al-Suhrawardi, Shihab al-Din Yahya (1154–91)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Cooper
Keyword(s):  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Symbolic Language ◽  
Ibn Sina ◽  
New School ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Imaginal World

Al-Suhrawardi, whose life spanned a period of less than forty years in the middle of the twelfth century ad, produced a series of highly assured works which established him as the founder of a new school of philosophy in the Muslim world, the school of Illuminationist philosophy (hikmat al-ishraq). Although arising out of the peripatetic philosophy developed by Ibn Sina, al-Suhrawardi’s Illuminationist philosophy is critical of several of the positions taken by Ibn Sina, and radically departs from the latter through the creation of a symbolic language to give expression to his metaphysics and cosmology, his ‘science of lights’. The fundamental constituent of reality for al-Suhrawardi is pure, immaterial light, than which nothing is more manifest, and which unfolds from the Light of Lights in emanationist fashion through a descending order of lights of ever diminishing intensity; through complex interactions, these in turn give rise to horizontal arrays of lights, similar in concept to the Platonic Forms, which govern the species of mundane reality. Al-Suhrawardi also elaborated the idea of an independent, intermediary world, the imaginal world (alam al-mithal). His views have exerted a powerful influence down to this day, particularly through Mulla Sadra’s adaptation of his concept of intensity and gradation to existence, wherein he combined Peripatetic and Illuminationist descriptions of reality.

scholarly journals Reyes y universidades en la Península Ibérica (siglo XIII) = Kings and Universities in the Iberian Peninsula (13th century)

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adeline Rucquoi
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Península Ibérica

Resumen: La creación de un studium generale en Palencia hacia 1180 por el rey Alfonso VIII de Castilla se enmarca en el gran movimiento de protección del saber, de los maestros y estudiantes que caracteriza el Occidente de la segunda mitad del siglo XII. En España, los reyes son los “defensores” de la fe y deben, por lo tanto, combatir los errores y promover el conocimiento. Crearon así en el reino de Castilla, después del estudio general de Palencia, los de Salamanca (1254) y de Valladolid (vers 1260), así como estudios en Sevilla y Murcia. Los reyes de Aragón, que podían contar con las escuelas de Montpellier, fundaron un estudio general en Lérida en 1300. Poco antes, los reyes de Portugal habían hecho lo mismo en Lisboa. En el siglo XIII, tan sólo las escuelas de Salamanca y la de Montpellier gozaron del título de “universidad de maestros y estudiantes” y de la licencia ubique docendi concedida por los papas.Palabras clave: Universidades, studium, Península Ibérica; Reyes, Salamanca.Abstract: The creation of a studium generale in Palencia around 1180 by King Alfonso VIII of Castile is part of the great movement to protect knowledge, teachers and students that characterizes the West in the second half of the twelfth century. In Spain, kings are the “defenders of faith” and must therefore fight against errors and promote knowledge. In the kingdom of Castile, after Palencia’s schools –studium generale–, they created those of Salamanca (1254) and Valladolid (c. 1260), as well as studia in Seville and Murcia. The kings of Aragon, who could count on the schools of Montpellier, founded a general studium in Lérida in 1300. Shortly before, the kings of Portugal had done the same in Lisbon. In the 13th century, only the schools of Salamanca enjoyed the title of “university of teachers and students” and, with Montpellier, the ubique docendi license granted by the popes.Keywords: Universities, studium, Iberian Peninsula, Kings, Salamanca.

Performing Violence: Arms, Armour and Military Apparel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver H. Creighton ◽  
Duncan W. Wright ◽  
Michael Fradley ◽  
Steven Trick
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Bayeux Tapestry

This chapter considers military apparel in in the mid-twelfth century and explores the interrelationship between changes in arms and armour and the creation of knightly identities. Outwardly, the mid-twelfth century knight looked quite similar to the Norman warriors depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, although with some subtle differences. By the 1130s and 40s the knight was a little better protected with mail covering more of the bodily extremities. A slightly wider range of military personnel would have been armoured, and minor stylistic differences are distinguishable in showier swords, shields, spurs and scabbards. More important in the actual prosecution of warfare was the changing use of the crossbow, which saw widespread use alongside ‘armour-piercing’ bodkin-type arrowheads. The battles of the period were also the first major military clashes in England where heraldic display was visible — in particular on banners and shields, but also more subtly on horse harness pendants. Such devices created a new means for displaying knightly allegiance, rank and affinities to elite social networks.

Shinpa

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Jortner
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
Domestic Life ◽  
New School ◽  
Documentary Theater ◽  
Japanese Word ◽  
Historical Dramas ◽  
The Creation

Shinpa, the shortened version of the Japanese word shinpageki, or new school drama, was an early Japanese attempt at reforming the theater along modernist lines. The plays featured flamboyant kabuki performance styles and modern realistic dialog; they were a mélange of plays from domestic dramas, to documentary theater to the early Japanese adaptations of Shakespeare. Shinpa dramas were generally based on stories of contemporary domestic life instead of historical dramas. Its plays often exploited the traditional kabuki devices of social obligations conflicting with love or other emotions (giri vs. ninjō). Initially, plays were composed by company actors and modified during performance runs. Many shinpa playwrights were essentially adapters who took serialized fiction novels and rewrote them for the stage. Shinpa also staged adaptations of Western drama including works of Shakespeare, Maeterlinck, and Sardou. These plays were often heavily adapted attempts at interweaving classical Japanese performance forms with Western texts. Other authors focused on the creation of gendaigeki [contemporary plays], which were about domestic problems among Japan’s growing middle class.

scholarly journals Between Modernity and Post-Modernity

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 430-435
Author(s):  
Eric Winkel
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Western Civilization ◽  
The West ◽  
Critical Essay ◽  
Knee Jerk ◽  
Working Paper ◽  
The Creation ◽  
As If

Kazuo Shimogaki 's working paper, number fourteen in the IMESseries, is a critical essay of The Islamic Left, a so-far one-time-onlyprivately produced journal. Three of its five articles are written by HasanHanafi, a professor at Cairo University, and a summary/translation ofHanafi's first and most important article. The essay itself abounds ingrammatical and typographical errors, while the swnmary/translation isdone very well. There is enough evidence that Shimogaki has a sharpmind, and I anticipate eagerly future works.Unfortunately, Shimogaki 's subject matter is not very enlightening,even though many reasons are given for the study of The Islamic Left.Hanafi is located firmly in a reformist tradition with al Afghani and• Abduh. He has all the prejudices of an Egyptian Arab, 1 indulges in endlessanalyses of the "reality" of the Muslim world (with the smug convictionthat his gaze is universal), revels in a knee-jerk hatred of Sufism,2and makes his case for technological boosterism. He also takes forgranted the "backwardness" of the Muslim world, as if the prime accomplishmentof western civilization (which is the creation of nuclearweaponry-what else has engaged the wealth and brain power of theUnited States as much?) was bungled by Islamic civilization.Shimogaki attempts to reform Hanafi in light of postmodernity, buthis own understanding of postmodernity is sketchy (in other words, verypostmodern). Seeing postmodemity teleologically, Shimogaki writes thatHanafi "has not yet reached the newest thought movement in the West, ...

Danilo Dolci a Poetic Modernizer

Worldview ◽  
1973 ◽  
Vol 16 (12) ◽  
pp. 28-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph A. Amato
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Medical Clinic ◽  
Court Cases ◽  
New School ◽  
The Poor ◽  
Western Sicily ◽  
The Creation

An idealistic reformer in western Sicily, Danilo Dold, has for two decades employed demonstrations, court cases, petitions, fasts and clandestine radio in an imaginative series of nonviolent tactics aimed at feeding and housing the poor. He has also been key to the building of a dam, the opening of a medical clinic and the creation of a new school for Sicilian youth. He has effectively challenged the violence, poverty and fatalism that have ruled western Sicily for three centuries, and has won the reputation of being "the Gandhi of Sicily." Dolci preaches and practices nonviolence in an area that, until most recently, has been the heartland of the Sicilian Mafia. It is a territory that typifies the brutal realities and awesome problems of the entire Italian South, the Mezzogiorno. Dolci dares to envision a new Sicily, a Sicily which by its democracy and economic development would be the envy not only of the underdeveloped world but of many in Western Europe and America.

Jihad Poetry in the Age of the Crusades

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
К. Хилленбранд
Keyword(s):  
Thirteenth Century ◽  
The State ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Religious Literature ◽  
Core Component ◽  
Conventional Form ◽  
Intrinsic Quality ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Seamless Transfer ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The article examines how the pre-Islamic with its pagan tribal character could be transformed into a core component in Arabic Muslim religious literature. Indeed, it proved to be elastic enough to adapt itself to the realities of running a vast Muslim empire. Moreover, this conventional form of medieval Arab panegyric poetry came to be deployed as a political and religious tool in the monumental struggle between Western Christendom and the Muslim world at the time of the Crusades. To the state the obvious, jihad poetry is poetry in the service of religion. Its function mattered more at the time than its intrinsic quality. Jihad poetry was not the creation of Muslim poets as a response to their unprecedented contact with Western Christendom at the time of the Crusades. What we see in the twelfth and thirteenth century jihad poetry is in fact the easy and seamless transfer of earlier invective against Christian Byzantium to a new Christian target, the Crusaders. The Muslim poets who extolled the virtues of Nur al-Din, Saladin and their successors in the jihad do not belong in the pantheon of the greatest names of medieval Arabic poetry. But their verses resonate with the spirit of a period which would change the relationship between Christendom and the Muslim world and would harden the ideological battle lines between them. The jihad poetry gives us insights into the stereotypical way in which the Muslims viewed the Christian «other».

Towards the Creation of Strong Brand Image of Waqf Institutions

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-71
Author(s):  
Shafiu Ibrahim Abdullahi
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Brand Image ◽  
The State ◽  
Muslim World ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation

Studies have been conducted focusing on the role of trust, integrity, and reputation on the image and reputations of Islamic charities. But, these are not the only challenges faced by contemporary Waqf. While the world outside the Waqf institutions has changed, Awqaf are stuck in centuries-old procedures and management practices. This must change for Awqaf to be up to the challenges of modern world. This work focuses on proposing a mechanism that explains how possible it is for Awqaf to improve their image given their unique features and environment. The process through which Waqf improves its relationship with stakeholders such as donors, beneficiaries, and government is as important as other aspects of Waqf operation that have been traditionally covered by scholars. The methodology followed for conducting this work is mainly literature review and critical analysis of the state of Waqf in the Muslim world. Thus, the work is a deductive analysis in Islamic economics and marketing, borrowing from Islamic and conventional fields of marketing and branding.

Oxford at the Crossroads

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter D. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
International Committee ◽  
Oxford English Dictionary ◽  
Alma Mater ◽  
New School ◽  
Oxford University ◽  
The Third ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Relationship

This chapter reflects on questions of language, culture, community, and the state via the history of Oxford University (1860 to 1939). After considering Matthew Arnold’s ambivalence about his alma mater, it turns to the quarrel over the identity of the English language between the historian E. A. Freeman and the lexicographer James Murray and its impact on the Oxford English Dictionary. The second section traces this quarrel through the disputes about the creation of the new School of English in Oxford in the 1890s, focusing on the relationship to the established School of Literae Humaniores and the idealist assumptions underpinning the debate. The third section shows what bearing this had on the creation of the International Committee for Intellectual Co-operation, the precursor to UNESCO, in the interwar years. It centres on Gilbert Murray, then Professor of Greek at Oxford, and concludes with his public exchange with Tagore in 1934.

Conflict and Stability within the Tuscan Aristocracy

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-222
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Social Violence ◽  
The Creation

This chapter examines the aristocratic propensity for social violence. It looks at specific incidents of violence and at how one might account for them, and for fluctuations in their intensity. Violence was institutionalized in the form of the masnada, or armed following, and this is carefully scrutinised. The chapter shows that much of the reported violence was not anarchic but purposive. Moreover, the exercise of power and the need for security tended towards the creation of social equilibrium. It was achieved by a variety of means, including dispute resolution and the use of pacts. The content and typology of these are given close scrutiny. There were, however, moments of major fracture where equilibrium was less easily achieved. The final section will look in particular at one such fracture—the internecine conflict which affected the cities during the last decade of the twelfth century. Here I concentrate on Florence.

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