Bonhoeffer, Dietrich (1906–45)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Loup Seban
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
Dietrich Bonhoeffer ◽  
National Socialist ◽  
Confessing Church ◽  
Imitation Of Christ ◽  
The World ◽  
Religionless Christianity

Dietrich Bonhoeffer was a twentieth-century Lutheran theologian who associated Christian belief and political action in an exemplary fashion. His part in the struggle of the Confessing Church and of the German resistance against the National-Socialist dictatorship cost him his life. Christocentric and ecclesiocentric, he stressed personal and collective piety and revived the idea of the imitation of Christ; the concepts of obedience and of the suffering God are central to his view. His Ethik (1949) was widely influential; in it, he argued that Christians should not retreat from the world, but have a duty to act within it. His answer to the secularization of the modern world was a ‘religionless Christianity’, a communocentric, pietistic, personal discipline.

Wars and Rumors of Wars

2019 ◽  
pp. 12-35
Author(s):  
Brian Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
First World War ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Christian Belief ◽  
World War ◽  
Protestant Churches ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
First World

This chapter suggests that the consequences of the First World War for patterns of Christian belief and the life of the churches were indeed great, but that they stimulated, not an immediate loss of faith, but rather the emergence and increasingly distinct self-definition of some of the most characteristic themes and divergent styles of Christianity in the modern world. It then identifies the main implications of the war for Christianity on a world stage. First, the war came close to destroying the spirit of Protestant internationalism that had been so powerfully symbolized and fostered by the World Missionary Conference held at Edinburgh in June of 1910. A second consequence of the war was the gradual erosion of credibility of the European ideal of “Christian civilization,” and consequent softening of the antithesis between “Christian West” and “Non-Christian East.” Third, the war led some theological interpreters to question the more facile expressions of Christian liberalism and social optimism to which sections of the Protestant churches had succumbed since the dawn of the twentieth century. A fourth spiritual consequence of the war was the stimulus it imparted to forms of religion that emphasized the suprarational, and hence the limits of rational human capacity to change the world.

Modern-World Archaeology

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles E. Orser
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Archaeology ◽  
First Century ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World Archaeology ◽  
The World ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Twenty First Century ◽  
Historical Antecedents

Historical archaeology has grown exponentially since its inception. By the beginning of the second decade of the twenty-first century, practitioners of the field had conducted research throughout the world in locales only imagined in the mid-twentieth century. The spread of historical archaeology in Europe, Asia, and Africa—and other places with long, rich documentary histories—has meant that two senses of ‘historical archaeology’ now exist. The creation of modern-world archaeology seeks to define an archaeology of the post-Columbian world as an archaeology explicitly engaged in investigating the historical antecedents of our present age. This chapter explains the rationale behind the creation of modern-world archaeology, outlines some of its central tenets, and provides a brief example of one subject of relevance to the field.

scholarly journals COVID-19 as a challenge to the Economics, society and Politics

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 250-265
Author(s):  
A. N. Kuriukin
Keyword(s):  
Financial Stability ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Three Dimensions ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Interdisciplinary Approaches ◽  
The World ◽  
Asset Class ◽  
Restrictive Measures ◽  
The Impact

Purpose: to consider in detail the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the modern world, in relation to three dimensions – the economy, society. Politics, to outline the most problematic points of negative effects generation, to propose directions for the restoration of the world system within the framework of the formation of a new post-COVID-19 ”normality”.Methods: includes the principles of systemic, theoretical-cognitive, institutional, instrumental and interdisciplinary approaches, mediated by the accepted in social science ideas about the relationship and interaction of subjective and objective factors in social processes with relative independence of the subject.Results: today, the world around us and human civilization, together with the impressive process of globalization, has entered the stage of the emergence of new challenges that were not previously presented to it or were not manifested so powerfully. The first of these challenges of the current 21st century is undoubtedly the COVID-19 pandemic. Today it is stated that, according to the most optimistic estimates, the fall of the world economy may exceed the crisis of 2008–2009. In terms of social practices and communications, COVID-19 is already forcing us to design a new “normality” that will become a reality in the post-COVID-19 era. In the field of politics, it is stated that in authoritarian and authoritarian regimes, a more effective public response to restrictive measures was ensured.Conclusions and Relevance: at the present stage, the market and the signals it gives, by asset class, recession and recovery patterns, should be closely monitored not only by economists, but also by sociologists. political scientists, politicians and public figures. Urgent and decisive political action is needed not only to contain the pandemic and save lives, but also to protect the most vulnerable in our society from economic collapse and to maintain economic growth and financial stability.

Youth as a Force in the Modern World

1968 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-260 ◽  
Author(s):  
Herbert Moller
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Young People ◽  
Demographic Variable ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Modern World ◽  
World Population ◽  
Historical Experience ◽  
The World

The unprecedented number of young people in the world today can be isolated as one of the crucial reality factors conditioning political and cultural developments. Age distribution is only one demographic variable in the complex of social and political life, but the tremendous growth of world population in the twentieth century has magnified its dynamic potentialities. To gain perspective, it will be useful to briefly consider the role of youth in the light of historical experience.

Decline and Revitalization

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Pacey
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Belief Systems ◽  
Religious History ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
Monastic Life ◽  
Chinese Buddhists ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Religious Evolution ◽  
The Military

The General who Awakens the World had, by the 1960s, left the military and resumed his monastic life as Shengyan. Like Yinshun, he would become one of the most significant Chinese Buddhists of the twentieth century. Shengyan’s scholarship on religious history aimed to show how belief systems fit into a scheme of religious evolution, according to which Buddhism— using academic evidence—was judged as more “advanced” than other traditions, including Christianity. Using two of Shengyan’s academic works, this chapter shows how his Buddhist apologetics represented an elaboration of Yinshun’s scholarly approach to upholding notions of Buddhist superiority. Buddhists had lamented what they saw as the decline of their tradition in the twentieth century; Shengyan’s scholarship was also an attempt to restore “true” Buddhism, which would be seen as thoroughly compatible with the modern world.

Marriage Broking: Catalysis

Reactions ◽  
2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Chemical Industry ◽  
The Other ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Homogeneous Catalyst ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Industrial Chemistry ◽  
The World ◽  
Fritz Haber

A ‘catalyst’ is a substance that increases the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being consumed. The Chinese characters for catalyst, which translate as ‘marriage broker’, convey the sense exactly. For instance, a huge advance in industrial chemistry was achieved early in the twentieth century when the German chemist Fritz Haber (1868–1934) found that nitrogen and hydrogen could be induced to combine to form ammonia, NH3, if the two gases were heated under pressure in the presence of iron. They hardly react at all if iron is not present. Haber’s achievement has helped to save the world, as well as contributing not a little to its destruction. Ammonia is of prime importance for the production of fertilizers, and through that application catalysis has helped to feed the world. Ammonia is also of prime importance for the manufacture of explosives, and through that application catalysis has taken away with that hand some of what the other hand has provided. The chemical industry could not function without catalysts as they enable reactions to occur at economically viable rates. They also enable some reactions to occur which in their absence would not occur at all. Catalysts are used to refine fuels, thus enabling transport. They are used in the manufacture of polymers, thus enabling the fabrication of so many of the artefacts of everyday life as well as the fabrics of fashion and furnishings. Without catalysts there would be very little of what we recognize as the familiar modern world. Our bodies also function under the control of catalysts. Biological catalysts are called enzymes, and I describe their function in Reaction 27. There are two broad classes of catalyst. A ‘heterogeneous catalyst’ is typically a solid and the reagents are liquids or gases that flow over the solid and react as they come into contact with it; this is the case with Haber’s catalyst. A ‘homogeneous catalyst’ is a gas or a substance that dissolves in a liquid reaction mixture. Anthropogenic (human-made) chorine atoms, perhaps from aerosol gases that have travelled up into the stratosphere, are homogeneous catalysts for the destruction of ozone.

scholarly journals Acumulação Sistêmica e Perspectiva Brasileira: uma análise sobre as visões de Giovanni Arrighi e de Celso Furtado

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-112
Author(s):  
Pedro Brocco ◽  
Gabriel Rached
Keyword(s):  
System Theory ◽  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Historical Perspective ◽  
World System ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Primitive Accumulation ◽  
The World ◽  
Analytical Perspective ◽  
Systemic Accumulation ◽  
Brazilian Case

O trabalho pretende analisar o percurso trilhado por Giovanni Arrighi em duas de suas principais obras (O Longo Século XX e Caos e Governabilidade no Moderno Sistema Mundial), levando em conta a tradição formada pelos teóricos do sistema-mundo (Arrighi, Wallerstein et. al.) e articular sua teoria com a obra de Celso Furtado, especificamente sobre a posição do Brasil nos ciclos de acumulação sistêmica. O esforço se justifica pela pertinência da análise do caso brasileiro pelo ponto de vista da perspectiva da acumulação sistêmica em cotejo com a obra de Celso Furtado, bem como pelo estudo acerca de uma possível afinidade entre a perspectiva de análise de Celso Furtado e a da Teoria do Sistema-Mundo.  Palavras-chave: Acumulação primitiva; ciclos de acumulação sistêmica; Giovanni Arrighi; Celso Furtado.     Abstract The study aims to analyze the path of Giovanni Arrighi in two of his major works (The Long Twentieth Century and Chaos and Governance in Modern World System) as well as the tradition formed by the theorists of the world system (Arrighi, Wallerstein et. al.) and to articulate his theory with the work of Celso Furtado, specifically about Brazil's position in the systemic cycles of accumulation, in a historical perspective. The effort is justified by the pertinence of the analysis of the brazilian case on the perspective of the systemic accumulation with the work of Celso Furtado, as well as by the study of a possible affinity between the analytical perspective of Celso Furtado and of the World System Theory. Keywords: Primitive accumulation; cycles of hegemonic accumulation; Giovanni Arrighi; Celso Furtado.   Recebido em: julho/2106;Aprovado em: março/2017.

Bonhoeffer the Preacher

2019 ◽  
pp. 107-120
Author(s):  
David J. Lose
Keyword(s):  
Body Of Christ ◽  
Dietrich Bonhoeffer ◽  
Living Body ◽  
Confessing Church ◽  
The World

In addition to being a noted systematic theologian, ethicist, and leader of the Confessing Church, Dietrich Bonhoeffer was also a preacher. In fact, at the centre of all his theological work stands his unfaltering conviction that the preached Word is the primary expression of the Gospel and the place where contemporary believers encounter their living Lord. Bonhoeffer’s homiletic revolves around the preacher’s role of listening attentively to the witness of Scripture in order to accompany the living Word into the congregation so it may meet people where they are, sustain them in their present circumstances, and form them into the living Body of Christ in order to respond to the current needs of the world.

scholarly journals The New Hegemon? Contingency and Agency in the Asian Age

2009 ◽  
pp. 220-227 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Bair
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Adam Smith ◽  
World System ◽  
Financial Sector ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Longue Duree

Adam Smith in Beijing is an ambitious sequel to the work that is widely regarded as Giovanni Arrighi’s most important, The Long Twentieth Century. Much like this earlier book, Adam Smith in Beijing is a long, sweeping and provocative exploration of capitalism’s past, present, and future. In The Long Twentieth Century, Arrighi analyzed the 700 year history of the modern world system as a series of cycles of accumulation, each of which occurred under the auspices of a hegemonic power, and each of which included a period of material expansion followed, late in the cycle, by a shift in the locus of capital accumulation to the financial sector. Arrighi’s analysis of four successive regimes—the Genoese, Dutch, British, and U.S.—drew on Braudel’s concept of the “autumn of a hegemonic system,” which refers to the period of financial expansion marking the maturation of a particular regime of accumulation and its eventual displacement by a new one. This perspective enabled Arrighi to understand the financialization of the world economy, proceeding apace at the time under then-President Clinton, in the context of the longue durée in which one (declining) hegemon’s autumn is another (rising) hegemon’s spring.

scholarly journals International negotiations as a social and humanitarian resource in world politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 98-113
Author(s):  
Marina Lebedeva
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Politics ◽  
International Negotiations ◽  
Political Organization ◽  
Modern World ◽  
The Political ◽  
Research Experience ◽  
The World ◽  
The Moment

The article considers international negotiations as a resource of influence and creation in world politics, which is part of the social and humanitarian resource. The article analyzes the negotiation practice and research of international negotiations, starting from the second half of the twentieth century, i.e. from the moment when international negotiations receive intensive development. It is shown that at this time a huge practical and research experience was accumulated on the technology of negotiations, the role and place of negotiations in the world, which made up a social and humanitarian resource for world politics. At the end of the twentieth – beginning of the twentieth centuries there is a decline in negotiation activity and, accordingly, decline research on international negotiations, which was caused by: 1) a change in the nature of conflicts that have largely ceased to be interstate in nature and which began to arise on ethnic and religious grounds with many decentralized participants; 2) a significant reduction in the role of Russian-American relations in the world after the collapse of the USSR. Namely, the Russian-American negotiations, primarily in the field of disarmament, were the most important in international relations of the second half of the twentieth century. As a result, in the 21 st century, the number of international negotiations not only decreased, but treaties reached in the past began to be denounced, primarily by the United States. It is shown that this situation is caused by deep processes of transformation of the political organization of the world, covering its various levels, both national and supranational. As a result, a situation of uncertainty and unpredictability is created, which does not contribute to the search for negotiated solutions. However, the political organization of the world can only be transformed through negotiations. Given the scale of this transformation and the huge number of actors in the modern world, international negotiations will become of great importance, serving as a resource for building a new political organization of the world.

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