MTE) concentrations may be at an early stage of contamination, as described in other areas of the Antarctic, being a new threat to this continent.

Non-Probabilistic Sampling in Quantitative Clinical Research

2022 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 0-0
Keyword(s):  
Best Practices ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Early Career ◽  
Probability Sampling ◽  
Probabilistic Sampling ◽  
Quantitative Studies ◽  
Health Studies ◽  
Probabilistic Sample

Quantitative researchers need a probabilistic sample to generalise their findings, but research constraints often compel them to use non-probabilistic samples. The use of non-probability sampling methods in quantitative studies has therefore become a norm. Interestingly, even studies published in top-quality journals compromise best practices that the use of non-probabilistic samples requires. Based on a thorough review of relevant studies, we developed a typology of non-probability sampling methods used in quantitative health studies. An attempt was made to discuss the limit of inference under each type of non-probability sampling method. Non-probability sampling in quantitative research was also delineated as a way to maximise response rate. This study is expected to guide students and early career epidemiologists to understand how to apply non-probabilistic sampling methods in quantitative approaches and plausibly document or report their chosen methods.

Digital instruments for reporting of gastrointestinal symptoms in clinical trials: comparison of end-of-day diaries versus experience sampling method (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abraham B. Beckers ◽  
Johanna T.W. Snijkers ◽  
Zsa Zsa R.M. Weerts ◽  
Lisa Vork ◽  
Tim Klaassen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Irritable Bowel Syndrome ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Smartphone Application ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Irritable Bowel

BACKGROUND Questionnaires are necessary tools for assessing symptoms of disorders of the brain-gut interaction in clinical trials. We previously reported on the excellent compliance to a smartphone app used as symptom diary in a randomized clinical trial in irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Other sampling methods, such as the experience sampling method (ESM), are better equipped to measure symptom variability over time, provide useful information regarding possible symptom triggers and are free of ecological and recall bias. The high frequency of measurements, however, could limit the feasibility of ESM in clinical trials. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to compare compliance rates of a smartphone-based end-of-day diary and ESM for symptom assessment in irritable bowel syndrome and functional dyspepsia (FD). METHODS Data from four studies were included. Patients with IBS participated in a randomized controlled trial, which involved a smartphone end-of-day diary of 2+8 weeks (pre-treatment + treatment period), and an observational study, during which patients completed ESM assessments using a smartphone application for one week. Patients with FD participated in a randomized controlled trial, which involved a smartphone end-of-day diary of 2+12 weeks (pre-treatment + treatment period), and an observational study, during which patients completed ESM assessments using a smartphone application for one week. Compliance rates were compared between these two symptom sampling methods. RESULTS Twenty-five patients with IBS and fifteen patients with FD were included. Overall compliance rates for the end-of-day diaries were significantly higher than for ESM (IBS: 92.7% versus 69.8%, FD: 90.1% versus 61.4%, respectively). CONCLUSIONS We here demonstrate excellent compliance rates for smartphone application-based end-of-day diaries as used in two separate clinical trials. Overall compliance rates for ESM were significantly lower, rendering it more suitable for intermittent sampling periods rather than continuously during longer clinical trials.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Contamination Reduction on Gypsum Casts from Alginate Impressions Disinfected with Four Different Materials

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 127 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Pakdin ◽  
Samira Soufiabadi ◽  
Mahnaz Shahrakipour
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Infection Control ◽  
Sodium Hypochlorite ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Blood Agar ◽  
Disinfection Methods ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Convenience Sampling ◽  
Immersing Method

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Infection control is one of the most important aspects in dentistry. According to the special features of dentistry, this profession can have a very important role in transmission of infection. This study was conducted by comparing the effects of four common disinfectants on the microbial contamination of alginate impressions and corresponding gypsum casts.</p><p><strong>METHODS &amp; MATERIAL:</strong> In this experimental study, eleven patients aged 20-30 years old were selected by convenience sampling method. Six alginate impressions for each patient were formed by 24-hour intervals. These sixty six alginate impressions were divided in six groups (control-no wash, wash with water, Micro10,    2% Glutaraldehyde, 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite and Deconex). Disinfection methods were done by spraying (except for glutaraldehyde group that was done by immersing method) and then the alginate impressions were placed in plastic bags for 10 minutes to prevent the evaporation of disinfectants. Sixty six gypsum casts were made from alginate impressions. Microbial swabs were collected from mid palatal region of alginate impressions and gypsum casts for all groups by dried sterile cotton. The swabs were cultured for bacteria by inoculation on Blood Agar at 37°C for 3 days. The positive cultures were counted and the data was analyzed by software SPSS21.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The counting colonies of gypsum casts and alginate impressions which were disinfected by Micro10, 2% Glutaraldehyde, 5.25% Sodium hypochlorite and Deconex were not statistically significant and meaningful.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> All disinfectants used in this study, had the same and acceptable effect.</p>

Membrane Transport Properties of Equine and Macaque Ovarian Tissues Frozen in Mixtures of Dimethylsulfoxide and Ethylene Glycol

2007 ◽  
Vol 129 (5) ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Kardak ◽  
S. P. Leibo ◽  
R. Devireddy
Keyword(s):  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Water Transport ◽  
Ovarian Tissue ◽  
Membrane Properties ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Cryoprotective Agents ◽  
Tissue Sections ◽  
Ovarian Cells ◽  
Subzero Temperatures ◽  
Best Fit

The rate at which equine and macaque ovarian tissue sections are first cooled from +25°Cto+4°C has a significant effect on the measured water transport when the tissues are subsequently frozen in 0.85M solutions of glycerol, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), or ethylene glycol (EG). To determine whether the response of ovarian tissues is altered if they are suspended in mixtures of cryoprotective agents (CPAs), rather than in solutions of a single CPA, we have now measured the subzero water transport from ovarian tissues that were suspended in mixtures of DMSO and EG. Sections of freshly collected equine and macaque ovaries were suspended either in a mixture of 0.9M EG plus 0.7M DMSO (equivalent to a mixture of ∼5%v∕v of EG and DMSO) or in a 1.6M solution of only DMSO or only EG. The tissue sections were cooled from +25°Cto+4°C and then frozen to subzero temperatures at 5°C∕min. As the tissues were being frozen, a shape-independent differential scanning calorimeter technique was used to measure water loss from the tissues and, consequently, the best fit membrane permeability parameters (Lpg and ELp) of ovarian tissues during freezing. In the mixture of DMSO+EG, the respective values of Lpg and ELp for equine tissue first cooled at 40°C∕min between +25°C and +4°C before being frozen were 0.15μm∕minatm and 7.6kcal∕mole. The corresponding Lpg and ELp values for equine tissue suspended in 1.6M DMSO were 0.12μm∕minatm and 27.2kcal∕mole; in 1.6M EG, the values were 0.06μm∕minatm and 21.9kcal∕mole, respectively. For macaque ovarian tissues suspended in the mixture of DMSO+EG, the respective values of Lpg and ELp were 0.26μm∕minatm and 26.2kcal∕mole. Similarly, the corresponding LLg and ELp values for macaque tissue suspended in 1.6M DMSO were 0.22μm∕minatm and 31.4kcal∕mole; in 1.6M EG, the values were 0.20μm∕minatm and 27.9kcal∕mole. The parameters for both equine and macaque tissue samples suspended in the DMSO+EG mixture and first cooled at 0.5°C∕min between +25°C and +4°C were very similar to the corresponding values for samples cooled at 40°C∕min. In contrast, the membrane parameters of equine and macaque samples first cooled at 0.5°C∕min in single-component solutions were significantly different from the corresponding values for samples cooled at 40°C∕min. These results show that the membrane properties of ovarian cells from two species are different, and that the membrane properties are significantly affected both by the solution in which the tissue is suspended and by the rate at which the tissue is cooled from +25°Cto+4°C before being frozen. These observations suggest that these variables ought to be considered in the derivation of methods to cryopreserve ovarian tissues.

Participative Management of Employees in Decision-Making: An Empirical Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-5
Author(s):  
B. Ravi Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Empirical Study ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Methods ◽  
Steel Plant ◽  
Participative Management ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Labour Policy

Participative management of employees in decision-making is considered as a mechanism where workers have a say in the decision making process of an organization. In India WPM is an element of government labour policy. The concept behind this is to improve better relations among employees and workers. The present paper tries to explore about the workers participation in management in Visakhapatnam Steel Plant (VSP) by considering 604 respondent employees of steel plant in order to know their opinions regarding the above mentioned topics by using convenient sampling method, because VSP is big organization consisting of more than 20,000 employees (Both Permanent and Contract). All the employees are busy at their work and it will be difficult to collect the first hand information from the employees by using any other sampling methods except convenient sampling method.

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