Impact of Sampling Area and Location on Measurement of Indicator Organisms during Beef Carcass Interventions†

2013 ◽  
Vol 76 (12) ◽  
pp. 2069-2073 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONG WANG ◽  
DAVID A. KING ◽  
MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
Sampling Site ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
The Other ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Beef Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Multiple Indicator ◽  
Beef Carcass

The effect of the sponge sample collection site on the recovery of multiple indicator organisms from beef carcass surfaces was evaluated to simplify and validate our previous sampling method for ease of implementation as a general protocol. Sponge samples were collected at three beef processing plants using hot water or acidic antimicrobials as interventions. Two 4,000-cm2 samples were collected from preevisceration carcasses (n = 248), one from the inside and outside round area (top site) and one from the navel-plate-brisket-foreshank area (bottom site). One-half of the samples (n = 124) were collected before a wash cabinet intervention and the other half after the intervention. The numbers of total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were determined for one-half of each individual sponge sample. The other halves of the sponges were combined to represent a top plus bottom 8,000-cm2 sample. For the preintervention carcasses, 4,000-cm2 samples collected from the top or bottom sites of the carcasses were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each other or from the 8,000-cm2 combined sample in recovery of the indicator organisms. Significant reductions of indicator organisms were observed in all three types of sponge samples after intervention; however, samples collected from the bottom site recovered less organisms (P < 0.05) compared with samples of the other types. These results suggested that samples collected from either the top or the bottom site of the carcasses with this method are suitable for monitoring indicator organisms as long as the same sampling site is consistently used.

Validation of Additional Approaches and Applications for Using the Continuous and Manual Sampling Devices for Raw Beef Trim

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrance Arthur ◽  
Tommy L. Wheeler
Keyword(s):  
Pathogen Detection ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
Beef Processing ◽  
Manual Sampling ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Pathogen Prevalence ◽  
Matched Samples

In this work, the goal was to determine efficacy of MicroTally™-based sampling in scenarios commonly encountered in the commercial beef processing industry, but outside of the parameters evaluated during the initial proof-of-concept work. The data were derived from 1,650 matched samples collected from 540 individual combo bins at six commercial beef processing plants comparing MicroTally-based sampling (Continuous and Manual Sampling Devices [CSD and MSD]) to N60 Excision and/or N60 Plus methods. Mounting a 61 cm CSD cartridge to a 30 cm wide conveyor provided sampling that is equivalent to N60 excision and N60+ methods. Mounting a CSD to a chute instead of a conveyor was equivalent to the N60 Plus sampling method. The CSD was shown to be effective for sampling when used in conjunction with a “swinging arm trim diverter” and receiving product in batch mode as opposed to continuous flow. MSD sampling of oval combo bins with trim surface area (≈ 0.93 m 2 , ≈ 1,439 in 2 ) less than 1 m 2 (1,600 in 2 ) was shown to be equivalent to the N60 Plus sample collection method. PAA applied at the end of the trim conveyor did not negatively impact pathogen index target detection of the CSD even if the samples were shipped overnight before analysis. Pathogen index targets were demonstrated to be useful tools for validating methods designed to measure pathogen prevalence. The data presented herein support equivalency criteria of within 0.5 log CFU/sample for indicator organism counts. These data collectively support various alternative applications of MicroTally-based trim sampling and the application and interpretation of alternative methods for pathogen detection.

Effects of In-Plant Interventions on Reduction of Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli and Background Indicator Microorganisms on Veal Calf Hides†

2014 ◽  
Vol 77 (5) ◽  
pp. 745-751 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONG WANG ◽  
MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE ◽  
BRANDON E. LUEDTKE ◽  
TOMMY L. WHEELER ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Control Program ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Sodium Chlorite ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Veal Calf ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Water Rinse

Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC) serotypes in veal have recently been recognized as a problem. Because hides are considered to be the principal source of EHEC and hide interventions have been shown to be very efficacious in the control of EHEC in beef processing plants, various hide-directed intervention strategies have been implemented in several veal processing plants to mitigate contamination. We evaluated the effectiveness of three different hide interventions used at veal processing plants: A, a water rinse followed by a manual curry comb of the hide; B, application of 200 ppm of chlorine followed by a hot water rinse; and C, a 5-min treatment with chlorine foam followed by a rinse with 180 to 200 ppm of acidified sodium chlorite. The levels of total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and E. coli, as well as the prevalence of Salmonella, E. coli O157:H7, and non-O157 EHEC, were determined on hides pre- and postintervention. Interventions A, B, and C reduced indicator organisms (P < 0.05) by 0.8 to 3.5 log CFU, 2.1 to 2.7 log CFU, and 1.0 to 1.5 log CFU, respectively. No Salmonella was detected on hides prior to intervention. E. coli O157:H7 prevalence was observed at only one plant, so comparison was not possible. Other non-O157 EHECs (O26, O103, and O111) were observed for all interventions studied. Interventions A and B reduced culture-confirmed non-O157 EHEC by 29 and 21%, respectively, whereas intervention C did not reduce non-O157 EHEC. Our results show that the most effective veal hide intervention for reducing indicator organisms and EHECs was the application of 200 ppm of chlorine followed by hot water rinse. These data provide options that veal processors can consider in their EHEC control program.

scholarly journals Biomapping of Microbial Indicators on Beef Subprimals Subjected to Spray or Dry Chilling over Prolonged Refrigerated Storage

Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1403
Author(s):  
Diego E. Casas ◽  
Rosine Manishimwe ◽  
Savannah J. Forgey ◽  
Keelyn E. Hanlon ◽  
Markus F. Miller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Cold Chain ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Refrigerated Storage ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Sample Collection ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Packaged Beef ◽  
The Impact

As the global meat market moves to never frozen alternatives, meat processors seek opportunities for increasing the shelf life of fresh meats by combinations of proper cold chain management, barrier technologies, and antimicrobial interventions. The objective of this study was to determine the impact of spray and dry chilling combined with hot water carcass treatments on the levels of microbial indicator organisms during the long-term refrigerated storage of beef cuts. Samples were taken using EZ-Reach™ sponge samplers with 25 mL buffered peptone water over a 100 cm2 area of the striploin. Sample collection was conducted before the hot carcass wash, after wash, and after the 24 h carcass chilling. Chilled striploins were cut into four sections, individually vacuum packaged, and stored to be sampled at 0, 45, 70, and 135 days (n = 200) of refrigerated storage and distribution. Aerobic plate counts, enterobacteria, Escherichia coli, coliforms, and psychrotroph counts were evaluated for each sample. Not enough evidence (p > 0.05) was found indicating the hot water wash intervention reduced bacterial concentration on the carcass surface. E. coli was below detection limits (<0.25 CFU/cm2) in most of the samples taken. No significant difference (p > 0.05) was found between coliform counts throughout the sampling dates. Feed type did not seem to influence the (p > 0.25) microbial load of the treatments. Even though no immediate effect was seen when comparing spray or dry chilling of the samples at day 0, as the product aged, a significantly lower (p < 0.05) concentration of aerobic and psychrotrophic organisms in dry-chilled samples could be observed when compared to their spray-chilled counterparts. Data collected can be used to select alternative chilling systems to maximize shelf life in vacuum packaged beef kept over prolonged storage periods.

Use of Hot Water for Beef Carcass Decontamination

1998 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CASTILLO ◽  
L. M. LUCIA ◽  
K. J. GOODSON ◽  
J. W. SAVELL ◽  
G. R. ACUFF
Keyword(s):  
Control Point ◽  
Surface Region ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Critical Control Points ◽  
Bovine Feces ◽  
Beef Carcass

Hot water treatment of beef carcass surfaces for reduction of Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella typhimurium, and various indicator organisms was studied using a model carcass spray cabinet. Paired hot carcass surface regions with different extemal fat characteristics (inside round, outside round, brisket, flank, and clod) were removed from carcasses immediately after the slaughter and dressing process. All cuts were inoculated with bovine feces containing 106/g each of rifampicin-resistant E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium, or with uninoculated bovine feces. Surfaces then were exposed to a carcass water wash or a water wash followed by hot water spray (95°C). Counts of rifampicin-resistant Salmonella and E. coli or aerobic plate count (APC) and coliform counts were conducted before and after each treatment. All treatments significantly reduced levels of pathogens from the initial inoculation level of 5.0 log10 CFU/cm2. Treatments including hot water sprays provided mean reductions of initial counts for E. coli O157:H7 and S. typhimurium of 3.7 and 3.8 log, APC reductions of 2.9 log, and coliform and thermotolerant coliform count reductions of 3.3 log. The efficacy of hot water treatments was affected by the carcass surface region, but not by delaying the treatment (30 min) after contaminating the surface. Verification of efficacy of hot water interventions used as critical control points in a hazard analysis critical control point (HACCP) system may be possible using coliform counts.

Decontamination of Beef Carcass Surface Tissue by Steam Vacuuming Alone and Combined with Hot Water and Lactic Acid Sprays

1999 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 146-151 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. CASTILLO ◽  
L. M. LUCIA ◽  
K. J. GOODSON ◽  
J. W. SAVELL ◽  
G. R. ACUFF
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Combined Treatment ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Contaminated Sites ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Cleaning System ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
Thermotolerant Coliforms ◽  
Beef Carcass

Hot beef carcass surface regions (outside round, brisket, and clod) contaminated with feces spread over a 5-cm2 (1-in2) area were cleaned using a steam-vacuum spot-cleaning system alone or combined with subsequent sanitizing treatments of hot water (95°C at the nozzle), or warm (55°C) 2% lactic acid spray, or combinations of these two sanitizing methods. These treatments were compared for effectiveness in reducing aerobic plate counts (APC) and counts of Enterobacteriaceae, total coliforms, thermotolerant coliforms, and Escherichia coli. All treatments significantly reduced the numbers of each group of bacteria on beef carcass surfaces. However, reductions obtained by steam vacuuming were significantly smaller than those obtained by a combination of steam vacuuming with any sanitizing treatment. No differences in bacterial reductions were observed between different carcass surface regions. Steam vacuuming reduced the number of different indicator organisms tested by ca. 3.0 log cycles but also spread the bacterial contamination to areas of the carcass surface adjacent to the contaminated sites. This relocated contamination after steam vacuuming was most effectively reduced by spraying with hot water and then lactic acid. This combined treatment consistently reduced the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, total and thermotolerant coliforms, and E. coli to undetectable levels (&lt;1.0 log10 CFU/cm2) on areas outside the initial 5-cm2 inoculated areas.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli O157 Prevalence and Enumeration of Aerobic Bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli O157 at Various Steps in Commercial Beef Processing Plants†

2004 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 658-665 ◽  
Author(s):  
TERRANCE M. ARTHUR ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
XIANGWU NOU ◽  
STEVEN D. SHACKELFORD ◽  
TOMMY L. WHEELER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Escherichia Coli O157 ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Plate Counts ◽  
On Line ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions

The effectiveness of current antimicrobial interventions used in reducing the prevalence or load of Escherichia coli O157 and indicator organisms on cattle hides and carcasses at two commercial beef processing plants was evaluated. Sponge sampling of beef cattle was performed at five locations from the initial entry of the animals to the slaughter floor to the exit of carcasses from the “hotbox” cooler. For each sample, E. coli O157 prevalence was determined and total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, and E. coli O157 were enumerated. E. coli O157 was found on 76% of animal hides coming into the plants, but no carcasses leaving the cooler were identified as contaminated with E. coli O157. A positive relationship was seen between the incidence of E. coli O157 in hide samples and that in preevisceration samples. Aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts averaged 7.8 and 6.2 log CFU/100 cm2, respectively, on hides, and 1.4 and 0.4 log CFU/100 cm2, respectively, on chilled carcasses. Aerobic plate counts and Enterobacteriaceae counts on preevisceration carcasses were significantly related to the respective levels on the corresponding hides; the carcasses of animals whose hides carried higher numbers of bacteria were more likely to carry higher numbers of bacteria. Implementation of the sampling protocol described here would allow processors to evaluate the efficacy of on-line antimicrobial interventions and allow industrywide benchmarking of hygienic practices.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Characterization of Non-O157 Shiga Toxin-Producing Escherichia coli on Carcasses in Commercial Beef Cattle Processing Plants

2002 ◽  
Vol 68 (10) ◽  
pp. 4847-4852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Terrance M. Arthur ◽  
Genevieve A. Barkocy-Gallagher ◽  
Mildred Rivera-Betancourt ◽  
Mohammad Koohmaraie
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Shiga Toxin ◽  
Human Disease ◽  
The United States ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Beef Processing ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Antimicrobial Interventions ◽  
Reported Data ◽  
Beef Carcass

ABSTRACT Beef carcass sponge samples collected from July to August 1999 at four large processing plants in the United States were surveyed for the presence of non-O157 Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC). Twenty-eight (93%) of 30 single-source lots surveyed included at least one sample containing non-O157 STEC. Of 334 carcasses sampled prior to evisceration, 180 (54%) were found to harbor non-O157 STEC. Non-O157 STEC isolates were also recovered from 27 (8%) of 326 carcasses sampled after the application of antimicrobial interventions. Altogether, 361 non-O157 STEC isolates, comprising 41 different O serogroups, were recovered. O serogroups that previously have been associated with human disease accounted for 178 (49%) of 361 isolates. Although 40 isolates (11%) carried a combination of virulence factor genes (enterohemorrhagic E. coli hlyA, eae, and at least one stx gene) frequently associated with STEC strains causing severe human disease, only 12 of these isolates also belonged to an O serogroup previously associated with human disease. Combining previously reported data on O157-positive samples (R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, G. R. Siragusa, G. A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M. Koohmaraie, and W. W. Laegreid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2999-3003, 2000) with these data regarding non-O157-positive samples indicated total STEC prevalences of 72 and 10% in preevisceration and postprocessing beef carcass samples, respectively, showing that the interventions used by the beef-processing industry effected a sevenfold reduction in carcass contamination by STEC.

Bacteriological Quality of “Soul Foods” from Processing Plants

1984 ◽  
Vol 47 (11) ◽  
pp. 836-837
Author(s):  
ADELLE W. STEWART ◽  
LUCY ANN MARTIN
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
The Other ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
Bacterial Content ◽  
Aerobic Plate Count

Bacterial content of “soul foods” from four processing plants was determined. Samples were analyzed for Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, salmonellae, total coliform, Escherichia coli and total aerobic plate count. Chitterlings (washed intestines) from one plant and maws (stomachs of swines) from a different plant contained all of the bacteria for which tests were made. The other food samples contained one or two of the indicator organisms.

Association of Age, Birth order and Family Income with Psycho-social problems in Rural Adolescents

JMS SKIMS ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-95
Author(s):  
Noorul Amin
Keyword(s):  
Birth Order ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Sampling Method ◽  
Family Income ◽  
Psychosocial Problems ◽  
The Other ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Rural Adolescents ◽  
Youth Self Report ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: The present age is the age of stress. Everybody is disturbed due to one or the other reason irrespective of their age. However, adolescents are more prone to psychological and sociological disturbances.Objectives:To assess the psychosocial problems in adolescents.Methods: The study was conducted in selected schools of urban and rural areas taking 100 participants each for boys and girls using convenient sampling method. The tool used was youth self report. The data collected was analyzed using appropriate statistical methods.Results: The study revealed that 48.5% adolescents were well adjusted; 47% were having mild psychosocial problems; 4% had moderate psychosocial problems and 0.5% had severe psychosocial problems.Conclusion: Adolescents irrespective of their living places had varying degrees of psychosocial problems. JMS 2017; 20 (2):90-95

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