scholarly journals Application of a Rapid Knowledge Synthesis and Transfer Approach To Assess the Microbial Safety of Low-Moisture Foods†

2015 ◽  
Vol 78 (12) ◽  
pp. 2264-2278 ◽  
Author(s):  
IAN YOUNG ◽  
LISA WADDELL ◽  
SARAH CAHILL ◽  
MINA KOJIMA ◽  
RENATA CLARKE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Transfer ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Knowledge Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Prevalence Studies ◽  
Evidence Mapping ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Evidence Summary ◽  
Low Moisture Foods

Low-moisture foods (LMF) are increasingly implicated in outbreaks of foodborne illness, resulting in a significant public health burden. To inform the development of a new Codex Alimentarius code of hygienic practice for LMF, we applied a rapid knowledge synthesis and transfer approach to review global research on the burden of illness, prevalence, and interventions to control nine selected microbial hazards in eight categories of LMF. Knowledge synthesis methods included an integrated scoping review (search strategy, relevance screening and confirmation, and evidence mapping), systematic review (detailed data extraction), and meta-analysis of prevalence data. Knowledge transfer of the results was achieved through multiple reporting formats, including evidence summary cards. We identified 214 unique outbreaks and 204 prevalence and 126 intervention studies. Cereals and grains (n = 142) and Salmonella (n = 278) were the most commonly investigated LMF and microbial hazard categories, respectively. Salmonella was implicated in the most outbreaks (n = 96, 45%), several of which were large and widespread, resulting in the most hospitalizations (n = 895, 89%) and deaths (n = 14, 74%). Salmonella had a consistently low prevalence across all LMF categories (0 to 3%), but the prevalence of other hazards (e.g., Bacillus cereus) was highly variable. A variety of interventions were investigated in small challenge trials. Key knowledge gaps included underreporting of LMF outbreaks, limited reporting of microbial levels in prevalence studies, and a lack of intervention efficacy research under commercial conditions. Summary cards were a useful knowledge transfer format to inform complementary risk ranking activities. This review builds upon previous work in this area by synthesizing a broad range of evidence using a structured, transparent, and integrated approach to provide timely evidence informed inputs into international guidelines.

scholarly journals Identifying stroke therapeutics from preclinical models: A protocol for a novel application of network meta-analysis

F1000Research ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manoj M. Lalu ◽  
Dean A. Fergusson ◽  
Wei Cheng ◽  
Marc T. Avey ◽  
Dale Corbett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Evidence Synthesis ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Preclinical Models ◽  
Ovid Medline ◽  
Scientific Meetings ◽  
Ischemia Testing

Introduction: Globally, stroke is the second leading cause of death. Despite the burden of illness and death, few acute interventions are available to patients with ischemic stroke. Over 1,000 potential neuroprotective therapeutics have been evaluated in preclinical models. It is important to use robust evidence synthesis methods to appropriately assess which therapies should be translated to the clinical setting for evaluation in human studies. This protocol details planned methods to conduct a systematic review to identify and appraise eligible studies and to use a network meta-analysis to synthesize available evidence to answer the following questions: in preclinical in vivo models of focal ischemic stroke, what are the relative benefits of competing therapies tested in combination with the gold standard treatment alteplase in (i) reducing cerebral infarction size, and (ii) improving neurobehavioural outcomes? Methods: We will search Ovid Medline and Embase for articles on the effects of combination therapies with alteplase. Controlled comparison studies of preclinical in vivo models of experimentally induced focal ischemia testing the efficacy of therapies with alteplase versus alteplase alone will be identified. Outcomes to be extracted include infarct size (primary outcome) and neurobehavioural measures. Risk of bias and construct validity will be assessed using tools appropriate for preclinical studies. Here we describe steps undertaken to perform preclinical network meta-analysis to synthesise all evidence for each outcome and obtain a comprehensive ranking of all treatments. This will be a novel use of this evidence synthesis approach in stroke medicine to assess pre-clinical therapeutics. Combining all evidence to simultaneously compare mutliple therapuetics tested preclinically may provide a rationale for the clinical translation of therapeutics for patients with ischemic stroke.  Dissemination: Review findings will be submitted to a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant scientific meetings to promote knowledge transfer. Registration: PROSPERO number to be submitted following peer review.

Diagnosis and Epidemiology of Depression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas T. Van Dam ◽  
Brian M. Iacoviello ◽  
James W. Murrough
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Depressive Disorders ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Alternative Methods ◽  
Psychiatric Research ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
Epidemiology Of Depression ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
Course Of Depression

Depressive disorders are among the most disabling medical illnesses worldwide and limited efficacy of currently available medication and psychotherapy treatments adds to this large public health burden. In the current chapter, we consider findings from several large-scale health surveys to estimate the burden of illness, and review the current data available regarding prognosis, psychiatric and medical comorbidities, and socio-demographic factors influencing the prevalence and course of depression. We also consider emerging alternative methods of conceptualizing depression and other mental disorders that emphasize a dimensional rather than categorical approach. Increasing attention to such approaches in the design of psychiatric research related to depression may lead to an improved understanding of depression and more effective treatments.

scholarly journals Особливості розробки індивідуального стилю для жінок старшої вікової групи

2021 ◽  
pp. 91-100
Author(s):  
Л. П. Дихнич ◽  
А. В. Харченко
Keyword(s):  
Teaching Practice ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Art Research ◽  
The Aesthetic ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fashion Designers

The aim of the article is to study trends in clothing design for women of elder age group, to present the results of practical application of the styles synthesis in the individual image design. The integrated approach that combines sociological, psychological, art research methods have been used in the article. Method of interview, analytical, comparative, design-graphic, image-stylistic, image-associative methods have been applied. Women`s age groups determination approaches in the scientific literature have been analysed; the importance of aesthetic and psychological cues in the development of individual style for elder women is examined; the basic stylistic decisions on the example of the studied age group female images have been offered. The scientific novelty is in the determination of relationship between the aesthetic and psychological aspects and women`s clothing modern styles structure adaptation to the female consumer audience over the age of 45 needs. Practical significance is in the application of styles synthesis methods in the individual images development for different purposes for the studied age category. The obtained results can be used in the practical activities of stylists and fashion designers, in teaching practice in "Design" course.

scholarly journals Model of management of innovation activity of textile industry enterprises

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-54
Author(s):  
G. A. Pazilov ◽  
B. S. Kulbay ◽  
A. N. Aitymbetova
Keyword(s):  
Textile Industry ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Innovative Activity ◽  
Innovation Activity ◽  
Expert Assessment ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Integrated Method ◽  
Model Of Management ◽  
The Republic

The purpose of the research is to develop a model for managing the innovative activity of textile enterprises in Kazakhstan, taking into account the study of foreign experience, scientific works in the field of managing innovative activity, and also taking into account the peculiarities of the functioning of domestic textile enterprises.Methodology – the article uses generally accepted scientifi c methods of analysis and synthesis, methods of comparison, generalization of research results, methods of expert assessment. We also used a systemic and integrated approach to the study of management problems and the development of socio-economic processes in society.Originality / value of the research. Most of the textile enterprises in the Republic of Kazakhstan are small and all of them belong to the private sector. Despite various measures of state support, the competitiveness of domestic textile enterprises remains at a low level. Therefore, in order to increase the competitiveness of textile enterprises, it is necessary to stimulate their innovative activity. The article examines the need to create a management model for effective management of innovative activities of domestic textile enterprises.Findings. A model for managing innovative activities of textile enterprises has been developed. The model proposed by the authors provides for the creation of a center for the management of innovative activities of textile enterprises and the use of a cross-functional integrated method when forming a team of employees implementing innovations. According to the authors, this will have a positive impact on increasing the competitiveness of domestic textile enterprises.

scholarly journals Salmonellaburden in Lebanon

2016 ◽  
Vol 144 (8) ◽  
pp. 1761-1769 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. MALAEB ◽  
A. R. BIZRI ◽  
N. GHOSN ◽  
A. BERRY ◽  
U. MUSHARRAFIEH
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Public Health Burden ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Epidemiologic Surveillance

SUMMARYSalmonellosis is a disease that represents a major public health concern in both developing and developed countries. The aim of this article is to evaluate the public health burden ofSalmonellaillness in Lebanon. The current scope of theSalmonellainfection problem was assessed in relation to disease incidence and distribution with respect to age, gender and district. Factors that provide a better understanding of the magnitude of the problem were explored and highlighted. Data reported to the Epidemiologic Surveillance Department at the Lebanese Ministry of Public Health between 2001 and 2013 was reviewed. Information obtained was compared to information reported regionally and globally. The estimated true incidence was derived using multipliers from the CDC and Jordan. A literature review of all published data from Lebanon aboutSalmonellasusceptibility/resistance patterns and its serious clinical complications was conducted. The estimated incidence was 13·34 cases/100 000 individuals, most cases occurred in the 20–39 years age group with no significant gender variation. Poor and less developed districts of Lebanon had the highest number of cases and the peak incidence was in summer. Reflecting on the projected incidence derived from the use of multipliers indicates a major discrepancy between what is reported and what is estimated. We conclude that data aboutSalmonellainfection in Lebanon and many Middle Eastern and developing countries lack crucial information and are not necessarily representative of the true incidence, prevalence and burden of illness.

scholarly journals The application of knowledge synthesis methods in agri-food public health: Recent advancements, challenges and opportunities

2014 ◽  
Vol 113 (4) ◽  
pp. 339-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian Young ◽  
Lisa Waddell ◽  
Javier Sanchez ◽  
Barbara Wilhelm ◽  
Scott A. McEwen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Knowledge Synthesis ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities

scholarly journals Interventions to reduce acute paediatric hospital admissions: a systematic review

2021 ◽  
pp. archdischild-2021-321884
Author(s):  
Smita Dick ◽  
Clare MacRae ◽  
Claire McFaul ◽  
Usman Rasul ◽  
Philip Wilson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Admissions ◽  
Burden Of Illness ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Cochrane Library ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Paediatric Hospital ◽  
Admission Rates ◽  
Before And After

BackgroundAdmission rates are rising despite no change to burden of illness, and interventions to reduce unscheduled admission to hospital safely may be justified.ObjectiveTo systematically examine admission prevention strategies and report long-term follow-up of admission prevention initiatives.Data sourcesMEDLINE, Embase, OVID SP, PsychINFO, Science Citation Index Expanded/ISI Web of Science, The Cochrane Library from inception to time of writing. Reference lists were hand searched.Study eligibility criteriaRandomised controlled trials and before-and-after studies.ParticipantsIndividuals aged <18 years.Study appraisal and synthesis methodsStudies were independently screened by two reviewers with final screening by a third. Data extraction and the Critical Appraisals Skills Programme checklist completion (for risk of bias assessment) were performed by one reviewer and checked by a second.ResultsTwenty-eight studies were included of whom 24 were before-and-after studies and 4 were studies comparing outcomes between non-randomised groups. Interventions included referral pathways, staff reconfiguration, new healthcare facilities and telemedicine. The strongest evidence for admission prevention was seen in asthma-specific referral pathways (n=6) showing 34% (95% CI 28 to 39) reduction, but with evidence of publication bias. Other pathways showed inconsistent results or were insufficient for wider interpretation. Staffing reconfiguration showed reduced admissions in two studies, and shorter length of stay in one. Short stay admission units reduced admissions in three studies.Conclusions and implicationsThere is little robust evidence to support interventions aimed at preventing paediatric admissions and further research is needed.

scholarly journals CHEMICAL VALORIZATION OF CELLULOSE FROM LIGNOCELLULOSIC BIOMASS: A STEP TOWARDS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

2021 ◽  
Vol 55 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 207-222
Author(s):  
RAMANDEEP KAUR ◽  
PUNEET KAUR
Keyword(s):  
Lignocellulosic Biomass ◽  
Levulinic Acid ◽  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Synthesis Methods ◽  
Platform Chemicals ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Modified Cellulose ◽  
Value Added Products

"The potential of non-edible lignocellulosic biomass paves the path to sustainable economy. A large number of valueadded products have been synthesized by the fractionation of the major components of biomass, i.e. cellulose, hemicelluloses and lignin. Cellulose, the most abundant biopolymer on earth, serves as a starting material for the synthesis of various platform chemicals, such as sorbitol, 5- hydroxylmethylfurfural (HMF), dimethylfuran and levulinic acid. Hydrogels and aerogels fabricated from cellulose, modified cellulose or nanocellulose have proved valuable in a wide range of such as biomedical, food and technological applications. Cellulose-based polymers or bioplastics also emerged as an alternative to fossil fuel-based polymers. In this review, chemical paths to valorize plant cellulose for producing various value-added products have been discussed. The major challenge for valorization is the development of novel and green synthesis methods with simultaneous focus on an integrated approach."

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