Military Service, Military Lands and the Status of Soldiers: Current Problems and Interpretations

2017 ◽  
pp. 111-178
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
The Status

Collective Military Resistance and Popular Power: Views from the Late Republic (90–31 BC)

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 229-255
Author(s):  
Dominic Machado
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Political Action ◽  
Roman Army ◽  
Military Recruitment ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Institutional Settings ◽  
Collective Resistance ◽  
The Status ◽  
Action Taking ◽  
Popular Power

AbstractThis article attempts to read the phenomenon of collective resistance in the Roman army of the Late Republic as political action. Taking my inspiration from post-colonial theories of popular power, I contend that we should not understand acts of collective resistance in military settings as simple events activated by a singular cause, but rather as expressions of individual and collective grievances with the status quo. Indeed, the variant practices of military recruitment in the Late Republic, and the exploitative nature of Rome’s imperial rule put oppressed groups – Italians, provincials, and former slaves – in constant contact with the state apparatus. Thus, military service offered an essential space for political action in the first century BC. These findings help us to better understand how popular power could be realized beyond traditional institutional settings in this period.

scholarly journals Military Service in the construction of manhoodErkekliğin kurgulanmasında Askerlik Hizmeti

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 4410
Author(s):  
Zeynel Karacagil
Keyword(s):  
Gender Roles ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Social Power ◽  
Civic Duty ◽  
Discourse Practices ◽  
Cultural Effects ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Impact

The existence of subjects in a society is accepted in groups formed on the basis of gender and in communities and thus gains meaning. We have heard the statement “does a manly man do such a thing?” so many times when a man displays behaviour outside the gender roles described for men in the practice of social structure. It is necessary to look at the components constituting manliness and to examine the behavioural practices with which those components are related so as to understand the status called manliness. The functionality of military service remains constantly dynamic in Turkey due to its political and socio-cultural effects. Military service is influential in social organisation both as political and social power in the formation of the mechanism for manliness. Military service, which is institutionalised in accordance with the needs of political organisation, has gained sacredness in a various discourse, practices and in collective memory. In consequence of its sacredness, it has gained new meanings and it has become a determinant in the life of men.   This study found that military service had great impacts in the formation of the mechanism for manliness. Sacredness attributed to military service especially in rural areas has strengthened the impact and caused men to see military service as the turning point of their life. Consequently, military service has gone beyond being a civic duty and become a social duty.   The author of this article agrees with the argument that military organisation is one of the dynamics forming the foundation in building men’s social gender roles. In this context, the cultural codes of manliness should be searched in “military service”.  This study uses the method of autoethnography. Additionally, the method of oral history is also employed. The data used in this study came from two sources- namely, my personal observations, experiences and conversations during my military service in Ankara in 2014; and interviews with people who had performed their military service. The data obtained will be evaluated in interpretivist paradigm. Extended English abstract is in the end of Full Text PDF (TURKISH) file.ÖzetÖznelerin toplum içindeki varlıkları, cinsiyetlere göre oluşturulmuş gruplar ve cemaatler içinde kabul edilerek, anlam kazanmaktadır. Toplumsal yapının pratiklerinde, erkeklere tanımlanmış olan cinsiyet rollerinin dışında bir davranışta bulunulduğunda “Erkek adam da bunu yapar mı?” söylemini çok defa duymuşuzdur. Erkeklik denilen toplumsal statüyü anlamak için oluşumundaki katmanlara bakmak ve bu katmaların ilişkide olduğu davranış pratiklerini incelemek gerekmektedir. Türkiye’de askerlik hizmetinin siyasal ve sosyo – kültürel etkilerden dolayı işlerliği sürekli dinamik kalmaktadır. Erkeklik mekanizmasının oluşmasında askerlik hizmeti, toplumsal örgütlenme içerisinde hem siyasal hem de toplumsal iktidar bir güç olarak etkisini göstermektedir. Siyasal bir örgütlenmenin ihtiyaçları doğrultusunda kurumsallaşan askerlik hizmeti, çeşitli söylem ve pratikler ile kolektif hafızalarda bir kutsallık kazanmaktadır. Kazandığı bu kutsiyet sonucunda yeni anlam dizgelerine bürünerek, erkeklerin hayatlarında belirteç bir konuma gelmektedir. Bu çalışma neticesinde askerlik hizmetinin, erkeklik mekanizmasının oluşmasında büyük bir etkisinin olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Geleneksel toplumlarda özellikle kırsal bölgelerde askerliğe yüklenen kutsallık bu etkiyi daha da güçlendirerek, erkeklerin askerlik hizmetini, hayatlarının bir dönüm noktası olarak görmelerine neden olmuştur. Bunun sonucunda askerlik hizmeti bir vatandaşlık görevi olmaktan uzaklaşarak, toplumsal bir görev halini almıştır.Askerlik örgütlenmesinin erkeklerin toplumsal cinsiyet rollerinin inşasında temel teşkil eden dinamiklerden birisi olduğu argümanını kabul etmekteyim. Bu bağlamda erkekliğin kültürel kodları “askerlik hizmetinde” aranacaktır. Çalışmada otoetnografi yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca sözlü tarih yönteminden de yararlanılmıştır. Araştırmada kullanılan bilgiler iki kaynaktan toplanmıştır; 2014 yılında Ankara’da Jandarma olarak askerliğimi yaptığım dönemde ki gözlemlerim, deneyimlerim ve görüşmelerim ilk kaynak bilgileri oluştururken, askerlik hizmetini yapmış kişiler ile yapılan görüşmelerden elde edilen bulgular ise ikinci kaynak bilgilerimi oluşturmaktadır. Elde edilen bu bilgiler yorumsamacı paradigma ile değerlendirilecektir. 

scholarly journals Greek mercenaries in Sais Egypt

2020 ◽  
pp. 12-19
Author(s):  
Vladimir Il'ich Shubin
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Historical Context ◽  
Social Origin ◽  
Historical Method ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
Greek Colonization ◽  
Greek World

This article is dedicated to examination of the history of emergence of Greek mercenaries during the riling time of XXVI Sais Dynasty. The author reviews the status and role of Greek mercenaries in the armed forced of Sais rulers, organization of their service and living conditions. Considering the fact that the use of Greek mercenaries in Egypt army was a part of the traditional policy of Sais rulers and carried mass character, the author refers to the problem  of social origin of the phenomenon of mercenarism in the Greek society of Archaic era. The research applies comparative-historical method that allows viewing the phenomenon of mercenarism in the historical context – based on the comparative data analysis of ancient written tradition. By the time of Sais Dynasty, control over regions that traditionally provided mercenaries to the Egypt army was lost. Under the circumstances, in order to compensate such losses, Egypt conscripted into military service the hailed from the Greek world. Mercenaries became the first Greeks settled on the Egyptian land. The conclusion is made that the Greek colonization, in absence of other ways to enter the formerly closed to the Greeks Egypt, at its initial stage manifested in such distinct form.

scholarly journals Hi-Tech-Oriented National Service: The Free Choice of Religious Women Recruits and the De-Monopolization of the Israeli Military

Religions ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 921
Author(s):  
Itamar Rickover ◽  
Ofra Ben Ishai ◽  
Ayala Keissar-Sugarman
Keyword(s):  
Narrative Analysis ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Economic Discourse ◽  
Gender Discourse ◽  
Religious Women ◽  
Civic Service ◽  
The Status ◽  
Four Discourses ◽  
Related Process ◽  
Selection Of

In recent years, Israel has witnessed two significant processes that challenge the dominant republican discourse that prioritizes military over national-civic service (known as The Israeli national-civilian service—NCS)in terms of contributing the constitution of citizenship and of the material and symbolic convertibility offered to service candidates. The first is related to the expanding range of roles offered in the NCS. The second, related process, which is our current focus, occurs among young religious women from the urban upper-middle class who respond to this expansion by seeking to serve in technological roles, given their high qualifications. Combined, these processes transform the status of the NCS and accelerate the de-monopolization of military service. To examine the contribution of religious young women to the change in the status of service in Israel, we conducted a narrative analysis of interviews with service candidates. Our analysis revealed their strategic use of four different discourses: the neo-liberal economic discourse, the liberal rights and self-realization discourse, the ethnonational discourse, and the religious gender discourse. The way the participants negotiated the four discourses to justify their selection of either military or national-civic service structured their agency as actors transforming the power equation between the two types of service.

scholarly journals “Hey, Guys, Hide behind Stones and Bushes… ”: The Life and Fate of Jewish Soldiers in Yekaterinburg, Russia: 1843–58

2021 ◽  
pp. 555-568
Author(s):  
Elizaveta A. Zabolotnykh ◽  
◽  
Elena M. Glavatskaya ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Religious Identity ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Opportunity To Learn ◽  
Traditional Religion ◽  
The Urals ◽  
Negative Experiences ◽  
Administrative Records ◽  
The Status ◽  
History Of ◽  
The City

While the Jewish studies in Russia include many publications devoted to the history of Jewish population beyond the Pale of Settlement, the historiography on the Jewish cantonists is rather limited. Most studies are based almost exclusively on the negative experiences and sad memories of the cantonists themselves. This article aims to reconstruct the environment in which the Jewish soldiers lived when serving in the Orenburg Line Battalion No. 8 housed in Yekaterinburg between 1843 and 1858. We have based our research on administrative records of the battalion stored in the State Archive of the Sverdlovsk Region. Thorough analyses of the newly discovered documents permits quite balanced view on the Jewish conscripts’ fate in the Urals. The newly discovered and analyzed documents have allowed us to reconstruct the soldiers’ everyday life: what they were doing; what they ate; what opportunities they had for maintaining Judaism and how they adapted to the new conditions. The study has revealed that Jewish soldiers were often involved in work unrelated to military service; many took their opportunity to learn new crafts of military musicians, shoemakers, tailors, and barbers. During their years of service in Yekaterinburg, many Jewish soldiers received awards, regular military ranks, some got married and fathered children. Jewish soldiers had the opportunity to preserve their ethno-religious identity: they could gather on Saturdays for collective prayer, celebrate major religious holidays, conduct life cycle rituals, and follow main religious prescriptions. Former cantonists were not barred from contacts with their relatives and other Jewish residents of the Ural-Siberian region. At the same time, they actively contacted the urban Orthodox population, which sometimes entailed conversion to Orthodoxy. This could have been prompted by such factors as unfavorable personal circumstances and desire to radically change their fate. Baptism could provide opportunity for extraordinary promotion, it enabled them to marry Orthodox girls, to obtain the status of a city dweller, to join one of the Orthodox parishes in Yekaterinburg, and to obtain legal residence in the city. According to our calculations, about 20% of the Jewish soldiers converted to Orthodoxy during their stay in Yekaterinburg. The study has allowed us to detail the situation of Jewish soldiers and to assess the Yekaterinburg period in the cantonists’ life with regard to preserving traditional religion and to integration into the urban community as well. How unique was the Yekaterinburg 15-year episode in the life of former cantonists can only be ascertained after studying similar documents from other battalions.

scholarly journals Woman in the security and defense sector: harmony of professional and personal life

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 76-84
Author(s):  
Larysa Martseniuk ◽  
Oleksiy Hruzdiev
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Military Service ◽  
Armed Conflicts ◽  
Equal Rights ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Horizontal Competition ◽  
Service Relationships ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Impact

The author has outlined the main violations of women's rights in Ukraine, including in the security and defense sector. The author emphasizes that the process of introducing gender equality in the security sector of Ukraine has certain specifics. The author has identified the impact of armed conflicts on men and women and the main problematic issues that arise in the work of women law enforcement officers and affect her "self-concept". The main problems that occur in the professional environment of law enforcement include the following: service relationships in the "vertical" and "horizontal", competition between women and men, identity crisis. The main international documents that enshrine the equal rights of women and men, and areas for strengthening the role of women in the structure of the Ministry of Internal Affairs are analyzed. The main problems that cause gender imbalance in military service include: the presence of gender and corporate stereotypes, insufficient regulation of administrative and living conditions, restrictions on women's social rights in compliance with current legislation on motherhood and childhood, the prohibitionof certain military professions for women , the lack of equal rights when entering military service at the stage of choosing education, the limited list of military positions to which women servicemen may be appointed, the difference in the status positions of servicemen-men and women during the change of service military service, different order of execution of punishments assigned to female servicemen and male servicemen. In order to achieve the principle of work-life balance, the author has recommended to consider five important aspects of life: health, relationships, career, self-improvement, leisure.

scholarly journals LEGAL STATUS OF FOREIGN VOLUNTEERS: UKRAINIAN REALITIES AND PERSPECTIVES

2021 ◽  
Vol 77 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-38
Author(s):  
Halyna Tatarenko ◽  
◽  
Hanna Stepanova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Military Service ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Social Protection ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Territorial Integrity ◽  
Political Beliefs ◽  
Joint Forces ◽  
Domestic Legislation ◽  
The Status ◽  
Simplified Procedures

The article is devoted to the study of relations on determining the legal status of foreign volunteers and stateless persons who participated in the ATO / JFO; to the study of practical mechanisms of acquiring the status of a participant in hostilities by foreign volunteers, of their acquisition of Ukrainian citizenship, clarification of possible social and legal guarantees for such persons. The study was conducted on the basis of analysis of domestic legislation, international legal acts, draft legislative acts to determine the legal status of foreigners and stateless persons who participated in the protection of territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine, as well as scientific works of domestic and foreign researchers. Currenrly in Ukraine there is a legal basis for resolving the issue of obtaining citizenship and providing social protection guarantees for foreign volunteers and their families, but there is a need to improve the legal mechanisms for implementing simplified procedures for obtaining Ukrainian citizenship. In particular, the draft law on amendments to the Law of Ukraine "On Citizenship of Ukraine" on simplified acquisition of Ukrainian citizenship by foreigners and stateless persons who participated in the protection of territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine has passed a preliminary hearing and is awaiting final adoption. If the bill is adopted, the procedure for acquiring Ukrainian citizenship will be simplified: for citizens of the Russian Federation who have been persecuted for their political beliefs; persons who have served (or are serving) military service under a contract in the Armed Forces of Ukraine; persons who directly participated in the Anti-Terrorist Operation / Joint Forces Operation.

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