Conflict and Stability within the Tuscan Aristocracy

2019 ◽  
pp. 189-222
Author(s):  
Peter Coss
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Social Violence ◽  
The Creation

This chapter examines the aristocratic propensity for social violence. It looks at specific incidents of violence and at how one might account for them, and for fluctuations in their intensity. Violence was institutionalized in the form of the masnada, or armed following, and this is carefully scrutinised. The chapter shows that much of the reported violence was not anarchic but purposive. Moreover, the exercise of power and the need for security tended towards the creation of social equilibrium. It was achieved by a variety of means, including dispute resolution and the use of pacts. The content and typology of these are given close scrutiny. There were, however, moments of major fracture where equilibrium was less easily achieved. The final section will look in particular at one such fracture—the internecine conflict which affected the cities during the last decade of the twelfth century. Here I concentrate on Florence.

scholarly journals Reyes y universidades en la Península Ibérica (siglo XIII) = Kings and Universities in the Iberian Peninsula (13th century)

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Adeline Rucquoi
Keyword(s):  
Iberian Peninsula ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
13Th Century ◽  
The West ◽  
Teachers And Students ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Península Ibérica

Resumen: La creación de un studium generale en Palencia hacia 1180 por el rey Alfonso VIII de Castilla se enmarca en el gran movimiento de protección del saber, de los maestros y estudiantes que caracteriza el Occidente de la segunda mitad del siglo XII. En España, los reyes son los “defensores” de la fe y deben, por lo tanto, combatir los errores y promover el conocimiento. Crearon así en el reino de Castilla, después del estudio general de Palencia, los de Salamanca (1254) y de Valladolid (vers 1260), así como estudios en Sevilla y Murcia. Los reyes de Aragón, que podían contar con las escuelas de Montpellier, fundaron un estudio general en Lérida en 1300. Poco antes, los reyes de Portugal habían hecho lo mismo en Lisboa. En el siglo XIII, tan sólo las escuelas de Salamanca y la de Montpellier gozaron del título de “universidad de maestros y estudiantes” y de la licencia ubique docendi concedida por los papas.Palabras clave: Universidades, studium, Península Ibérica; Reyes, Salamanca.Abstract: The creation of a studium generale in Palencia around 1180 by King Alfonso VIII of Castile is part of the great movement to protect knowledge, teachers and students that characterizes the West in the second half of the twelfth century. In Spain, kings are the “defenders of faith” and must therefore fight against errors and promote knowledge. In the kingdom of Castile, after Palencia’s schools –studium generale–, they created those of Salamanca (1254) and Valladolid (c. 1260), as well as studia in Seville and Murcia. The kings of Aragon, who could count on the schools of Montpellier, founded a general studium in Lérida in 1300. Shortly before, the kings of Portugal had done the same in Lisbon. In the 13th century, only the schools of Salamanca enjoyed the title of “university of teachers and students” and, with Montpellier, the ubique docendi license granted by the popes.Keywords: Universities, studium, Iberian Peninsula, Kings, Salamanca.

Performing Violence: Arms, Armour and Military Apparel

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver H. Creighton ◽  
Duncan W. Wright ◽  
Michael Fradley ◽  
Steven Trick
Keyword(s):  
Social Networks ◽  
Twelfth Century ◽  
Military Personnel ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Bayeux Tapestry

This chapter considers military apparel in in the mid-twelfth century and explores the interrelationship between changes in arms and armour and the creation of knightly identities. Outwardly, the mid-twelfth century knight looked quite similar to the Norman warriors depicted in the Bayeux Tapestry, although with some subtle differences. By the 1130s and 40s the knight was a little better protected with mail covering more of the bodily extremities. A slightly wider range of military personnel would have been armoured, and minor stylistic differences are distinguishable in showier swords, shields, spurs and scabbards. More important in the actual prosecution of warfare was the changing use of the crossbow, which saw widespread use alongside ‘armour-piercing’ bodkin-type arrowheads. The battles of the period were also the first major military clashes in England where heraldic display was visible — in particular on banners and shields, but also more subtly on horse harness pendants. Such devices created a new means for displaying knightly allegiance, rank and affinities to elite social networks.

Conclusions

2020 ◽  
pp. 249-252
Author(s):  
Marta Celati
Keyword(s):  
Fifteenth Century ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Political Theories ◽  
History Of ◽  
Humanist Tradition ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Ideal

The final section sums up the main innovative findings of this whole study. It points out how starting from the second half of the fifteenth century the development of a ‘thematic genre’ of literature on conspiracies was influenced by, but at the same time contributed to, the phenomenon of the literary fashioning of the profile of the ideal ruler, who now corresponded to the figure of a princeps. This literature also contributed to the creation of a new language and symbology of power through the multifunctional reworking of the classical legacy. This evolution culminated in Machiavelli’s attention to the issue of political plots in this work, with an approach that proves to be partly inspired by the previous cultural horizon, but already prominently projected towards an utterly new conceptual world. This analysis, besides providing a missing chapter on the background of Machiavelli’s work, more generally, underlines the significant contribution made by the humanist tradition, through its various literary expressions, to the development of modern political theories and to the history of our culture.

The Conquering of Inner Space. Resources and Conflicts on the Seabed

1974 ◽  
Vol 9 (2-3) ◽  
pp. 57-73 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kim Traavik
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Continental Shelf ◽  
Third World ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Final Section ◽  
The Third ◽  
Sea Bed ◽  
Short Run ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Third World

In discussing the legal and political problems connected with exploitation of the inorganic resources of the continental shelf and deep seabed, the author examines the types and amount of resources available. Placing special emphasis on the interests of the developing countries, he goes on to suggest some of the probable consequences of large-scale extraction of offshore fuels and metals. Against this backdrop, the article concludes that, in the short run, the Third World countries are not likely to benefit greatly from the creation of a UN Sea-Bed Regime. In the final section of the article, some significant lines of division in UN Sea-Bed Committee are discussed.

‘Targeted Touchdown’ and ‘Partial Liftoff’: Post-Crisis Dispute Resolution in the OTC Derivatives Markets and the Challenge for ISDA*

2012 ◽  
Vol 13 (12) ◽  
pp. 1297-1328 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Biggins
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Trade Association ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Over The Counter ◽  
Otc Derivatives ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Derivatives Markets

Since the 1980s, influential participants in the niche over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives markets have sought to encourage contractual standardization in the industry to mitigate the potential for unforeseen legal interruptions and ensure the enforceability of OTC derivatives contracts. The International Swaps and Derivatives Association (ISDA), a trade association and standard-setter, has spearheaded this effort; resulting in the creation and sustenance of a highly successful transnational private regulatory regime (TPRER). Most notably, ISDA has generated a standardized boilerplate contract for OTC derivatives, known as the ‘ISDA Master Agreement’. However, the TPRER within which the ISDA Master Agreement operates displays some intriguing features and paradoxes. Chief amongst these paradoxes is that, while this TPRER appears at first glance to be highly legalistic and formal, indications are that rates of formal litigation between members of the regulatory regime have traditionally been low relative to the size of the market (the total notional amount of OTC derivatives contracts outstanding at the end of 2011 was estimated at US$648 trillion).

scholarly journals Divine Love as the Reason for Creation in Islam—An Exploration of Nursi’s Epistles of Light

Religions ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 667
Author(s):  
Nasrin Rouzati
Keyword(s):  
Final Section ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Spiritual Journey ◽  
Divine Love ◽  
God's Love ◽  
The World ◽  
Magnum Opus ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Universe ◽  
Shed Light

This paper aims to answer the question “why did God create the world” by examining Bediuzzaman Said Nursi’s magnum opus, the The Epistles of Light (Risale-i Nur), to demonstrate that, from a Nursian perspective, divine love is the raison d’etre for the creation of the world. The first section will investigate the notion of divine love as reflected in the wider Muslim scholarly literature. This will be followed by a discussion on the theology of divine names, with special attention to Nursi’s perspective, illustrating the critical role that this concept plays in Nursian theology particularly as it relates to cosmic creation. The third section will explore the metaphysics of love, the important implications of God’s love in the creation of the world, and its role as the driving force for the dynamism and activities within the structure of the universe. The Qur’anic presentation of love, maḥabba, as well as the significance of the reciprocal nature of love between God and humankind will be explored next. The final section will shed light on the synergy between divine love and the Qur’anic notion of ibtilā, trial and tribulation, to demonstrate its instrumentality in man’s spiritual journey.

The Oxford Handbook of Catholic Theology

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Historical Development ◽  
Final Section ◽  
Initial Section ◽  
Second Vatican Council ◽  
Catholic Theology ◽  
Moral Teaching ◽  
Vatican Council ◽  
Triune God ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Theological Thinking

This book provides a one-volume introduction to Catholic theology. Part I includes chapters on the major themes of Catholic theology. Topics covered include the nature of theological thinking, the Triune God, the Creation, and the mission of the Incarnate Word. Part I also covers the character of the Christian sacramental life and the major themes of Catholic moral teaching. The treatments in this first part of the book offer personal syntheses and perspectives, but each chapter is intended to be in accord with Catholic theology as it is expressed in the Second Vatican Council and the magisterial tradition. Part II focuses on the historical development of modern Catholic theology. An initial section offers chapters on some of Catholic theology’s most important sources between AD200 and 1870, and the final section of the book considers all the main movements and developments in Catholic theology since 1870.The writers include some of the best-known names in current Catholic theology from the Americas, Europe, Asia, and Africa, and all of the most vibrant schools in current Catholic theology are represented. The book should be of help to students of Catholic theology at all levels.

The International Rule of Law in Latin American Investment Arbitration: UNASUR’s Advances in Arbitrator Appointment and Disqualification

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 681-699 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Manuel Álvarez Zárate ◽  
Rebecca Pendleton
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Alternative Dispute Resolution ◽  
South American ◽  
Investment Arbitration ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Democratic Principles ◽  
Dispute Resolution Mechanism ◽  
International Rule

In 2008, Ecuador raised the need for the creation of an alternative dispute resolution mechanism within the Union of South American Nations (UNASUR). Any system of investment arbitration should comply with democratic principles and the international rule of law which provide predictability, transparency and legitimacy for arbitral decisions and thus should avoid political and economic bias. This article shows Latin America’s historical inclination towards arbitration and focuses on the 2014 UNASUR Project’s proposed method of appointment and disqualification of arbitrators, and its approach to the execution of awards. By way of comparison with International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) tribunals, the article goes on to suggest how an application of the international rule of law could help guide and structure arbitrators’ behaviours in the proposed UNASUR Project as well as under the current ICSID framework to avoid arbitrators’ deviation from the law and prevent their creative, independent interpretations.

scholarly journals Scraps of Paper? Agreements and the Durability of Peace

2003 ◽  
Vol 57 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Page Fortna
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Peace Agreements ◽  
Cost Of War ◽  
The Creation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Durable Peace

In the aftermath of war, what determines whether peace lasts or fighting resumes, and what can be done to foster durable peace? Drawing on theories of cooperation, I argue that belligerents can overcome the obstacles to peace by implementing measures that alter incentives, reduce uncertainty about intentions, and manage accidents. A counterargument suggests that agreements are epiphenomenal, merely reflecting the underlying probability of war resumption. I test hypotheses about the durability of peace using hazard analysis. Controlling for factors (including the decisiveness of victory, the cost of war, relative capabilities, and others) that affect the baseline prospects for peace, I find that stronger agreements enhance the durability of peace. In particular, measures such as the creation of demilitarized zones, explicit third-party guarantees, peacekeeping, and joint commissions for dispute resolution affect the duration of peace. Agreements are not merely scraps of paper; rather, their content matters in the construction of peace that lasts.

scholarly journals Some legal mechanism problems for economic dispute resolution in Russian Federation

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (Extra-A) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Korolev Ivan Igorevich ◽  
Zaychenko Elena Viktorovna ◽  
Turłukowski Jarosław ◽  
Makolkin Nikita Nikolayevich
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Resolution ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Legal Regulation ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Legal Mechanism

The aim of the study is to analyze the current state of arbitration system in the Russian Federation and also the consequences of procedural legislation reform, which has become a trigger for transformations in the system of arbitration courts. The authors consider the creation mechanisms and some aspects of arbitration institution functioning, based on the norms of the current legislation. This review is given both in relation to permanent arbitration institutions and in relation to the courts created to consider one specific dispute. In the course of this study, the authors found that a gap in legal regulation remained after the arbitration legislation reform, since it remains possible to create ad hoc "pocket" courts instead of abolished arbitration courts at any institutions. And if initially it seemed that this problem would be solved, now it is necessary to fight against such a mechanical opportunity to get the necessary “comfortable” judges.    

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