Off-Farm Employment Opportunities for Farmers: A Labor Market Area Analysis

Racial disparities persist throughout the employment process, with African Americans experiencing significant barriers compared to whites. This article advances the understanding of racial labor market stratification by bringing new theoretical insights and original data to bear on the ways social networks shape racial disparities in employment opportunities. We develop and articulate two pathways through which networks may perpetuate racial inequality in the labor market: network access and network returns. In the first case, African American job seekers may receive fewer job leads through their social networks than white job seekers, limiting their access to employment opportunities. In the second case, black and white job seekers may utilize their social networks at similar rates, but their networks may differ in effectiveness. Our data, with detailed information about both job applications and job offers, provide the unique ability to adjudicate between these processes. We find evidence that black and white job seekers utilize their networks at similar rates, but network-based methods are less likely to lead to job offers for African Americans. We then theoretically develop and empirically test two mechanisms that may explain these differential returns: network placement and network mobilization. We conclude by discussing the implications of these findings for scholarship on racial stratification and social networks in the job search process.

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Congress and the Bureaucracy: Who Makes the Law?

Congress ◽

10.12987/yale/9780300220537.003.0008 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 239-260

Author(s):

Benjamin Ginsberg ◽

Kathryn Wagner Hill

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Environmental Impact ◽

Federal Government ◽

Social Services ◽

Food Supply ◽

Executive Branch ◽

Employment Opportunities ◽

Health Maintenance ◽

Bureaucratic Power ◽

Executive Agencies

This chapter concerns how Congress deals with bureaucratic power. Much of today's federal bureaucracy can trace its origins to Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal. Under FDR's leadership, the federal government began to take responsibility for management of the economy, provision of social services, protection of the public's health, maintenance of employment opportunities, promotion of social equality, protection of the environment, and a host of other tasks. As the government's responsibilities and ambitions grew, Congress assigned more and more complex tasks to the agencies of the executive branch, which sometimes were only too happy to expand their own power and autonomy. Executive agencies came to be tasked with the responsibility for analyzing and acting upon economic data; assessing the environmental impact of programs and projects; responding to fluctuations in the labor market; safeguarding the food supply; regulating the stock market; supervising telecommunications and air, sea, and land transport; and, in recent years, protecting the nation from terrorist plots.

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Flexibility Policies and Re-employment Probabilities in Italy

The B E Journal of Economic Analysis & Policy ◽

10.1515/bejeap-2013-0180 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 621-651 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Chiara Mussida ◽

Dario Sciulli

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Duration Dependence ◽

Employment Opportunities ◽

Regional Labor Markets ◽

Flexible Labor ◽

Regional Labor ◽

Short And Long Term ◽

Employment Probabilities ◽

Screening Device

Abstract We analyze the effects of Italian labor market reforms “at the margin” on the probability of exiting from non-employment and entering permanent and temporary contracts, using WHIP data for the period 1985–2004. We find that the reforms have strengthened the duration dependence parameter, meaning a stronger labor market gap in employment opportunities between the short- and long-term non-employed. We suggest that in a flexible labor market, long-term unemployment is used by firms as a screening device to detect less productive workers. We also find evidence of greater differences in employment opportunities according to gender, and of reduced differences between regional labor markets.

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The Rise of Artificial Intelligence

Natural Language Processing ◽

10.4018/978-1-7998-0951-7.ch063 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1298-1313

Author(s):

Robert Niewiadomski ◽

Dennis Anderson

Keyword(s):

Artificial Intelligence ◽

Labor Market ◽

Exponential Growth ◽

Cognitive Abilities ◽

Full Range ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Employment Opportunities ◽

Strong Ai ◽

Long Run ◽

The Impact

Our inventions defined the work we engaged in for centuries; created new industries and employment opportunities around them. They, however, had often unforeseen consequences that affected the way we lived, interacted with each other, and redefined our societal rules. The established narration portrays the impact of major technological leaps in civilization on employment as temporary disruptions: Many finds themselves without employment taken away from them by efficient, laborsaving inventions, but, in the long run, through gradual adaptations, improved education and gaining higher qualifications, everyone benefits. In this chapter, the authors explore the impact of the rapid expansion of artificial intelligence (AI) in relations to the labor market. The authors argue that this rather optimistic, even naïve scenario, collapses while confronted with the exponential growth of AI; in particular, with the potential arrival of syneoids – robotic forms of “strong AI” possessing, or even exceeding, the full range of human cognitive abilities.

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Analyzing Resilience in Local Labor Market Areas: A Spatial Analysis for the Case of Italy

Applied Economics Quarterly ◽

10.3790/aeq.65.3.189 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 65 (3) ◽

pp. 189-208

Author(s):

Barbara Martini ◽

Marco Platania

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Spatial Analysis ◽

Spatial Data ◽

Spatial Relationship ◽

Spatial Data Analysis ◽

Market Area ◽

Observation Unit ◽

Local Labor Market ◽

Market Areas ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The aim of the paper is to analyse if and in which way specialization, geographical localization and spill-over effects affect resilience. The research is carried out using LLMAs (Local Labor Market Areas) as observational unit and spatial data analysis techniques (Anselin 1999, LeSage & Pace, 2009) in Italy. Resilience literature focalized its attention on regions. Despite this, there is no general agreement regarding the most appropriate observation unit. Our aim is not only to investigate the relationship between specialization and resilience at smaller scale using the LLMAs as observation unit but also to explore the spatial relationship among them. Results highlight a strong spatial correlation among LLMAs. As consequence resilience is not only influenced by specialization but also by geographical localization through spill-over effects. JEL Classifications: R10, R12, C23, C33 Spatial analysis; Resilience; Labor Market Area; Italy

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The Influence of University R & D Expenditures on New Business Formations and Employment Growth

Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice ◽

10.1111/j.1540-6520.2007.00187.x ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 31 (4) ◽

pp. 543-559 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Bruce A. Kirchhoff ◽

Scott L. Newbert ◽

Iftekhar Hasan ◽

Catherine Armington

Keyword(s):

Development Process ◽

Employment Growth ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Local Economy ◽

Market Area ◽

New Firms ◽

Employment Level ◽

New Business ◽

New Firm ◽

Labor Market Area

Since new firms generally lack the resources necessary to compete with their larger, older counterparts in the knowledge development process, we argue that they often rely on spillovers to fuel their own innovative efforts. Thus, we hypothesize that new firms will tend to form in areas characterized by high levels of university research and development (R & D) expenditures and that these births will in turn stimulate the local economy by generating increases in employment level and growth. We test our hypotheses at the U.S. labor market area level using secondary data from various government sources for the years 1990 through 1999. Our results demonstrate that university R & D expenditures are positively related to new firm formations, and that these new firm formations are positively related to employment level and change. These findings suggest that university R & D expenditures are an important indirect contributor to overall economic growth by encouraging primary and secondary firm births.

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The Labor Market, Employability and Entrepreneurship in the Romanian Public Sector

Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences ◽

10.24193/tras.61e.3 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 46-69

Author(s):

Nicu Gavriluță

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Public Sphere ◽

Business Environment ◽

Academic World ◽

Employment Opportunities ◽

The Public ◽

New Challenges ◽

The Public Sphere ◽

Real Challenge ◽

Flexible Models

The issue of employability and the development of entrepreneurship presents a real challenge, given that today’s labor market is highly dynamic. Projections made for the next twenty years indicate important changes. The present study capitalizes on a research carried out in the Romanian academic environment, within three universities. The sample included students and employers from the public sphere. Our research reveals that the services available in three Romanian universities are developing in two main directions: one concerns working with students and developing their skills to become attractive on the labor market. Another direction is one that mediates between the academic world and the business environment. The results obtained through our research capture the policies and services of higher education in order to better train students and increase their employment opportunities. The options and expectations of students regarding the insertion on the labor market are contrasted to those of employers. This is the only way we can think of functional and flexible models for educating future employees in order to be able to face the new challenges of the labor market.

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Tools for the Development of Super-Professional Competencies for Gifted Youth in the Conditions of an Unstable Labor Market

Psychologically Safe Educational Environment: Design Problems and Development Prospects ◽

10.31483/r-96543 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Olga Yurevna Angelova ◽

Tatiana Olegovna Podolskaia

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Labor Market ◽

Communication Skills ◽

Gifted Students ◽

Entrepreneurial Activity ◽

Mass Education ◽

Employment Opportunities ◽

Online Platform ◽

Gifted Youth ◽

University Experience

Instruments for developing super-professional skills, such as entrepreneurial activity, creativity, teamwork, communication skills, are especially necessary for graduates whose professions are at risk of a decrease in employment opportunities in a changing labor market due to a pandemic. The problem is especially acute for graduates of areas related to services, tourism, catering and others. The paper presents the Lobachevsky University experience in the implementation of mass education competition of projects with use online platform i-generation. Such tools are important for gifted students, which motivation depends on the recognition and validation of their high results, from professional and behavioral content that help identify giftedness.

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