Microbial Evaluation of Alaska Salmon Caviar

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (5) ◽  
pp. 626-628 ◽  
Author(s):  
BRIAN H. HIMELBLOOM ◽  
CHARLES A. CRAPO

Microbial quality of pink salmon caviar (ikura) processed at one plant in Alaska during a 30-day season was examined. Ikura (aw = 0.98; pH 6.1) averaged 49% water, 32% protein, 11% fat, 7% ash, and 3% salt. Aerobic plate counts (APCs) ranged from <102/g to 4.5 × 107/g with increasing APC toward season's end. Coliform counts ranged from <3/g to 2.4 × 103/g. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, yeasts, and molds were not detected. High-APC (107/g) thawed caviar exhibited predominantly lactic acid bacteria; low-APC (103/g) thawed caviar exhibited predominantly gram-negative bacteria. Freezing had little effect on the microbial counts, and shelf life of thawed caviar was 3 to 5 days at 2°C.

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (10) ◽  
pp. 746-749 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. K. RAYMAN ◽  
K. F. WEISS ◽  
G. W. RIEDEL ◽  
S. CHARBONNEAU ◽  
G. A. JARVIS

Four hundred and ninety-nine samples of Canadian manufactured pasta and 130 samples of imported pasta were analyzed by standard procedures for aerobic colony counts, Staphylococcus aureus, coliforms and Escherichia coli, Salmonella and yeasts and molds. The microbial quality of these products varied considerably. One imported and two domestic products were contaminated with Salmonella. Based on the analytical results, a three-class plan for microbial guidelines for pasta is proposed in which four parameters determine the acceptability of a product.


Author(s):  
Rubal C Das ◽  
Rajib Banik ◽  
Robiul Hasan Bhuiyan ◽  
Md Golam Kabir

Macrophomina phaseolina is one of the pathogenic organisms of gummosis disease of orange tree (Citrus reticulata). The pathogen was identified from the observation of their colony size, shape, colour, mycelium, conidiophore, conidia, hyaline, spore, and appressoria in the PDA culture. The crude chloroform extracts from the organism showed antibacterial activity against a number of Gram positive and Gram-negative bacteria. The crude chloroform extract also showed promising antifungal activity against three species of the genus Aspergillus. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Shigella sonnie were 128 ?gm, 256 ?gm, 128 ?gm and 64 ?gm/ml respectively. The LD50 (lethal dose) values of the cytotoxicity assay over brine shrimp of the crude chloroform extract from M. phaseolina was found to be 51.79 ?gm/ml. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/cujbs.v5i1.13378 The Chittagong Univ. J. B. Sci.,Vol. 5(1 &2):125-133, 2010


1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (11) ◽  
pp. 978-981 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. WENTZ ◽  
A. P. DURAN ◽  
A. SWARTZENTRUBER ◽  
A. H. SCHWAB ◽  
R. B. READ

The microbiological quality of fresh blue crabmeat, soft- and hardshell clams and shucked Eastern oysters was determined at the retail (crabmeat, oysters) and wholesale (clams) levels. Geometric means of aerobic plate counts incubated at 35°C were: blue crabmeat 140,000 colony-forming units (CFU)/g, hardshell clams, 950 CFU/g, softshell clams 680 CFU/g and shucked Eastern oysters 390,000 CFU/g. Coliform geometric means ranged from 3,6/100 g for hardshell clams to 21/g for blue crabmeat. Means for fecal coliforms or Escherichia coli ranged from <3/100 g for clams to 27/100 g for oysters, The mean Staphylococcus aureus count in blue crabmeat was 10/g.


1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (5) ◽  
pp. 431-435 ◽  
Author(s):  
MOHAMMED I. YAMANI ◽  
BASIM A. AL-DABABSEH

Sixty samples of fresh hoummos (chickpea dip) from 15 restaurants were examined in winter and summer to find out numbers and types of microorganisms present. Five reference samples, produced by the investigators under hygienic conditions, were examined for comparison. The microbial load of commercial hoummos was high, and spherical lactic acid bacteria (LAB) belonging to Lactococcus, Enterococcus and Leuconostoc were the predominant microorganisms. The means of the aerobic plate count (APC) and the counts of LAB and coliforms (1.9 × 108, 1.6 × 108 and 2.9 × 105/g, respectively) in summer samples were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than the averages of the same counts in winter samples (2.7 × 107, 1.6 × 107 and 2.2 × 103/g). The average summer and winter yeast counts were 4.2 × 104 and 1.5 × 104g, respectively. In reference samples of hoummos, APC and LAB counts were < 103/g, while the coliform and yeast counts were < 10/g and 102/g, respectively, indicating lack of hygienic practices during the production of commercial hoummos. Salmonella was not detected in any sample, and Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus counts of all samples were < 10/g. The relatively low pH of hoummos (the average pH of all samples was 5.1) and the rapid growth of LAB, possibly accompanied by production of inhibitory substances, may explain the predominance of these bacteria, and could have contributed to the absence of the pathogens examined.


Microbiology ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 151 (7) ◽  
pp. 2331-2342 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marian Takáč ◽  
Angela Witte ◽  
Udo Bläsi

Double-stranded DNA phages of both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria typically use a holin–endolysin system to achieve lysis of their host. In this study, the lysis genes of Staphylococcus aureus phage P68 were characterized. P68 gene lys16 was shown to encode a cell-wall-degrading enzyme, which causes cell lysis when externally added to clinical isolates of S. aureus. Another gene, hol15, was identified embedded in the −1 reading frame at the 3′ end of lys16. The deduced Hol15 protein has three putative transmembrane domains, and thus resembles class I holins. An additional candidate holin gene, hol12, was found downstream of the endolysin gene lys16 based on two predicted transmembrane domains of the encoded protein, which is a typical trait of class II holins. The synthesis of either Hol12 or Hol15 resulted in growth retardation of Escherichia coli, and both hol15 and hol12 were able to complement a phage λ Sam mutation. The hol15 gene has a dual start motif beginning with the codons Met1-Lys2-Met3…. Evidence is presented that the hol15 gene encodes a lysis inhibitor (anti-holin) and a lysis effector (actual holin). As depolarization of the membrane converted the anti-holin to a functional holin, these studies suggested that hol15 functions as a typical dual start motif class I holin. The unusual arrangement of the P68 lysis genes is discussed.


1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 34-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. C. D. TODD ◽  
G. A. JARVIS ◽  
K. F. WEISS ◽  
G. W. RIEDEL ◽  
S. CHARBONNEAU

Ten types of frozen cream-type pies, manufactured in Canada and imported from the United States, were analyzed for aerobic colony counts, yeasts and molds, coliforms, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella. The variations in counts depended more on the manufacturer than on the type of pie and the ingredients used. Five of the 465 examined pies had an excess of 105 aerobic colony counts/g, whereas the median value for all the pies examined was between 102 and 103 CFU/g. E. coli and S. aureus were present in few pies, mainly made by one manufacturer, but there was no correlation between high aerobic colony counts and these organisms. Salmonella was not found in any of the pies. Percentage distributions of the estimated ‘population’ of pies available nationally at the time of the survey were statistically determined. These were then compared with suggested national guidelines in the form of a three-class acceptance plan based on United States surveys and desirable manufacturing practices. These indicate that pies should contain aerobic colony counts of <50,000/g, yeast and mold counts of <500/g, S. aureus counts of <100/g, coliform counts of <50/g, E. coli counts of <10/g, and no Salmonella. Three of the six manufacturers would have had an estimated 5.4 to 32.6% of lots in excess of the guidelines at the time of the survey.


1991 ◽  
Vol 54 (7) ◽  
pp. 557-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
JOHN Y. LU ◽  
RALPHENIA D. PACE ◽  
WISDOM D. PLAHAR

A microbial profile of smoked dry herring stored under various storage conditions for up to 6 months at ambient temperature was determined. The fish were stored in polyethylene bags, polyethylene bags with desiccant, the traditional oven storage, modified storage structure, and freezer (control) storage. The fish stored in polyethylene bags with or without desiccant spoiled rapidly. Microbial counts were also very high. The microbial counts of fish stored in the traditional oven and the modified structure were small, even less than that stored in freezer. The storage losses were only 4% for the modified structure while the traditional oven storage was 29%. The major pathogenic bacterium found in smoked dry herring was Staphylococcus aureus.


1983 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 710-713
Author(s):  
DOUGLAS F. CAMPBELL ◽  
MARTHA Y. WORKMAN ◽  
GEORGE W. KRUMM ◽  
RALPH W. JOHNSTON

During visits to 20 federally inspected establishments producing meat ravioli, 577 production line samples and 480 finished product units were collected for bacteriological analyses. Four types of finished, packaged ravioli were encountered: (a) whole ravioli boiled at least 5 min; (b) raw pasta stuffed with a cooked filling; (c) only the meat component cooked; and (d) uncooked ravioli. The microbiological quality of frozen ravioli was affected more by the filling than the pasta. Slow freezing resulted in increased bacterial levels in the finished product. For the boiled ravioli, 100% of the finished product sets contained less than 50 coliforms per g, four of five sets had less than one Escherichia coli per g, and 100% had fewer than one Staphylococcus aureus per g. Four of five sets of packaged boiled ravioli had aerobic plate counts (APC) of less than 10,000 per g. For the raw pasta with a cooked filling-type ravioli, the geometric means of 9 sets were: coliforms, 47 per g; E. coli, 6.7 per g; S. aureus, 10 per g; and APC, 170,000 per g. For the ravioli with only the meat component cooked, the geometric means of 27 sets were: coliforms, 190 per g; E. coli, 1.8 per g; S. aureus, 3.9 per g; and APC, 300,000 per g. For uncooked ravioli, the geometric means of 7 sets were: coliforms, 490 per g; E. coli, 19 per g; S. aureus, 5.7 per g; and APC, 690,000 per g. Only one finished ravioli unit in 480 contained Salmonella.


1988 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-602 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lydia Bautista ◽  
Rohan G. Kroll

SummaryEffects of the addition of a proteinase (Neutrase 1–5S) and a peptidase (aminopeptidase DP-102) as agents for accelerating the ripening of Cheddar cheese on the survival of some non-starter bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coliand aSalmonellasp.) were studied throughout a 4-month ripening period. The enzymes were found to have no significant effect on the survival of the Gram-positive bacteria but some significant effects were observed, at some stages of the ripening period, with the Gram-negative bacteria in that lower levels were recovered from cheeses treated with the enzyme system.


2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Courtney K Lawrence ◽  
Chris Sathianathan ◽  
Mauro Verrelli ◽  
Philippe Lagacé-Wiens ◽  
Robert Ariano ◽  
...  

Background: Given the morbidity and mortality associated with bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients, understanding the microbiology is essential to optimizing treatment in this high-risk population.Objectives: To conduct a retrospective surveillance study of clinical blood isolates from adult hemodialysis patients, and to predict the microbiological coverage of empiric therapies for bloodstream infections in this population.Methods: Clinical blood isolate data were collected from the 4 main outpatient hemodialysis units in Winnipeg, Manitoba, from 2007 to 2014. The distribution of organisms and antimicrobial susceptibilities were characterized. When appropriate, changes over time were tested using time series analysis. Study data were used to predict and compare the microbiological coverage of various empiric therapies for bloodstream infections in hemodialysis patients.Results: The estimated annual number of patients receiving chronic hemodialysis increased steadily over the study period (p < 0.001), whereas the number of blood isolates increased initially, then decreased significantly, from 180 in 2011 to 93 in 2014 (p = 0.04). Gram-positive bacteria represented 72.6% (743/1024) of isolates, including Staphylococcus aureus (36.9%, 378/1024) and coagulase-negative staphylococci (23.1%, 237/1024). Only 26.1% (267/1024) of the isolates were gram-negative bacteria, the majority Enterobacteriaceae. The overall rate of methicillin resistance in S. aureus was 17.5%, and although annual rates were variable, there was a significant increase over time (p = 0.04). Antibiotic resistance in gram-negative bacteria was relatively low, except in Escherichia coli, where 13.5% and 16.2% of isolates were resistant to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin, respectively. Empiric therapy with vancomycin plus an agent for gram-negative coverage was predicted to cover 98.8% to 99.7% of blood isolates from hemodialysis patients, whereas cefazolin plus an agent for gram-negative coverage would cover only 67.5% to 68.4%.Conclusions: In an era of increasing antimicrobial resistance, data such as these and ongoing surveillance are essential components of antimicrobial stewardship in the hemodialysis population.Keywords: hemodialysis, microbiology, surveillance, resistance, antimicrobial stewardshipRÉSUMÉ Contexte : Étant donné la morbidité et la mortalité associées aux infections du sang parmi les patients en hémodialyse, la compréhension de la microbiologie est essentielle à l’optimisation du traitement de cette population exposée à un risque élevé.Objectifs : Mener une étude de surveillance rétrospective des isolats de sang cliniques des patients adultes en hémodialyse et prédire la couverture microbiologique des thérapies empiriques contre les infections du sang dans cette population.Méthodes : Les données relatives aux isolats de sang cliniques ont été recueillies dans les quatre unités ambulatoires principales d’hémodialyse à Winnipeg (Manitoba), entre 2007 et 2014. La caractérisation a porté sur la distribution des organismes et les susceptibilités aux antimicrobiens. L’évolution dans le temps a été testée au besoin à l’aide d’une analyse chronologique. Les données de l’étude ont permis de prédire et de comparer la couverture microbiologique de diverses thérapies empiriques contre les infections du sang pour les patients en hémodialyse.Résultats : On estime que le nombre annuel de patients recevant une hémodialyse chronique a augmenté régulièrement au cours de la période de l’étude (p < 0,001); le nombre d’isolats de sang a tout d’abord augmenté, puis il a grandement diminué : de 180 en 2011, il est passé à 93 en 2014 (p = 0,04). Les bactéries à Gram positif représentaient 72,6 % (743/1024) des isolats, y compris les Staphylococcus aureus (36,9 %, 378/1024) et les staphylocoques à coagulase négative (23,1 %, 237/1024). Seulement 26,1 % (267/1024) des isolats étaient des bactéries à Gram négatif, la majorité desquelles étant des Enterobacteriaceae. Le taux général de résistance à la méticilline de S. aureus était de 17,5 %, et bien que les taux annuels étaient variables, une augmentation importante a été observée avec le temps (p = 0,04). La résistance aux antibiotiques des bactéries à Gram négatif était relativement faible, sauf Escherichia coli, où respectivement 13,5 % et 16,2 % des isolats étaient résistants à la ceftriaxone et à la ciprofloxacine. On prévoyait que la thérapie empirique à la vancomycine associée à un agent pour la couverture à Gram positif couvrirait de 98,8 % à 99,7 % des isolats de sang des patients en hémodialyse, tandis que la céfazoline associée à un agent de la couverture à Gram négatif ne couvrirait que 67,5 % à 68,4 %.Conclusions : À une époque qui se caractérise par une augmentation de la résistance aux antimicrobiens, des données comme celles-ci et celles portant sur la surveillance continue sont des composantes essentielles de la bonne gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens pour les patients adultes en hémodialyse.Mots-clés : hémodialyse, microbiologie, surveillance, résistance, gestion de l’utilisation des antimicrobiens


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