Infanticide, Siblicide, and Avian Nestling Mortality

Infanticide ◽  
2017 ◽  
pp. 43-70
Keyword(s):  
2009 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 677-684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Douglas W. Mock ◽  
P.L. Schwagmeyer ◽  
Matthew B. Dugas

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 940-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne Justice-Allen ◽  
Kathy Orr ◽  
Krysten Schuler ◽  
Kyle McCarty ◽  
Kenneth Jacobson ◽  
...  

Behaviour ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 132 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 301-317 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rudolf Frans Verheyen ◽  
Marcel Eens ◽  
Rianne Pinxten

AbstractWe experimentally removed females from monogamous European starling Sturnus vulgaris pairs during different stages of the breeding cycle and recorded the effect of these removals on male behaviour and on offspring survival in order to assess the possibilities for female mate desertion. Removal of the female during the laying, incubation and early nestling stage (1- to 5-day-old nestlings) invariably resulted in complete failure of the brood. The survival of the nestlings improved slightly if the female was removed during the middle nestling stage (6- to 10-day-old nestlings), but mortality rate of nestlings was still significantly higher than in control two-parent broods. About 80% of the males widowed during the laying/incubation period removed all eggs from the nest, while only 49% of all males widowed during the early and middle nestling stage removed all dead nestlings. Removal of eggs/dead nestlings by a widowed male starling probably functions to increase the chance on a successful re-mating, since replacement clutches were found only in nests whereof the clutch/brood was removed. We recorded one definite and at least nine suspected cases of parental infanticide, the killing of own offspring, by experimentally widowed male starlings. After nestlings reached 10 days of age (late nestling stage), there was no longer a significant difference in nestling mortality rate between male-only and two-parent broods. This crucial point coincides with the time when (1) the nestlings are functionally homeothermic, and (2) the exponential growth of the nestlings begins to moderate. Moreover, at this time, late in the season, the only viable option for deserted males is to care for the young because the probability of renesting successfully is low. Our results thus indicate that after nestlings reach 10 days of age, female starlings may have the opportunity to desert their mate. However, at that time, the benefits of female mate desertion are reduced as opportunities for renesting succesfully are low.


The Auk ◽  
1986 ◽  
Vol 103 (1) ◽  
pp. 86-99 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Thomas Bancroft

Abstract Of 605 Boat-tailed Grackle (Quiscalus major) nests with complete clutches, 60.5% fledged young. Survival of nests to the hatching stage averaged 78.7%, and survival from hatching to fledging averaged 76.9%. Nesting success between localities varied from none to almost all nests fledging some young. Fledging success for 3-egg clutches averaged 64.8% and was significantly higher than the 50.8% success rate that 2-egg clutches averaged. Individual survival of eggs from laying through hatching was lower in 2-egg clutches than in 3-egg clutches, but from hatching to fledging nestling survival was higher. Thus, in contrast to nest survival, equal proportions of eggs in 2- and 3-egg clutches produced fledglings. Predation was the greatest source of mortality, with predators taking 14.8% of the 1,605 eggs and 13.1% of the 1,145 nestlings. Of eggs that survived to the hatching stage, 9.2% failed to hatch. Starvation (13.4%) was the most common source of nestling mortality. Nest abandonment accounted for the death of 5.7% of the eggs and 2.9% of the young. The sources of mortality varied spatially and temporally in an unpredictable way. This uncertainty has resulted in the flexible nesting biology of grackles.


2007 ◽  
Vol 67 (2) ◽  
pp. 275-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
CBV. Carvalho ◽  
RHF. Macedo ◽  
JA. Graves

During the reproductive season Blue-black grassquit (Volatinia jacarina) males are found in clusters, wherein they exhibit a distinctive display that consists of repeated, vertical leaps while simultaneously producing a brief vocalization. The main objective of this study was to describe details of the species' reproductive behavior in a "Cerrado" area of central Brazil and compare these data with some studies carried out in other areas. The data obtained concerning different aspects of nesting, laying and hatching were generally similar to those obtained in previous studies in other areas. However, we found that the typical clutch size of two eggs per nest is lower, and egg and nestling mortality rates higher in our area than what has been reported elsewhere. Our results suggest that males differ in time expended with different activities according to their reproductive condition and also provide extensive parental care. We found that display execution rates peak in the early morning and in the late afternoon and are higher in the middle of the breeding season. We also found that there is an inverse relation between the height of the display leap and the height of the perch.


The Auk ◽  
2001 ◽  
Vol 118 (3) ◽  
pp. 709-716 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jaime A. Ramos ◽  
John Bowler ◽  
Laura Davis ◽  
Sarah Venis ◽  
John Quinn ◽  
...  

Abstract Patterns of abundance of the seabird tick Amblyomma loculosum and their effects on Roseate Tern (Sterna dougallii) nestling growth, fledging age, and survival are described on Aride Island, Seychelles, in 1997–1999. Female ticks attached to nestlings from 4 to 14 days (to engorge) whereas male ticks attached for 1–3 days. The linear growth rate of birds carrying female ticks (0.24 g/day) was significantly different from that of nonparasitized nestlings of the same age and similar (or even lower) hatching weight (4.07 g/day). Parasitized nestlings that fledged did so 5.2 days later than nonparasitized nestlings of similar age. Only 37.5% of the nestlings infested with female ticks fledged compared with 83.3% of the noninfested nestlings. During the successful 1998 breeding season, around 100 nestlings died from tick infestation (24.3% of the nestling deaths). Ticks appeared to accelerate nestling mortality during periods of food shortage. Despite an annual difference of two weeks in the timing of breeding of the Roseate Terns between 1997 and 1998, adult ticks parasitized nestlings in July, with an infestation peak occurring between 8–12 July in both years. However, in 1997, nestlings were parasitized at a younger age, suggesting that ticks (nymph stage) must attach to Roseate Tern adults as soon as they make a nest scrape (usually in May). Ironically, the frequent breeding failures of the Roseate Terns will result in lower infestation levels in subsequent years, which will benefit the birds.


The Condor ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-116 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy A. Estes ◽  
R. William Mannan

Abstract We monitored 18 nests of Cooper's Hawks (Accipiter cooperii) in Tucson, Arizona, and 18 nests in rural areas of southeastern Arizona from 1999–2000 to compare feeding behavior of urban- and rural-nesting hawks. We recorded the frequency of prey deliveries, the approximate size and type of prey items, and the behavior of hawks during each delivery. Differences between rates of prey delivery at urban and rural nests decreased as nestlings grew. Rate of prey delivery at urban nests exceeded that at rural nests most during the morning and least at midday. Urban hawks delivered 2.0 ± 1.2 times more prey biomass nestling−1 hr−1 to nests than rural hawks. The odds of males delivering prey directly to nests, and of prey items being refused, were 13.6 ± 2.3 and 2.5 ± 1.6 times greater, respectively, at urban nests than at rural nests. Male and female hawks also vocalized more at rural nests than at urban nests. Our data suggest that prey is more abundant and available to hawks in Tucson than in surrounding rural areas. Diet composition of urban- and rural-nesting hawks also differed. Doves comprised 57% of urban prey deliveries, but only 4% of rural prey deliveries, and may explain the high rate of nestling mortality from trichomoniasis, an avian disease caused by a parasitic protozoan, in Tucson. Comportamiento Alimenticio de Accipiter cooperii en Nidos Urbanos y Rurales en el Sureste de Arizona Resumen. Monitoreamos 18 nidos de Accipiter cooperii en Tucson, Arizona, y 18 nidos en áreas rurales del sureste de Arizona durante 1999–2000 con el fin de comparar los comportamientos alimenticios de gavilanes anidando en zonas urbanas y rurales. Registramos la frecuencia de entrega de presas, el tamaño aproximado y el tipo de presas, y el comportamiento de los gavilanes durante cada entrega. Las diferencias entre las tasas de entrega de presas en nidos urbanos y rurales disminuyeron con el crecimiento de los polluelos. La tasa de entrega de presas en nidos urbanos excedió a la de nidos rurales más durante horas matutinas que durante las horas del mediodía. Los gavilanes urbanos entregaron 2.0 ± 1.2 veces más biomasa de presas polluelo−1 hr−1 que los gavilanes rurales. Las probabilidades de entregas de presas por machos directamente en los nidos, y de rechazo de presas fueron 13.6 ± 2.3 y 2.5 ± 1.6 veces mayores, respectivamente, en nidos urbanos que en nidos rurales. Los machos y hembras de los gavilanes también vocalizaron más en nidos rurales que en nidos urbanos. Nuestros datos sugieren que las presas son más abundantes y disponibles para los gavilanes en Tucson que en áreas rurales circundantes. La composición de la dieta de gavilanes urbanos y rurales anidantes también fue diferente. Las palomas formaron el 57% de las presas urbanas entregadas, pero sólo el 4% de las rurales. Esto puede explicar el alto índice de mortalidad de polluelos por tricomoniasis, una infección parasitaria, en Tucson.


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