The History of the Secularization of the Public School in the U.S.A.

2018 ◽  
pp. 135-159
Keyword(s):  
Roteiro ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Lilian Giacomini Cruz ◽  
Marcela De Moraes Agudo

Resumo: A educação pública não é uma invenção dos tempos modernos, mas a escola tal como a concebemos hoje – universal, laica, gratuita e obrigatória – é uma instituição recente, tendo seus princípios discutidos e/ou redefinidos inicialmente durante o período da Revolução Francesa, consolidando-se posteriormente, no final do século XIX e início do século XX, quando alguns países reorganizaram e implantaram seus sistemas nacionais de educação. A partir da noção histórica do desenvolvimento e da constituição da escola pública que temos atualmente, refletimos sobre a concepção de escola pública que compreendemos, ou seja, entendendo o significado do “público” que caracteriza a escola como tal e de que modo se desenvolveu historicamente. A escola, tal qual a conhecemos, é resultado de um acerto de contas: com o poder absolutista do Estado; com a ideologia dominante centrada na visão metafísica do mundo; e, finalmente, com a concepção da desigualdade humana como algo determinado pela natureza. Mesmo que, em diversos momentos, movimentos de resistência tenham reivindicado e reivindiquem o desenvolvimento de uma escola pública popular de fato, este enfrentamento ainda se faz necessário para a constituição de uma escola pública, laica, gratuita, de qualidade socialmente referenciada e desinteressada. Destacamos, a partir de Gramsci, a importância de um movimento intelectual e popular que difunda novas concepções de mundo capazes de desenvolver a consciência civil da população e de produzir novos comportamentos para que ela não se submeta à direção do Estado capitalista.Palavras-chave: Escola pública. Origem. Histórico. Função social.The history of the modern public school, its contemporary configuration and social functionAbstract: Public education is not an invention of modern times, but the school as we conceive it today – universal, secular, unpaid and obligatory – is a recent institution, with its principles discussed and/or redefined initially during the period of the French Revolution, consolidating later in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when some countries reorganized and implemented their national education systems. From the historical notion of the development and constitution of the public school that we currently have, we think about the conception of public school that we understand. That is, understanding the meaning of the "public" that characterizes the school as such and how it has developed historically. The school, as we know it, is the result of a settling of accounts: with the absolute power of the State; with the dominant ideology centered on the metaphysical view of the world; and finally, with the conception of human inequality as something determined by nature. Even though, at various moments, resistance movements have claimed and claim the development of a popular public school in fact, this confrontation is still necessary to create a public, secular, free, obligatory, high quality and disinterested school. From Gramsci we emphasize the importance of an intellectual movement that diffuses new world conceptions capable of raising the civil conscience of the population and producing new behaviors that not submit to the direction of the capitalist State.Keywords: Public school. Origin. Historic. Social function.El histórico de escuela pública moderna, su configuración contemporánea y función social Resumen: La educación pública no es una invención de los tiempos modernos, pero la escuela tal como la concebimos hoy – universal, laica, gratuita y obligatoria – es una institución reciente, teniendo sus principios discutidos y/o redefinidos inicialmente durante el período de la Revolución Francesa, consolidando posteriormente, a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX cuando algunos países reorganizaron y implantaron sus sistemas nacionales de educación. A partir de la noción histórica del desarrollo y de la constitución de la escuela pública que tenemos actualmente, pensamos sobre la concepción de la escuela pública que comprendemos. Es decir, entendiendo el significado del "público" que caracteriza a la escuela como tal y de qué modo se desarrolló históricamente. La escuela, tal como la conocemos, es resultado de un acierto de cuentas: con el poder absolutista del Estado; con la ideología dominante centrada en la visión metafísica del mundo; y finalmente, con la concepción de la desigualdad humana como algo determinado por la naturaleza. Aunque en diversos momentos, movimientos de resistencia reivindicaron y reivindican el desarrollo de una escuela pública popular de hecho, este enfrentamiento aún se hace necesario para la constitución de una escuela pública, laica, gratuita, obligatoria, de alta calidad y desinteresada. Destacamos, a partir de Gramsci, la importancia de un movimiento intelectual que difunda nuevas concepciones de mundo capaces de elevar la conciencia civil de la población y de producir nuevos comportamientos para que ella no se someta a la dirección del Estado capitalista.Palabras clave: Escuela pública. Origen. Histórico. Función social.


2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (4) ◽  
pp. 07-12
Author(s):  
Carlos Eduardo Rodrigues

The theme to be developed is the way in which the history of the African continent is taught in the history curriculum of the State of São Paulo, the objective is to understand the organization of the contents and the didactic proposal existing in two materials available to students and teachers: the book of the student and the book of teacher's. Through a methodology that revisits the bibliography published in print and digital media accompanied by the theoretical analysis of the curriculum, official document that regulates this field of education throughout the public school, I try to discuss issues that involve the teaching and representation of Africa and the africans. We hope that the research contributes to the socio-cultural and humanistic developmentof the students in order to understand how to improve their perception of Africa.


2021 ◽  
pp. 55-63
Author(s):  
Timmesha A. Butler ◽  
Shelbie Dixon-Brown ◽  
Rena′ Glass-Dixon ◽  
Jennifer McLaurin

The purpose of this chapter is to provide new school social workers with an understanding of the inequality that is rooted in public education and how it relates to their professional practices. An overview of the history of the U.S. public school system and the history of school social work is provided, focusing on the public school system’s role in the academic achievement gaps that continue to exist between marginalized populations and their peers. The school social worker’s roles as advocate and connector, facilitator, and clinician are outlined. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Bronfenbrenner’s ecological systems theory, and strengths-based practice theories are discussed. Evidence-based strategies and resources that can be used to address the needs of marginalized populations are explained.


Author(s):  
Rovilson José da Silva

The hunger of reading in Brazil comes, historically, skirting several obstacles. One of the most frequent is the inexistence of continuous public politics and libraries, as public as from schools, which contribute to the cultural improvement, to the insertion of the population to the citizenship. The deployment trajectory of the library, public or from school, in our country reflects today in the performance of the public politics of reading delineated throughout the history of Brazil and, to the same, presents the portrait of the reader we have today and, mainly, suggests the base to the improvement of the formation politic of reader which the public school should adopt. This article, result of thesis defended in 2006 by Unesp/Marília is structured in three distinct stages: the first reports the invention of the writing-reading and its close relation with the humanity development. Then, it presents the coexistence of the Brazilian society with the book, the library and the reading since the arrival of the Portuguese people to the country in the first decades of the XX century and afterwards, to the current Brazilian programs of reading incentive and to the reader formation.


Author(s):  
Arna Bontemps

This chapter examines the history of Negro achievement in education in Illinois. In January 1825 the Illinois Legislature enacted a law calling for the establishment of common schools in each county of the state. These schools were to be open and free to every class of white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years, but it was not until the year 1841 that Negroes were given consideration. In the city of Chicago no discrimination was shown against Negro children in the public schools until 1863, when the council passed an order establishing a separate school for colored children. The first school for Negro children was opened by Miss Rebecca Elliott, who came to Peoria from Cincinnati in 1860. In Cairo, the first public school for Negroes was started in 1853. Also during this period, several churches in Alexander County conducted daily classes that taught readin', writin' and 'rithmetic. This chapter discusses various initiatives to increase Negro access to education in Illinois.


2002 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurgen Herbst

Forty years ago Bernard Bailyn remarked that American historians of education had carried out their work “in a special atmosphere of professional purpose” and had made the history of the public school the focus of their investigations. Lawrence Cremin seconded that observation and added that, for all intents and purposes, the history of American education had been “the history of the public school realizing itself over time.” In the tradition of Ellwood Patterson Cubberley that self-realization of the American public school was portrayed as a progression from local roots to state-wide systems. It became synonymous with the evolution of school government from local control on the district and ward levels to direction and oversight by state administrators. For many school professionals and historians that progression meant progress. They saw it as overcoming local control which they regarded as a relic of the past denoting an endorsement of inequality, discrimination, and special privilege. It persuaded them to see the solution to the schools' problems in strengthened state and, eventually, federal control.


2019 ◽  
pp. 244-290
Author(s):  
James Edward Ford

This fifth notebook seeks to examine the joyous passions of the multitude by displacing self-renunciation with a frenzied ecstasy. This notebook also takes up the concept of “the New Day” from chapter 14, “Founding the Public School,” in Black Reconstruction. Du Bois offers the concept as an affirmative instance in the history of black education that makes this ecstatic communal orientation a condition of possibility for the dark proletariat’s intervention in American education. This notebook does not promise a new model of education but tries to understand ecstasy’s significance to black study and the institutions issuing from that critical practice.


Roteiro ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 77
Author(s):  
Lilian Giacomini Cruz ◽  
Marcela De Moraes Agudo

Resumo: A educação pública não é uma invenção dos tempos modernos, mas a escola tal como a concebemos hoje – universal, laica, gratuita e obrigatória – é uma instituição recente, tendo seus princípios discutidos e/ou redefinidos inicialmente durante o período da Revolução Francesa, consolidando-se posteriormente, no final do século XIX e início do século XX, quando alguns países reorganizaram e implantaram seus sistemas nacionais de educação. A partir da noção histórica do desenvolvimento e da constituição da escola pública que temos atualmente, refletimos sobre a concepção de escola pública que compreendemos, ou seja, entendendo o significado do “público” que caracteriza a escola como tal e de que modo se desenvolveu historicamente. A escola, tal qual a conhecemos, é resultado de um acerto de contas: com o poder absolutista do Estado; com a ideologia dominante centrada na visão metafísica do mundo; e, finalmente, com a concepção da desigualdade humana como algo determinado pela natureza. Mesmo que, em diversos momentos, movimentos de resistência tenham reivindicado e reivindiquem o desenvolvimento de uma escola pública popular de fato, este enfrentamento ainda se faz necessário para a constituição de uma escola pública, laica, gratuita, de qualidade socialmente referenciada e desinteressada. Destacamos, a partir de Gramsci, a importância de um movimento intelectual e popular que difunda novas concepções de mundo capazes de desenvolver a consciência civil da população e de produzir novos comportamentos para que ela não se submeta à direção do Estado capitalista.Palavras-chave: Escola pública. Origem. Histórico. Função social.The history of the modern public school, its contemporary configuration and social functionAbstract: Public education is not an invention of modern times, but the school as we conceive it today – universal, secular, unpaid and obligatory – is a recent institution, with its principles discussed and/or redefined initially during the period of the French Revolution, consolidating later in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries when some countries reorganized and implemented their national education systems. From the historical notion of the development and constitution of the public school that we currently have, we think about the conception of public school that we understand. That is, understanding the meaning of the "public" that characterizes the school as such and how it has developed historically. The school, as we know it, is the result of a settling of accounts: with the absolute power of the State; with the dominant ideology centered on the metaphysical view of the world; and finally, with the conception of human inequality as something determined by nature. Even though, at various moments, resistance movements have claimed and claim the development of a popular public school in fact, this confrontation is still necessary to create a public, secular, free, obligatory, high quality and disinterested school. From Gramsci we emphasize the importance of an intellectual movement that diffuses new world conceptions capable of raising the civil conscience of the population and producing new behaviors that not submit to the direction of the capitalist State.Keywords: Public school. Origin. Historic. Social function.El histórico de escuela pública moderna, su configuración contemporánea y función social Resumen: La educación pública no es una invención de los tiempos modernos, pero la escuela tal como la concebimos hoy – universal, laica, gratuita y obligatoria – es una institución reciente, teniendo sus principios discutidos y/o redefinidos inicialmente durante el período de la Revolución Francesa, consolidando posteriormente, a finales del siglo XIX y principios del siglo XX cuando algunos países reorganizaron y implantaron sus sistemas nacionales de educación. A partir de la noción histórica del desarrollo y de la constitución de la escuela pública que tenemos actualmente, pensamos sobre la concepción de la escuela pública que comprendemos. Es decir, entendiendo el significado del "público" que caracteriza a la escuela como tal y de qué modo se desarrolló históricamente. La escuela, tal como la conocemos, es resultado de un acierto de cuentas: con el poder absolutista del Estado; con la ideología dominante centrada en la visión metafísica del mundo; y finalmente, con la concepción de la desigualdad humana como algo determinado por la naturaleza. Aunque en diversos momentos, movimientos de resistencia reivindicaron y reivindican el desarrollo de una escuela pública popular de hecho, este enfrentamiento aún se hace necesario para la constitución de una escuela pública, laica, gratuita, obligatoria, de alta calidad y desinteresada. Destacamos, a partir de Gramsci, la importancia de un movimiento intelectual que difunda nuevas concepciones de mundo capaces de elevar la conciencia civil de la población y de producir nuevos comportamientos para que ella no se someta a la dirección del Estado capitalista.Palabras clave: Escuela pública. Origen. Histórico. Función social.


1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 320-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
David A. Shapiro ◽  
Nelson Moses

This article presents a practical and collegial model of problem solving that is based upon the literature in supervision and cognitive learning theory. The model and the procedures it generates are applied directly to supervisory interactions in the public school environment. Specific principles of supervision and related recommendations for collaborative problem solving are discussed. Implications for public school supervision are addressed in terms of continued professional growth of both supervisees and supervisors, interdisciplinary team functioning, and renewal and retention of public school personnel.


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