For Love or Money? Sociodemographic Determinants of the Expected Benefits from Marriage

2019 ◽  
pp. 171-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott J. South
Keyword(s):  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
Expected Benefits

Design of water allocation model: efficiency and risk aspects

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
C. Kim ◽  
D. Han
Keyword(s):  
Water Allocation ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Allocation Model ◽  
Proportional Allocation ◽  
Model Efficiency ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Water Allocation Model ◽  
Allocation Methods

The primary objective of this study is to improve the methodology for water allocation focused on efficiency and risk aspects. To attain the primary objective, this study sets up an objective function to maximize social expected benefits, and considers three types of allocation methods. Three types of allocation methods are optimal, proportional, and fixed allocation between regions and service sectors. The results of case study area shows that the fixed allocation method is preferred to the proportional allocation in most cases except that the variance of flow is small with respect to efficiency. Also, efficient and less-risky allocation is simultaneously obtained in some cases, while efficiency and risk show the relation of trade-off in other cases.

scholarly journals Explaining the informal economy in Western Europe: beyond a rational economic actor perspective

2020 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Colin Williams ◽  
Gamze Oz-Yalaman
Keyword(s):  
Informal Economy ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Alternative Theory ◽  
Probit Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Economic Actor ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe dominant theorisation of the informal economy views participants as rational economic actors operating in the informal economy when the expected benefits exceed the perceived costs of being caught and punished. Recently, an alternative theory has emerged which views participants as social actors operating in the informal economy due to their lack of vertical trust (in governments) and horizontal trust (in others). The aim of this paper is to evaluate these competing theorisations.Design/methodology/approachTo do so, data are reported from special Eurobarometer surveys conducted in 2007, 2013 and 2019 in eight West European countries (Austria, Belgium, France, Germany, Ireland, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom).FindingsUsing probit regression analysis, the finding is that increasing the expected likelihood of being caught and level of punishment had a weak significant impact on the likelihood of participating in the informal economy in 2007, and there was no significant impact in 2013 and 2019. However, greater vertical and horizontal trust is significantly associated with a lower level of participation in the informal economy in all three time periods.Practical implicationsThe outcome is a call for a policy to shift away from increasing the expected level of punishment and likelihood of being caught, and towards improving vertical and horizontal trust. How this can be achieved is explored.Originality/valueEvidence is provided in a Western European context to support a shift away from a rational economic actor to a social actor approach when explaining and tackling the informal economy.

scholarly journals The path toward ectogenesis: looking beyond the technical challenges

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seppe Segers
Keyword(s):  
Neonatal Intensive Care ◽  
Animal Studies ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Safety Testing ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Physical Impact ◽  
Biological Parenthood ◽  
Experimental Use

Abstract Background Breakthroughs in animal studies make the topic of human application of ectogenesis for medical and non-medical purposes more relevant than ever before. While current data do not yet demonstrate a reasonable expectation of clinical benefit soon, several groups are investigating the feasibility of artificial uteri for extracorporeal human gestation. Main text This paper offers the first comprehensive and up to date discussion of the most important pros and cons of human ectogenesis in light of clinical application, along with an examination of crucial ethical (and legal) issues that continued research into, and the clinical translation of, ectogenesis gives rise to. The expected benefits include advancing prenatal medicine, improving neonatal intensive care, and providing a novel pathway towards biological parenthood. This comes with important future challenges. Prior to human application, important questions have to be considered concerning translational research, experimental use of human fetuses and appropriate safety testing. Key questions are identified regarding risks to ectogenesis’ subjects, and the physical impact on the pregnant person when transfer from the uterus to the artificial womb is required. Critical issues concerning proportionality have to be considered, also in terms of equity of access, relative to the envisaged application of ectogenesis. The advent of ectogenesis also comes with crucial issues surrounding abortion, extended fetal viability and moral status of the fetus. Conclusions The development of human ectogenesis will have numerous implications for clinical practice. Prior to human testing, close consideration should be given to whether (and how) ectogenesis can be introduced as a continuation of existing neonatal care, with due attention to both safety risks to the fetus and pressures on pregnant persons to undergo experimental and/or invasive procedures. Equally important is the societal debate about the acceptable applications of ectogenesis and how access to these usages should be prioritized. It should be anticipated that clinical availability of ectogenesis, possibly first as a way to save extremely premature fetuses, may spark demand for non-medical purposes, like avoiding physical and social burdens of pregnancy.

scholarly journals What (If Anything) Can Justify Basic Income Experiments? Balancing Costs and Benefits in terms of Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Josette Daemen
Keyword(s):  
Policy Making ◽  
Opportunity Costs ◽  
Basic Income ◽  
Costs And Benefits ◽  
Central Thesis ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Future Policy ◽  
Practical Recommendations ◽  
The Way

Abstract The central thesis of this essay is that basic income experiments are justified if their expected benefits in terms of justice exceed their expected costs in terms of justice. The benefits are a function of basic income’s effect on the level of justice attained in the context in which it is implemented, and the experiment’s impact on future policy-making. The costs comprise the sacrifices made as a result of the experiment’s interventional character, as well as the study’s opportunity costs. In light of the proposed standard of justification for basic income experiments, the factors that play a role in it, and the way these interact with one another, this essay provides some practical recommendations for researchers hoping to conduct such an experiment.

scholarly journals School Choice During a Period of Radical School Reform. Evidence from Academy Conversion in England

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bertoni ◽  
Stephen Gibbons ◽  
Olmo Silva
Keyword(s):  
School Choice ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
English Education ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
State Control ◽  
High Performing ◽  
Opt Out ◽  
Improved Performance ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
State Schools

Abstract We study how demand responds to the rebranding of existing state schools as autonomous ‘academies’ in the context of a radical and large-scale reform to the English education system. The academy programme encouraged schools to opt out of local state control and funding, but provided parents and students with limited information on the expected benefits. We use administrative data on school applications for three cohorts of students to estimate whether this rebranding changes schools’ relative popularity. We find that families – particularly higher-income, White British – are more likely to rank converted schools above non-converted schools on their applications. We also find that it is mainly schools that are high-performing, popular and proximate to families’ homes that attract extra demand after conversion. Overall, the patterns we document suggest that families read academy conversion as a signal of future quality gains – although this signal is in part misleading as we find limited evidence that conversion causes improved performance.

Sociodemographic determinants of disability in patients with schizophrenia (Bulgaria, 2018-2019)

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
I Veleva ◽  
S Yankulovska ◽  
K Velikova ◽  
M Valkova ◽  
G Grancharova
Keyword(s):  
Social Functioning ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Paranoid Schizophrenia ◽  
Disease Onset ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sociodemographic Factors ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Psychiatric Clinic ◽  
Sociodemographic Determinants ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Schizophrenia is an increasing public health problem. Despite its low prevalence and mortality, it causes significant disability and has enormous health, social, and economic burden for patients, families, society and health systems worldwide. The aim was to assess the impact of some sociodemographic determinants on disability in patients with paranoid schizophrenia (PS). Methods The study includes 108 patients in Psychiatric Clinic at Pleven University Hospital: 66 males and 42 females, mean age 38.9±10.0, duration of disease 12.8±8.2 years; mean onset of disease - 24 years (Me = 25 and Mo = 22). The study was approved by Ethical Committee. The disease burden was assessed by Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (РANSS), and level of disability - by 36-item WHO Disability Assessment Schedule 2.0. Four variables (gender, age, education, type of employment) were chosen and their impact on disability was assessed by one-way ANOVA (F-test), Tukey's NDS test, two-sided t-test, Pierson r. Data processing was performed by IBM SPSS v.24. Results The most severe deficits were observed in “getting along with people” (61.34±25.77),”life-activities-household” (55.74±23.45), “participation in society” (53.13±19.12), “understanding and communicating” (41.67±17.67). Age at disease onset and its duration showed weak positive correlation. In most domains, males had higher deficits (р=0.0001). Age had an impact only on “getting around” (r = 0.41;p=0.0001) and “self-care” (r = 0.260;p=0.007). Significant differences (F (2,104)=7.565, p < 0.01) were found between groups by education level and occupation (employed/students, unemployed and disabled) - F (3,103)=16.734; p<0.001. Conclusions Sociodemographic factors play a major role for different function domains deficits in PS patients. Most pronounced is the impact of education and occupation. Patients with higher education and those engaged in study or work demonstrate better social functioning than less educated and disabled people. Key messages Education is an important protective factor for disability. Lower educational level decreases competitiveness in workforce market, both in general population and in patients with schizophrenia. Sociodemographic determinants should be considered in planning appropriate preventive and rehabilitation activities to stimulate better social functioning and adaptation of PS patients.

scholarly journals Analysis of Plant-Production-Obtained Biomass in Function of Sustainable Energy

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (13) ◽  
pp. 5486
Author(s):  
Siniša Škrbić ◽  
Aleksandar Ašonja ◽  
Radivoj Prodanović ◽  
Vladica Ristić ◽  
Goran Stevanović ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Plant Production ◽  
Renewable Source ◽  
Agricultural Biomass ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Biomass Potential ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Biomass For Energy

This research analyzed the degree of utilization of the agricultural biomass for energy purposes (combustion), in order to indicate the reasons that limit its use. The biomass potential was studied by means of the methodology of the biomass potential, whereas the factors suggesting a low degree of biomass utilization were identified by means of factor analysis. The research results reveal that there is an enormous potential of the unused agricultural biomass. This dissertation research significantly contributes to the establishment of a genuine mathematical model based on multiple linear regression. The solution obtained by this analysis, in both a mathematical and a scientific manner, conveys the primary reasons for an insufficient utilization of the biomass for energy purposes. Moreover, the paper suggests the measures to be applied for a more substantial use of this renewable source of energy and presents the expected benefits to be gained.

scholarly journals A critical evaluation of the role of aromatase inhibitors as adjuvant therapy for postmenopausal women with breast cancer

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. R79-R89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Petit ◽  
Patrick Dufour ◽  
Ian Tannock
Keyword(s):  
Postmenopausal Women ◽  
Aromatase Inhibitors ◽  
Critical Evaluation ◽  
Disease Free Survival ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Free Survival ◽  
Node Positive Disease ◽  
Expected Benefits ◽  
Disease Free

The introduction of aromatase inhibitors (AI) has provided more options for adjuvant treatment of postmenopausal women; they are associated with improved disease-free survival, but less commonly with improvements in overall survival. Current evidence suggests that women at high risk of recurrence, especially those with node-positive disease, should receive an AI for 2 years as part of their treatment, but routine prescription of AIs to postmenopausal patients with low-risk disease is not appropriate. Not only the expected benefits but also the specific toxicity of the prescribed hormone therapy, and its cost, should be considered when selecting treatment.

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