Mir Damad, Muhammad Baqir (d. 1631)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hamid Dabashi
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Rich Mixture ◽  
Philosophical Style ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
The Mind

Mir Damad is primarily a gnostic philosopher, arguing that the activity of the mind makes possible the experience of spiritual visions, while visionary experience gives rise to rational thought. He brings together a variety of different traditions in Islamic philosophy, incorporating both the sort of philosophy advocated by Aristotle and its later development by the Neoplatonists, and combining them with the mystical views of Islamic thinkers. The principles of his thought are the backbone of the celebrated ‘School of Isfahan’, which developed this rich mixture of philosophical traditions even further. His approach to the analysis of being was a considerable extension to previous views on this subject, and enabled him to make important contributions to the notion of time. Mir Damad’s philosophical style is characterized by a treatment of abstract concepts behind which lies the living experience of the mystic.

scholarly journals PERKEMBANGAN PEMIKIRAN FILSAFAT ISLAM MODERN (SEBUAH TINJAUAN UMUM)

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Wardani Wardani
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
World War ◽  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
State Institute ◽  
Islamic Studies ◽  
Muslim Countries ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Modern Era ◽  
Theology And Philosophy

This article is aimed to deal with the development of Islamic philosophy in modern era in many countries, both in theEast and the West, in the world commonly, and in Indonesia particularly. Islamic philosophy in this era has grownthrough four stages. Firstly, at the beginning of 19th century, when the modernization in Muslim countries has beeninitiated by Jaml al-Dn al-Afghn. Secondly, since 19th until 20th century, when some orientalists among Jews havestudied the Islamic philosophy. Thirdly, post-World War II, when the Islamic philosophy has become the concern ofthe Eastern and Western scholars. Fourthly, the golden age of Islamic philosophy has come, since 20th centuryhitherto, when the bordes has fused in the sense that both Western and Eastern scholars have collaborated in jointintellectualagenda to study of Islamic philosophy. The Study of Islamic philosophy in Indonesia, in particular, haspassed three stages of development; firstly, in 1960-1970s, the stage of consolidation has begun through efforts carriedout by Harun Nasution to cultivate rational thought in the mind of Indonesian Moslems; secondly, in 1980-1990s,the stage of institutionalization has begun when the department of theology and philosophy at the Faculty of Ushl al-Dn at Syarif Hidayatullah State Institute for Islamic Studies in Jakarta has been initiated in 1982; finally, since1990 hitherto, the stage of functionalization, when the Islamic philosophy has been studied in Islamic universities, andeven functionalized to solve many problems.

Mind, Soul, Language in Wittgenstein

1998 ◽  
pp. 48-53
Author(s):  
Victor J. Krebs
Keyword(s):  
Human Subject ◽  
The Self ◽  
Modern Conception ◽  
Cultural Therapy ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
The Mind

I show that the latter Wittgenstein's treatment of language and the mind results in a conception of the human subject that goes against the exclusive emphasis on the cognitive that characterizes our modern conception of knowledge and the self. For Wittgenstein, our identification with the cognitive ego is tantamount to a blindness to our own nature — blindness that is entrenched in our present culture. The task of philosophy is thus transformed into a form of cultural therapy that seeks to awaken in us a sensitivity to different modes of awareness than the merely intellectual. Its substance of reflection becomes not only the field of conscious rational thought, but the tension in our nature between reason and vital feeling, that is, between culture and life.

Thoughts to draw upon

2013 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Amy Swartz
Keyword(s):  
Free Association ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Visual Poetry ◽  
Rational Thought ◽  
The Mind

In our modern world filled with exacting information and result-oriented activities, drawing is both a process and product that feeds the imagination, rescues the mind from literal explanation and builds a connection between emotion and rational thought. The drawn mark can transform into a plethora of optical possibilities, creating visual poetry and free association of ideas. This article is based on my own thoughts about the mark marking process and the wide-ranging, inventive and unexpected ways students' create complex, personally relevant contemporary drawing.

It’s in My Bones

2020 ◽  
pp. 131-149
Author(s):  
Iris Berent
Keyword(s):  
Embodied Cognition ◽  
The Body ◽  
Computational Theory Of Mind ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Computational Theory ◽  
Bodily Experiences ◽  
Abstract Notion ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Material Bodies

When I point to an object, you and I can agree on what it is (a red, round cup). How does our brain (matter) represent such notions? And how do we (distinct material bodies) apparently converge so we can talk about the same things? Cognitive scientists and philosophers have long assumed that people share abstract concepts (e.g., a cup); to explain how such abstract concepts can give rise to thinking, they further proposed the computational theory of mind. But theories of “embodied cognition” assert that cognition is all “in people’s bones.” What we know as a cup is not an abstract notion but rather the bodily experiences of our sensory and motor interactions with a cup—its shiny color, how it feels in our hands, the smoothness of its surface, its weight, and shape. I suggest that “Embodiment” is alluring because it promises to resolve the mysteries of Dualism (how can material bodies encode the immaterial notion of a cup?) and the origins of ideas (how do we all converge on an understanding that allows us to talk about the same things?). The solution is strikingly simple—just remove the “mind” from the equation. If there is no (immaterial) knowledge, then we no longer need to worry about how knowledge arises from the body and how knowledge can be learned. As discussed in the previous chapter, people erroneously believe that “if it’s in my body” then “it’s inborn.” Dualism and essentialism thus explain some of the lure of embodied cognition.

The Relationship between Language and Disease Concepts

1977 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 57-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Warner
Keyword(s):  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Linguistic Features ◽  
Bipolar Structure ◽  
Anthropological Linguistics ◽  
European Languages ◽  
Disease Causation ◽  
Disease Concepts ◽  
Holistic Perception ◽  
Static View ◽  
The Mind

The Sapir-Whorf hypothesis, well-known in anthropological linguistics, postulates that language may not only describe the world we inhabit but also mould the way we experience it. This paper argues that an individual's language may similarly determine his conception of disease. Possible relationships between linguistic features and disease concepts are cited for the Eskimo, the Navaho, and the Chinese, and it is suggested that, in European languages, the extensive use of spatial metaphors to express abstract concepts may encourage a more rigid categorization of disease and inhibit the ability to conceive of multiple factors in disease causation. The use of nouns rather than verbs to express the idea of illness could lead to a static view of disease and tends to separate illnesses as distinct entities rather than defining them as aspects of bodily functioning. The bipolar structure of Indo-European languages, setting subject against predicate and noun against verb, may play a part in the persistence of the mind-body dichotomy and restrict the holistic perception of man with nature. These linguistic features, in leading to a conception of disease as a rigidly defined, unchanging, unicausal thing, may encourage an over-use of surgery and lead to difficulty in perceiving social and psychological factors in disease.

scholarly journals EMOTIONAL, MENTAL AND PHYSICAL STATES EXPRESSED THROUGH COLOUR CONCEPTS IN ENGLISH AND SERBIAN: A COGNITIVE LINGUISTIC VIEW

1970 ◽  
Vol 44 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-92
Author(s):  
Sonja Filipović Kovačević
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Body ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Conceptual Metaphors ◽  
Cognitive Linguistic ◽  
Psychological Reaction ◽  
Initial Hypothesis ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Strong Ground

This paper studies the extended meanings of lexemes with the colour concepts red, pink, blue, green and yellow expressing emotional, mental and physical states in English and Serbian from a cognitive linguistic perspective. The initial hypothesis is that lexemes with these colour concepts express states of the mind and/or the body like being angry, unrealistic or sick, for instance, and that these transferred metaphoric meanings are essentially metonymically grounded. The aims are the following:1. to identify the conceptual metaphors associating concrete colour concepts with the abstract concepts of emotional, mental and physical states, 2. to determine metonymic motivation of colour-related metaphors, 3. to consider the issue of cultural universality and/or diversity. The results of the analysis have shown that the studied colour concepts express meanings associated with different states of the mind and the body, which is presented via conceptual metaphors (e.g. being embarrassed is being red, being unrealistic is seeing pink, etc.). Also, most of these metaphors are based on two metonymies: 1. colour of the skin for the state of the mind/body and 2. an experiential association between a particular colour and people`s psychological reaction. There are more similarities than differences between English and Serbian, which is strong ground for believing that the studied metaphors motivated by metonymies are universal.

Expérimenter la pensée en schémas-images. Des adolescents s’interrogent « d’où viennent les pensées ? »

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (2 supplement) ◽  
pp. 79-95
Author(s):  
Anda Fournel ◽  
Jean-Pascal Simon
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
The Body ◽  
Philosophy For Children ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Philosophical Inquiry ◽  
Image Schemas ◽  
Inquiry Process ◽  
The World ◽  
The Mind

"Experimenting Thinking in Image Schemas. Teenagers are Wondering “Where Do Thoughts Come From?” An intellectual view of philosophy as an activity focusing on understanding abstract concepts and their relationships deprives philosophical exercise of the participation of the body and senses. If we reject the mind-body dualism, as Dewey, Johnson, etc. did, then we are constantly engaged in interactions with the world and others, and can thus consider the act of thinking from our own experiences. Inspired by an experimentalist conception of school and life, as well as the method of inquiry developed by Dewey, the Philosophy for Children program provides an inquiry process that invites participants to conceptualize and reason philosophically in a collaborative manner. Do these practices implement an embodied cognition? To find out, we selected a discussion as a case study and analyzed it based on the observation that the issue to be discussed by the participants - “where do thoughts come from?” contains two image schemas: path (come from) and source (where). We have noted a variety and a significant number of expressions (“they come from within”, “they come from what happens outside”, etc.) whose analysis enhances a better understanding of how an experience of understanding the origins of our thoughts fits into the discourse and contributes to a collective conceptualization of “thinking”. Keywords: image schemas, perceptual experience, conceptualisation, community of philosophical inquiry, experimentalism "

DIALEKTIKA ANTARA FILSAFAT DAN AGAMA DALAM PEMIKIRAN FILSAFAT ISLAM: Kesinambungan dan Interaksi

2014 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wardani .
Keyword(s):  
Islamic Philosophy ◽  
Rational Theology ◽  
Rational Thought

This article is aimed to describe dialectical relation between Islamic philosophy (hikmah) and Islamic religious doctrin (syarah). The tension between two has emerged since declination of rational theology (Mutazilite) and since the rise of ortodox theology (Asyarite). Al-Ghazl, one of prominent scholars of the Asyarite, has attacked Moslem philosophers, such as Ibn Sn. This article has came to the conclusion that in such tension, in which religion and rational thought met, the two neither reached utterly different results, nor yet were they identical, but seemed to run parallel to one another

scholarly journals Thoughts on the table: Gesture as a tool for thinking in blind and visually impaired children

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 73-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Jelec ◽  
Dorota Jaworska
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Mental Load ◽  
Blind And Visually Impaired ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Impaired Children ◽  
Visually Impaired Children

Abstract The theory of embodiment (Lakoff and Johnson 2003; Gibbs et al. 2004) explains the origin of meaning by postulating that thought is influenced by sensorimotor experience (Robbins and Aydede 2009). However, the relation between the body, mind and environment is not unidirectional. Not only do we derive information from the world, but we are also able to use it as an extension of the mind through epistemic actions, strategies that minimize the cognitive load by offloading it onto the environment (Kirsh and Maglio 1994). This paper investigates the potential of gesture as epistemic action. 12 blind and severely visually impaired children and young adults, as well as a control group of 7 young adults were interviewed for the purpose of the study. Participants were asked to explain a set of abstract and concrete concepts while their speech and gestures were recorded. If gesture indeed plays a role in reducing the mental load by externalizing thought, more gestures should be produced for concepts that are more difficult to describe (in this case: abstract, intangible concepts). Qualitative data analysis, as well as simple statistical analyses of gesture type, number and gesture per word rates show that abstract concepts do not generate more gestures, but do prompt blind and visually impaired speakers to use simulation gestures. These gestures constitute reenactments of situations associated with a given concept by the respondent. They are also thought to confirm the embodied cognition hypothesis (Hostetter and Alibali 2008). A number of examples demonstrates that abstract concepts in blind children are strongly grounded in their experience of real-world situations. Findings suggest that gesture is not merely a tool for communication, but a way of extending the capabilities of the mind.

Transient Neural Activation of Abstract Relations on an Incidental Analogy Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei-Chun Wang ◽  
Liang-Tien Hsieh ◽  
Gowri Swamy ◽  
Silvia A. Bunge
Keyword(s):  
Analogical Reasoning ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
Mental Representations ◽  
Semantic Relatedness ◽  
Neural Activation ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Neural Representations ◽  
General Abstract ◽  
The Mind ◽  
Relational Priming

Although a large proportion of the lexicon consists of abstract concepts, little is known about how they are represented by the brain. Here, we investigated how the mind represents relations shared between sets of mental representations that are superficially unrelated, such as car–engine and dog–tongue, but that nonetheless share a more general, abstract relation, such as whole–part. Participants saw a pair of words on each trial and were asked to indicate whether they could think of a relation between them. Importantly, they were not explicitly asked whether different word pairs shared the same relation, as in analogical reasoning tasks. We observed representational similarity for abstract relations in regions in the “conceptual hub” network, even when controlling for semantic relatedness between word pairs. By contrast, we did not observe representational similarity in regions previously implicated in explicit analogical reasoning. A given relation was sometimes repeated across sequential word pairs, allowing us to test for behavioral and neural priming of abstract relations. Indeed, we observed faster RTs and greater representational similarity for primed than unprimed trials, suggesting that mental representations of abstract relations are transiently activated on this incidental analogy task. Finally, we found a significant correlation between behavioral and neural priming across participants. To our knowledge, this is the first study to investigate relational priming using functional neuroimaging and to show that neural representations are strengthened by relational priming. This research shows how abstract concepts can be brought to mind momentarily, even when not required for task performance.

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