Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Insecticides and Industrial Pollutants in the Milk Supplies of Ontario – 1983

1985 ◽  
Vol 48 (6) ◽  
pp. 499-504 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. FRANK ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
G. H. SIRONS ◽  
J. RASPER ◽  
G. G. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Case History ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Industrial Pollutants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Low Levels

During the spring of 1983, fluid milk samples were collected from 359 bulk transporters representing 16 counties, municipalities and districts of Ontario, and were analyzed for organochlorine and organophosphorus insecticides plus selected halogenated industrial pollutants. Dieldrin, p,p′-DDE, heptachlor epoxide, and α-BHC were found in over 90% of samples, but none exceeded the accepted maximum residue limits. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), lindane and pentachlorophenol (PCP) were found in 83, 68 and 57% of samples, respectively, with four samples exceeding the permissable PCB limit and one sample exceeding the permissable PCP limit. Residues of chlordane, endosulfan, p,p′-TDE, and p,p′-DDT were identified in only 1.9 to 4.7% of samples, and were present at levels only slightly above the detection limits. Hexachlorobenzene (HCB) was found at low levels in 40% of samples. Mean residues of organochlorines found were as follows (μg/kg butterfat): ∑DDT - 12; α-BHC - 5.3; lindane - 4.0; heptachlor epoxide - 3.9; dieldrin - 6.2; HCB - 0.67; PCB - 24; and PCP - 29. No residues of six organophosphorus insecticides, endrin, methoxychlor or mirex were detected in any samples. This survey was the sixth in a series beginning in 1967. Half-residue disappearance rates were calculated at 3.5, 5.4, 5.6 and 3.0 years for ∑DDT, dieldrin, PCB and HCB, respectively. A case history is included involving the misapplication of fenthion to a dairy herd which revealed a half-residue elimination from milk in approximately 3 d.

Organochlorine Insecticides and Industrial Pollutants in the Milk Supply of the Southern Region of Ontario, Canada

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 65-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. FRANK ◽  
E. H. SMITH ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
M. HOLDRINET ◽  
J. W. McWADE
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Southern Region ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Industrial Pollutants ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticides ◽  
Cyclodiene Insecticides ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Low Levels

A province-wide survey conducted between 1967 and 1969 revealed that milk produced in the Southern region had the highest residues of organochlorine insecticides in Ontario. It was in this region where 90% of the organochlorine insecticides purchased in the province were applied. In 1969–70 restrictions were placed on DDT and the cyclodiene insecticides. Disappearance of these organochlorine insecticides from milk were studied in surveys conducted in 1970–71 and 1973. The mean ∑DDT levels declined from 0.20 ppm in 1967 to 0.05 ppm in 1973, whereas the mean dieldrin residues declined from 0.044 ppm to 0.015 ppm in the same period. These data include counties where there had been only small reductions in the use of DDT and where milk residues remained unchanged until further restrictions were effected in 1971. Residues of lindane and heptachlor epoxide were virtually absent from milk fat. Chlordane, endosulfan, methoxychlor and endrin were absent from all samples in spite of increasing quantities being used of the first two insecticides. Residues of polychlorinated biphenyls appeared slightly higher in the 1973 survey than in the 1970–71 survey. Hexachlorobenzene was present at very low levels in the 1973 survey.

Organochlorine Insecticides and Industrial Pollutants in the Milk Supply of Southern Ontario, Canada — 1977

1979 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. FRANK ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
M. HOLDRINET ◽  
G. J. SIRONS ◽  
E. H. SMITH ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Individual Case ◽  
Heptachlor Epoxide ◽  
Chlorinated Phenols ◽  
Milk Supply ◽  
Industrial Pollutants ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticides ◽  
Similar Survey

During the summer of 1977 milk samples were collected from 308 bulk transporters picking up milk in the southern region of Ontario. These milk samples were subjected to a comprehensive analysis for organochlorine insecticides and selected halogenated industrial pollutants. Ninety-five percent of samples contained residues of p,p′-DDE, dieldrin, heptachlor epoxide and PCB, 68% contained residues of HCB, and 16% contained residues of p,p′-DDE and p,p′-TDE; chlordane and endosulfan were detected in only a few samples. Residues of aldrin, endrin, lindane, methoxychlor, mirex, PBB and chlorinated phenols were not detected. Mean residues of insecticides in milk fat were ∑DDT, 0.015 ppm; dieldrin, 0.011 ppm; heptachlor epoxide. 0.002 ppm; endosulfan, 0.001 ppm; and chlordane, <0.001 ppm. Mean residues of industrial pollutants in milk fat were 0.033 ppm PCB and 0.002 ppm HCB. Compared with a similar survey conducted in 1973 for an approximately identical geographical area, levels of ∑DDT, PCB, and HCB showed a significant decrease. dieldrin showed only a slight decrease and heptochlor epoxide and chlordane increased. Reports are presented on individual case histories involving the misapplication of endrin, lindane, and fenthion to dairy cattle. The rate of elimination of these compounds from milk is presented.

scholarly journals Construction of a Bioluminescent Reporter Strain To Detect Polychlorinated Biphenyls

1998 ◽  
Vol 64 (12) ◽  
pp. 5023-5026 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. C. Layton ◽  
M. Muccini ◽  
M. M. Ghosh ◽  
G. S. Sayler
Keyword(s):  
Polychlorinated Biphenyls ◽  
Nonionic Surfactant ◽  
Ralstonia Eutropha ◽  
Detection Limits ◽  
Reporter Strain ◽  
Aroclor 1242 ◽  
Minimum Detection Limits

ABSTRACT A bioluminescent reporter strain, Ralstonia eutrophaENV307(pUTK60), was constructed for the detection of polychlorinated biphenyls by inserting the biphenyl promoter upstream of the bioluminescence genes. In the presence of a nonionic surfactant, which enhances the solubility of chlorinated biphenyls, bioluminescence was induced three- to fourfold over background by biphenyl, monochlorinated biphenyls, and Aroclor 1242. The minimum detection limits for these compounds ranged from 0.15 mg/liter for 4-chlorobiphenyl to 1.5 mg/liter for Aroclor 1242.

Preservation and Storage Mechanisms for Raw Milk Samples for Use in Milk-Recording Schemes

1996 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
HUMBERTO G. MONARDES ◽  
ROBERT K. MOORE ◽  
BRIAN CORRIGAN ◽  
YVON RIOUX
Keyword(s):  
Cell Count ◽  
Somatic Cell Count ◽  
Potassium Dichromate ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Storage Conditions ◽  
Sample Storage ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Whole Process ◽  
And Storage

This study, carried out by the Quebec Dairy Herd Analysis Service, compares (during summer conditions in Quebec) the performance of three types of preservatives for raw milk under four different systems of sample storage: no refrigeration, refrigeration at the laboratory only, refrigeration during transport and at the lab, and complete refrigeration from sampling at the farm to analysis. The objective was to determine the best preservative and storage conditions for protecting milk components during transportation and storage of raw milk samples collected at the farm and sent to a central testing lab for analysis. Milk samples were analyzed at day 3 and at day 7 after sampling to observe the effect of aging. A total of 12,480 samples were collected during the trial. The components studied were percentage of fat and protein and somatic cell count (SCC). In general, samples preserved with bronopol (2-bromo-2-nitropropane-1,3-diol and 2-bromo-2-nitropropanol) in liquid or in microtab tended to give higher readings for fat and protein contents than samples preserved with potassium dichromate. Significantly lower fat values were observed in 7-day-old samples compared to 3-day-old samples. Fat depression was more accentuated in nonrefrigerated samples. Under current methods of handling raw milk samples, refrigeration during the whole process of sampling, transportation, and until analysis, seems an ideal to attain to avoid significant reductions of fat values.

Organochlorine and Organophosphorus Residues in Fat of Bovine and Porcine Carcasses Marketed in Ontario, Canada from 1969 to 1981

1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (10) ◽  
pp. 893-900 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. FRANK ◽  
H. E. BRAUN ◽  
G. FLEMING
Keyword(s):  
Insect Pests ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Industrial Chemicals ◽  
Organophosphorus Insecticides ◽  
Organochlorine Insecticides ◽  
Maximum Residue Levels ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Residue Levels ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Control Insect

Between 1969 and 1981, 2482 bovine and 554 porcine carcasses were sampled at provincially inspected abattoirs across Ontario. Abdominal fats were composited into 505 bovine and 122 porcine samples for analyses of organochlorine insecticides and industrial chemicals. Mean ∑DDT residues decreased from 257 μg/kg in 1969–70 to 12 μg/kg in 1981 for bovine fats and from 356 μg/kg in 1971–72 to 5 μg/kg in 1981 for porcine fats. Similar decreases in residue levels were observed for PCB. Dieldrin, with lower initial residues (i.e. 33 μg/kg in bovine fat and 12 μg/kg in porcine), decreased an order of magnitude over this same period. All decreases fitted first order logarithmic regression equations. Chloradane and heptachlor epoxide were rarely observed in bovine or porcine fat; however, the incidence in bovine fat increased after 1973 following the removal of aldrin, dieldrin and heptachlor in 1969 for soil insect control and the subsequent increased use of chlordane. Chlordane appeared at low levels (1–2 μg/kg) in bovine fat during the mid 1970s and remained detectable through 1981. Lindane residues in both bovine and porcine fat fluctuated from year to year and appeared to vary with the need to control insect pests. While present (2 to 39 μg/kg) in the early 1970s, lindane residues disappeared by mid 1970 but reappeared in fatty tissues in 1981 (3–13 μg/kg). A limited number of samples were analyzed for organophosphorus insecticides between 1973 and 1980 and residues were occasionally found. In 1981, the analyses became routine and 3.6% of bovine samples were found to contain detectable residues of fenthion; only 2 of 197 bovine samples exceeded the maximum residue levels permitted under the Food and Drug Act.

Enzootic Bovine Leukemia: C-type Virus in a Cow with Acute Leukemia and in Cattle with Persistent Lymphocytosis from a Dairy Herd.

1975 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luigi Rampichini ◽  
Fernando L. De Castro Portugal ◽  
Maurizio Severini ◽  
Domenico Rutili
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Blood ◽  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Buffy Coat ◽  
Acute Lymphatic Leukemia ◽  
Persistent Lymphocytosis ◽  
Ultrastructural Studies ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Lymphatic Leukemia ◽  
Hematologic Examination ◽  
Microscopy Examination

A case of acute lymphatic leukemia in a 7-month-pregnant Italian Friesian cow, aged about 6 years and belonging to a small dairy herd of 11 cows is described. Hematologic, histopatologic and ultrastructural examinations were performed, the ultrastructural studies were confined to the lymphnodes, thymus and buffy-coat cultures from peripheral blood. The remaining animals were subjected to hematologic examination and electron microscopy examination of buffy-coat cultures from peripheral blood. C-type particles were found in phytohemagglutinin (PHA)-treated and untreated buffy-coat cultures from the leukemic cow and from the animals with persistent lymphocytosis. C-type particles were also found in milk samples from 3 cows with persistent lymphocytosis.

scholarly journals Occurrence and Seasonal Variations of Aflatoxin M1 in Milk from Punjab, Pakistan

Toxins ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naveed Akbar ◽  
Muhammad Nasir ◽  
Naureen Naeem ◽  
Mansur-ud-Din Ahmad ◽  
Sanaullah Iqbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
The United States ◽  
Northern Region ◽  
Aflatoxin M1 ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
The Us ◽  
Maximum Residue Limits ◽  
Elisa Technique

The manifestation of aflatoxins in feed and food is a major issue in the world as its presence leads to some health problems. This study investigates the incidence of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) contamination in raw milk samples which were collected from Punjab, Pakistan. The Cluster Random Sampling technique was used to collect 960 milk samples from five different regions, and samples were collected every month. The AFM1 level in raw milk was analyzed by the ELISA technique. The findings demonstrate that 70% of samples exceeded the United States permissible maximum residue limits (MRL 0.50 µg/L), with an overall AFM1 level that ranged from 0.3 to 1.0 µg/L. AFM1 contamination varied with the season: The highest average contamination was detected in winter (0.875 µg/L), followed by autumn (0.751 µg/L), spring (0.654 µg/L), and summer (0.455 µg/L). The Eastern region exhibited the highest average AFM1 contamination (0.705 µg/L). Milk samples from the Northern region were found to be widely contaminated, as 86.9% samples exceeded the US MRL, followed by the Eastern region, with 72.3% samples being contaminated with >0.5 µg/L AFM1. The study indicated that the raw milk supply chain was heavily contaminated. Recommendations and remedial measures need to be developed by regulatory authorities to improve the raw milk quality.

Ecological observations on the cattle tick, Boophilus microplus (Canestrini)

1957 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 394 ◽  
Author(s):  
GJ Snowball
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Herd ◽  
Early Spring ◽  
Boophilus Microplus ◽  
Cattle Tick ◽  
Late Winter ◽  
Tick Population ◽  
Parasitic Stage ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Larval Population ◽  
Low Levels

Studies were undertaken during 1948-1950 on Boophilus microplus under field conditions in southern Queensland to determine the duration of the non-parasitic stages, and to relate this information to tick incidence on cattle. In the area where the observations were made, the population of ticks on cattle is high in summer and autumn and low in minter and spring. Each week throughout the investigation engorged female ticks, freshly fallen from cattle, were placed in a pasture plot and their subsequent history recorded. Concurrently, observations were made on the changes in tick population on a dairy herd on an adjacent farm. Female ticks exposed on the plot between April and July produced virtually no progeny, and it is probable that the ticks in the pasture traversed by the dairy cattle exhibited a similar, though less severe, inhibition of reproduction. This failure to reproduce, combined with the dying out of larvae and protracted developmental periods of eggs, reduced to very low levels the larval population available to infest cattle during the months of August–October. Ticks exposed from late July to the following autumn produced progeny. There was a tendency for the progeny of ticks exposed in the late winter and early spring to hatch a t about the same time in the late spring, and this synchronous hatching was probably responsible for the 'spring rise' in tick population on cattle. It appears likely that the engorged female adults dropped in the early autumn represent the most important stage in the overwintering of the species in this area. Some of their larvae survive the adverse winter conditions, either in the free-living or the parasitic stage, and give rise to adults, which fall in the late winter and spring, and which in turn produce the larvae of the spring rise.

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