Validation of Additional Approaches and Applications for Using the Continuous and Manual Sampling Devices for Raw Beef Trim

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/jfp-20-345 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Terrance Arthur ◽

Tommy L. Wheeler

Keyword(s):

Pathogen Detection ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Alternative Methods ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Batch Mode ◽

Beef Processing ◽

Manual Sampling ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Pathogen Prevalence ◽

Matched Samples

In this work, the goal was to determine efficacy of MicroTally™-based sampling in scenarios commonly encountered in the commercial beef processing industry, but outside of the parameters evaluated during the initial proof-of-concept work. The data were derived from 1,650 matched samples collected from 540 individual combo bins at six commercial beef processing plants comparing MicroTally-based sampling (Continuous and Manual Sampling Devices [CSD and MSD]) to N60 Excision and/or N60 Plus methods. Mounting a 61 cm CSD cartridge to a 30 cm wide conveyor provided sampling that is equivalent to N60 excision and N60+ methods. Mounting a CSD to a chute instead of a conveyor was equivalent to the N60 Plus sampling method. The CSD was shown to be effective for sampling when used in conjunction with a “swinging arm trim diverter” and receiving product in batch mode as opposed to continuous flow. MSD sampling of oval combo bins with trim surface area (≈ 0.93 m 2 , ≈ 1,439 in 2 ) less than 1 m 2 (1,600 in 2 ) was shown to be equivalent to the N60 Plus sample collection method. PAA applied at the end of the trim conveyor did not negatively impact pathogen index target detection of the CSD even if the samples were shipped overnight before analysis. Pathogen index targets were demonstrated to be useful tools for validating methods designed to measure pathogen prevalence. The data presented herein support equivalency criteria of within 0.5 log CFU/sample for indicator organism counts. These data collectively support various alternative applications of MicroTally-based trim sampling and the application and interpretation of alternative methods for pathogen detection.

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Impact of Sampling Area and Location on Measurement of Indicator Organisms during Beef Carcass Interventions†

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-13-134 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 76 (12) ◽

pp. 2069-2073 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

RONG WANG ◽

DAVID A. KING ◽

MOHAMMAD KOOHMARAIE ◽

JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC

Keyword(s):

Sampling Method ◽

Sampling Site ◽

Hot Water ◽

The Other ◽

Indicator Organisms ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Beef Processing ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Multiple Indicator ◽

Beef Carcass

The effect of the sponge sample collection site on the recovery of multiple indicator organisms from beef carcass surfaces was evaluated to simplify and validate our previous sampling method for ease of implementation as a general protocol. Sponge samples were collected at three beef processing plants using hot water or acidic antimicrobials as interventions. Two 4,000-cm2 samples were collected from preevisceration carcasses (n = 248), one from the inside and outside round area (top site) and one from the navel-plate-brisket-foreshank area (bottom site). One-half of the samples (n = 124) were collected before a wash cabinet intervention and the other half after the intervention. The numbers of total aerobic bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, and Escherichia coli were determined for one-half of each individual sponge sample. The other halves of the sponges were combined to represent a top plus bottom 8,000-cm2 sample. For the preintervention carcasses, 4,000-cm2 samples collected from the top or bottom sites of the carcasses were not significantly different (P > 0.05) from each other or from the 8,000-cm2 combined sample in recovery of the indicator organisms. Significant reductions of indicator organisms were observed in all three types of sponge samples after intervention; however, samples collected from the bottom site recovered less organisms (P < 0.05) compared with samples of the other types. These results suggested that samples collected from either the top or the bottom site of the carcasses with this method are suitable for monitoring indicator organisms as long as the same sampling site is consistently used.

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SaQuant: a real-time PCR assay for quantitative assessment of Staphylococcus aureus

BMC Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s12866-021-02247-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Colin Wood ◽

Jason Sahl ◽

Sara Maltinsky ◽

Briana Coyne ◽

Benjamin Russakoff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Sensitivity And Specificity ◽

Pathogen Detection ◽

Limit Of Detection ◽

Future Research ◽

Limit Of Quantification ◽

Pathogen Prevalence ◽

Single Well ◽

Effective Public Health ◽

Detection And Quantification

Abstract Background Molecular assays are important tools for pathogen detection but need to be periodically re-evaluated with the discovery of additional genetic diversity that may cause assays to exclude target taxa or include non-target taxa. A single well-developed assay can find broad application across research, clinical, and industrial settings. Pathogen prevalence within a population is estimated using such assays and accurate results are critical for formulating effective public health policies and guiding future research. A variety of assays for the detection of Staphylococcus aureus are currently available. The utility of commercial assays for research is limited, given proprietary signatures and lack of transparent validation. Results In silico testing of existing peer-reviewed assays show that most suffer from a lack of sensitivity and specificity. We found no assays that were specifically designed and validated for quantitative use. Here we present a qPCR assay, SaQuant, for the detection and quantification of S. aureus as might be collected on sampling swabs. Sensitivity and specificity of the assay was 95.6 and 99.9 %, respectively, with a limit of detection of between 3 and 5 genome equivalents and a limit of quantification of 8.27 genome equivalents. The presence of DNA from non-target species likely to be found in a swab sample, did not impact qualitative or quantitative abilities of the assay. Conclusions This assay has the potential to serve as a valuable tool for the accurate detection and quantification of S. aureus collected from human body sites in order to better understand the dynamics of prevalence and transmission in community settings.

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Visual multiple cross displacement amplification for the rapid identification of S. agalactiae immediately from vaginal and rectal swabs

AMB Express ◽

10.1186/s13568-020-01168-3 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Xueqin Cheng ◽

Zhiqian Dou ◽

Jing Yang ◽

Dexi Liu ◽

Yulong Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pathogen Detection ◽

Clinical Specimen ◽

Rapid Identification ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Special Equipment ◽

Multiple Cross ◽

Rectal Swabs ◽

Cost Efficient ◽

The Cost ◽

Positive Results

AbstractStreptococcus agalactiae (S. agalactiae) is an important pathogen that can lead to neonatus and mother infection. The current existing techniques for the identification of S. agalactiae are limited by accuracy, speed and high-cost. Therefore, a new multiple cross displacement amplification (MCDA) assay was developed for test of the target pathogen immediately from vaginal and rectal swabs. MCDA primers screening were conducted targeting S. agalactiae pcsB gene, and one set of MCDA primers with better rapidity and efficiency was selected for establishing the S. agalactiae-MCDA assay. As a result, the MCDA method could be completed at a constant temperature of 61 °C, without the requirement of special equipment. The detection limit is 250 fg (31.5 copies) per reaction, all S. agalactiae strains displayed positive results, but not for non-S. agalactiae strains. The visual MCDA assay detected 16 positive samples from 200 clinical specimen, which were also detected positive by enrichment/qPCR. While the CHROMagar culture detected 6 positive samples. Thus, the MCDA assay is prefer to enrichment/qPCR and culture for detecting S. agalactiae from clinical specimen. Particularly, the whole test of MCDA takes about 63.1 min, including sample collection (3 min), DNA preparation (15 min), MCDA reaction (45 min) and result reporting (6 s). In addition, the cost was very economic, with only US$ 4.9. These results indicated that our S. agalaciae-MCDA assay is a rapid, sensitive and cost-efficient technique for target pathogen detection, and is more suitable than conventional assays for an urgent detection, especially for 'on-site' laboratories and resource-constrained settings.

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Pengaruh Kompetensi, Independensi, Dan Etika Auditor Terhadap Kualitas Audit Aparat Inspektorat

JURNAL EKSPLORASI AKUNTANSI ◽

10.24036/jea.v2i4.316 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 3737-3754

Author(s):

Witta Widiya ◽

Efrizal Syofyan

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Data Analysis ◽

Data Collection ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Audit Quality ◽

Primary Data ◽

Sample Collection ◽

The Third ◽

Data Analysis Methods

The purpose of this study was to analyze the effect of competency, independence, and auditor ethics on audit quality in Inspectorate Office. Type of this research is a quantitative researh. The population in this study were auditors in inspectorate office West Sumatera province with 35 samples taken. The technique of sample collection is total sampling method. The sources of the data of this research is the primary data. The technique of the data collection is questionnaires. The data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis using SPSS version 25. Data analysis methods used in this study are multiple linier regression analysis, with audit quality as the dependent variabel, competency, independence and auditor ethics as the independent variabel. This result of the reseacrh support the third hypotheses, where the research shows that auditor ethics has an effect on audit quality of examiners at the inspectorate West Sumatera province. The results also show that competency and independence have no effect on audit quality of examiners at the inspecorate West Sumatera provinsi.

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COMPETITIVENESS, MARKETING ACCESS, AND NETWORK CAPABILITY AND ITS IMPACTS ON MARKETING PERFORMANCE

Jurnal Dinamika Manajemen ◽

10.15294/jdm.v7i2.8203 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Teguh Iman Sayekti ◽

Euis Soliha

Keyword(s):

Regression Analysis ◽

Computer Program ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Total Population ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Purposive Sampling ◽

Marketing Performance ◽

Central Java ◽

Network Capability

<p><em>This study is to determine what factors influencingthe performance of SMEs. The population in this study is SMEs in the Central Java. Sample collection was conducted with a purposive sampling method. Criteriaused to take into accountis the SMEs that are already running at leastfortwo years. The sample in this study is intended as the representative of total population,67 (sixty seven). The data were processed and analyzed by computer program of SPSS 20 for Windows. Based on the results of regression analysis, it can be concluded that competitiveness has positive and significant impact on marketing performance marketing access has positive and significant impact on marketing performance. It means that the higher competitiveness and marketing access, the higher its performance. Competitiveness and marketing access have influence on SMEs’ performance through network capability. </em></p>

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Effect of method of blood sample collection on adrenal activity in farmed red deer and sheep following administration of ACTH

Animal Science ◽

10.1017/s1357729800009899 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 157-164 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

I. Ferre ◽

P. J. Goddard ◽

A. J. Macdonald ◽

C. A. Littlewood ◽

E. I. Duff

Keyword(s):

Blood Sample ◽

Plasma Cortisol ◽

Sampling Method ◽

Red Deer ◽

Blood Sampling ◽

Domestic Sheep ◽

Sample Collection ◽

Acth Stimulation ◽

Treatment Groups ◽

Stimulation Tests

AbstractThe effect of method of blood sample collection (automatic blood sampling equipment (ABSE) v. manual) on cortisol and progesterone concentrations was investigated in 20 farmed red deer hinds and 20 domestic sheep ewes following dexamethasone and exogenous ACTH administration. Ten animals were subjected to either automatic sampling or manual sampling via jugular venipuncture in 1 week, with the treatment groups reversed in the 2nd week. The ABSE was programmed to collect a blood sample, then deliver 2 mg dexamethasone, collect a further blood sample 120 min later and then inject 100 fig ACTH. Thereafter, samples were collected at 15-min intervals during a 2·5 h period (12 samples in total). In the manual injection and sampling treatment, four samples were collected: (1) before dexamethasone administration, (2) before ACTH administration, (3) 60 min after ACTH administration, and (4) 150 min after ACTH administration. The success rate of blood sampling with ABSE was 80%. The overall mean packed cell volume (PCV) from samples collected by ABSE from both hinds and ewes was significantly lower than that from samples collected manually (P < 0·01) and PCV declined with time in manually sampled animals (P < 0·01). Plasma cortisol concentrations peaked at 45 min after ACTH administration in sheep and deer. In sheep, there was a marked fluctuation in the plasma cortisol concentrations with time. Both deer and sheep showed a reduced cortisol response to ACTH during week 2 irrespective of sampling method suggesting down-regulation of the response to ACTH. Maximum mean plasma progesterone concentration was reached at 15 to 30 min after ACTH administration. No significant differences in cortisol and progesterone responses due to blood sampling method were found in animals receiving prior dexamethasone treatment. This demonstrates that the ABSE has the ability to be used to effectively conduct ACTH stimulation tests without the need to handle the animals during the test.

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Exploring the advantages and limitations of sampling methods commonly used in research facilities for zebrafish health inspections

Laboratory Animals ◽

10.1177/0023677219864616 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 54 (4) ◽

pp. 373-385 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

David Marancik ◽

Jason Collins ◽

Josephine Afema ◽

Christian Lawrence

Keyword(s):

Sample Size ◽

Pathogen Detection ◽

Sampling Methods ◽

Diagnostic Testing ◽

Scientific Integrity ◽

Fish Health ◽

Fish Welfare ◽

Prevalence Level ◽

Pathogen Prevalence ◽

Research Facilities

Examining zebrafish populations for the presence of disease is an integral component of managing fish health in research facilities. Currently, many different strategies are used for zebrafish fish health inspections, which is a scenario that may result in subjective and biased diagnostic evaluations. The goal of this study was to compare the success of pathogen detection between a sample size of randomly selected fish ( n = 60) that provides 95% confidence in pathogen detection based on a presumed pathogen prevalence level ≥5%, and other subpopulations and sample numbers commonly submitted for diagnostic testing within a 1000 tank, 30,000 fish, recirculating research system. This included fish collected from a sump tank ( n = 53), sentinel fish ( n = 11), and fish that were found moribund or freshly dead ( n = 18). Additionally, five fish from each subpopulation were collected for histopathologic examination. A second study used retrospective data to examine pathogen distribution between systems ( n = 2−5) in multi-system facilities ( n = 5) using a sample size of 60 fish per system. For the pathogens detected, results supported the use of representative sample numbers rather than smaller numbers of populations considered more at risk. The exception to this is for the moribund/mortality group, which may be a resource for targeted surveillance of select pathogens. Each system within multi-system facilities should be considered separate units in terms of fish health inspections and biosecurity. Development of these evidence-based standards for fish health inspections in zebrafish systems enhances fish welfare, provides identification of potentially zoonotic pathogens, and ensures scientific integrity and reproducibility of research results.

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Genotypic Analyses of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157 Nonmotile Isolates Recovered from Beef Cattle and Carcasses at Processing Plants in the Midwestern States of the United States

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.67.9.3810-3818.2001 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 67 (9) ◽

pp. 3810-3818 ◽

Cited By ~ 80

Author(s):

Genevieve A. Barkocy-Gallagher ◽

Terrance M. Arthur ◽

Gregory R. Siragusa ◽

James E. Keen ◽

Robert O. Elder ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

The United States ◽

Escherichia Coli O157 ◽

Genomic Fingerprinting ◽

E Coli ◽

Beef Processing ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Shiga Toxin Genes ◽

Carcass Contamination ◽

Animal Isolates

ABSTRACT Escherichia coli O157:H7 and O157 nonmotile isolates (E. coli O157) previously were recovered from feces, hides, and carcasses at four large Midwestern beef processing plants (R. O. Elder, J. E. Keen, G. R. Siragusa, G. A. Barkocy-Gallagher, M. Koohmaraie, and W. W. Laegreid, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2999–3003, 2000). The study implied relationships between cattle infection and carcass contamination within single-source lots as well as between preevisceration and postprocessing carcass contamination, based on prevalence. These relationships now have been verified based on identification of isolates by genomic fingerprinting.E. coli O157 isolates from all positive samples were analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of genomic DNA after digestion with XbaI. Seventy-seven individual subtypes (fingerprint patterns) grouping into 47 types were discerned among 343 isolates. Comparison of the fingerprint patterns revealed three clusters of isolates, two of which were closely related to each other. Remarkably, isolates carrying both Shiga toxin genes and nonmotile isolates largely fell into specific clusters. Within lots analyzed, 68.2% of the postharvest (carcass) isolates matched preharvest (animal) isolates. For individual carcasses, 65.3 and 66.7% of the isolates recovered postevisceration and in the cooler, respectively, matched those recovered preevisceration. Multiple isolates were analyzed from some carcass samples and were found to include strains with different genotypes. This study suggests that mostE. coli O157 carcass contamination originates from animals within the same lot and not from cross-contamination between lots. In addition, the data demonstrate that most carcass contamination occurs very early during processing.

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Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7 Contamination on Hides and Carcasses of Cull Cattle Presented for Slaughter in the United States: an Evaluation of Prevalence and Bacterial Loads by Immunomagnetic Separation and Direct Plating Methods

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.00700-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 74 (20) ◽

pp. 6289-6297 ◽

Cited By ~ 102

Author(s):

Dayna M. Brichta-Harhay ◽

Michael N. Guerini ◽

Terrance M. Arthur ◽

Joseph M. Bosilevac ◽

Norasak Kalchayanand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Escherichia Coli ◽

Geometric Mean ◽

Immunomagnetic Separation ◽

The United States ◽

E Coli ◽

Processing Plants ◽

Pathogen Prevalence ◽

Plate Counts ◽

Carcass Contamination

ABSTRACT The hide and carcass hygiene of cull cattle at slaughter in four geographically distant regions of the United States was examined from July 2005 to April 2006 by measuring the aerobic plate counts (APC) and the prevalences and loads of Salmonella and Escherichia coli O157:H7. The geometric mean log10 APC CFU/100 cm2 levels on hides and preevisceration and postintervention carcasses ranged from 6.17 to 8.19, 4.24 to 6.47, and 1.46 to 1.96, respectively, and were highest in the summer (P < 0.0001). The average prevalences of Salmonella on hides and preevisceration and postintervention carcasses were 89.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 85.1 to 94.0), 50.2% (95% CI, 40.9 to 59.5), and 0.8% (95% CI, 0.18 to 1.42), respectively. The prevalences of E. coli O157:H7 were 46.9% (95% CI, 37.3 to 56.6) and 16.7% (95% CI, 9.8 to 23.6) on hides and preevisceration carcasses, respectively. Examination of the concomitant incidence of Salmonella and E. coli O157:H7 showed that, on average, 33.3% (95% CI, 15.9 to 69.8) of cattle hide and 4.1% (95% CI, 0.98 to 17.3) of preevisceration carcass samples were contaminated with both pathogens. The pathogen prevalence on hides and carcasses was not significantly affected by the season; however, significant differences were observed between plants with respect to the incoming pathogen load and the ability to mitigate hide-to-carcass transfer. In spite of these differences, postintervention carcass contamination was significantly reduced (P < 0.001), likely as a result of the use of one or more of the processing interventions employed at each of the four processing plants examined.

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