Optimal Choice of Technique and Biased Technical Change: The One-Sector Case

2016 ◽  
pp. 137-157
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
The One ◽  
Choice Of Technique

Choice Of Technique And The Volume Of Saving (A Re-Examination Of The Cobb-Douglas Model)

1968 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 606-617
Author(s):  
Mohammad Anisur Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Production Function ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Social Goals ◽  
The Other ◽  
Economic Development Policy ◽  
Labour Intensity ◽  
The One ◽  
Choice Of Technique ◽  
The Relationship

The purpose of this paper is to re-examine the relationship between the degree of aggregate labour-intensity and the aggregate volume of saving in an economy where a Cobb-6ouglas production function in its traditional form can be assumed to give a good approximation to reality. The relationship in ques¬tion has an obviously important bearing on economic development policy in the area of choice of labour intensity. To the extent that and in the range where an increase in labour intensity would adversely affect the volume of savings, a con¬flict arises between two important social objectives, i.e., higher rate of capital formation on the one hand and greater employment and distributive equity on the other. If relative resource endowments in the economy are such that such a "competitive" range of labour-intensity falls within the nation's attainable range of choice, development planners will have to arrive at a compromise between these two social goals.

Technical and economical evaluation of water recycling in the carwash industry with membrane processes

2008 ◽  
Vol 57 (7) ◽  
pp. 1131-1135 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Boussu ◽  
G. Van Baelen ◽  
W. Colen ◽  
D. Eelen ◽  
S. Vanassche ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Fouling ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Water Recycling ◽  
Membrane Processes ◽  
Environmental Laws ◽  
Membrane Type ◽  
The One ◽  
The Right

In the carwash industry, water recycling is necessary to be in accordance with present and upcoming environmental laws. As this is not possible with traditional techniques, membrane processes (like ultrafiltration (UF) and nanofiltration (NF)) are technically and economically evaluated in this study. Concerning the technical part, there needs to be a compromise between a high permeate permeability on the one hand and a high permeate purity on the other hand. Depending on the use of the purified wastewater, ultrafiltration (to recycle wastewater in the main wash cycle) or nanofiltration (to recycle wastewater in the rinsing step) would be the optimal choice. Concerning the financial part, the implementation of membrane processes in the wastewater purification installation is economically feasible, especially when expensive tap water is used as pure water. These positive evaluations imply that membrane processes can be useful to recycle wastewater in the carwash industry, on condition that the right membrane type (with the least membrane fouling) and the right process format (e.g., hybrid process of UF and/or NF with a biological treatment) is selected.

scholarly journals Cross-Calibration of an α-Source Used for Luminescence Dating by Applying Different Samples and Procedures

2021 ◽  
Vol 48 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
György Sipos ◽  
Christoph Schmidt ◽  
Tamás Bartyik ◽  
Dávid Filyó ◽  
Gergő Magyar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dose Rate ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Luminescence Dating ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Dose Rates ◽  
Fine Grain ◽  
Infrared Stimulated Luminescence ◽  
Calibration Materials ◽  
The One ◽  
Cross Calibration

Abstract In terms of fine-grain luminescence dating applications, the efficiency of α-radiation in producing luminescence is an important issue when determining environmental dose rates. Efficiency is usually assessed by measuring the ratio of luminescence intensities induced by known α and β laboratory doses. Consequently, most thermoluminescence (TL)/optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) readers besides the standard 90Sr/90Y β-source can also be equipped with a 241Am α-source. A crucial point is, however, the calibration of these sources. The calibration of β-sources is routinely performed using standard quartz samples previously irradiated by a known γ-dose, though, in the case of α-sources, the procedure is less standardised, partly because there are no calibration materials with a known α-efficiency value. In this study, we aimed to cross-calibrate the built-in α-source of a RISØ TL/OSL DA-20 luminescence reader by testing and comparing five procedures, applying different samples (quartz and polymineral), different protocols multiple aliquot regeneration (MAR) and single aliquot regeneration (SAR) and different calibration sources. Throughout the tests, the performance of the fine-grain RISØ calibration quartz was also assessed. Regardless of the applied procedure, the calculated α-dose rates with one exception gave similar results. On the one hand, the applied polymineral sample due to potential fading, fairly high residuals after bleaching and relatively low infrared stimulated luminescence (IRSL) sensitivity proved to be the least optimal choice for cross-calibration. On the other hand, the tested natural fine grain quartz gave almost identical results when using different types of bleaching and different calibration α-sources. The mean dose rate determined for the source was 0.080 ± 0.004 Gy/s. The cross-calibration by using the RISØ fine grain quartz yielded somewhat higher but at the apparent uncertainty of luminescence dating still not significantly different dose rate for the source under calibration. Tests showed that the calibration quartz saturates at a relatively low α-dose, and the shape of α- and β-dose-response curves also depart from each other quite early, suggesting that cross-calibration with this material seems to be reliable only at low doses. For the first time, the a-value of the fine-grain calibration quartz was also determined using the freshly calibrated α-source, and the measurement yielded a 0.054 ± 0.003 value. We propose that after further validation of this result, the RISØ calibration quartz can ease the dose rate assessment of uncalibrated α-sources in the future.

scholarly journals Optimizing the landslide-prone slope stabilization

Vestnik MGSU ◽  
2019 ◽  
pp. 1258-1271
Author(s):  
Stanislav V. Solsky ◽  
Sofya A. Bykovskaya
Keyword(s):  
Practical Experience ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Slope Stabilization ◽  
Normative Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
Numerical Simulation Methods ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One

Introduction. Nowadays, the study of landslide processes is one of the most intensive aspects of construction and maintenance of industrial and civil buildings and installations. The landslides violate the stability of foundations and entire complexes of installations, so the assessment of the stability of the slopes is the most important task before starting the construction. Currently, there is a large number of landslide classifications, which characterize the conditions of their formation, the history of geological development, their age, and structure. Normative documentation gives three ways of slope slump control: preventive, restricting, and liquidation ones. However, this source does not give systematic validity of the engineering solutions. The study sets the following tasks: to develop an algorithm for the optimal choice of rational slope strengthening in landslide construction conditions and to test it with a specific example. Materials and methods. The study analyzed the publications on theoretical and practical experience in dealing with landslides as well as normative documents. Numerical simulation methods were used to calculate the slope stability when testing the algorithm. Results. Using the introduced classification, the study presented an algorithm that makes it possible to choose a rational way of slope strengthening under landslide construction conditions. The concept of the algorithm allows step-by-step approximating parameters of a landslide-prone slope model to the real conditions, on the one hand, and selecting the most reasonable anti-landslide measures, on the other hand. The developed algorithm was tested on the territory of a large industrial complex situated on river overflood plain fringes. By applying the value engineering comparison of several slope stabilization variants, the research has taken the most optimal one of them for realization. Conclusions. The study developed the author’s classification and algorithm for the selection of optimal design solutions to stabilize landslide-prone slopes or slants. Successful approbation of the algorithm confirmed its practical applicability. The algorithm allows choosing the most effective complex for protection against landslides.

scholarly journals Numerical Discrimination by Wild Northern Mockingbirds

The Condor ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 108 (4) ◽  
pp. 953-957 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Farnsworth ◽  
Jennifer L. Smolinski
Keyword(s):  
Food Reward ◽  
Optimal Foraging Theory ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Urban Habitat ◽  
Limited Capacity ◽  
Free Living ◽  
Mimus Polyglottos ◽  
Numerical Discrimination ◽  
The One ◽  
Northern Mockingbirds

Abstract Abstract Optimal foraging theory predicts that birds, when faced with alternative foraging options, will choose the one that provides the greatest rate of return. We tested if wild, free-living Northern Mockingbirds (Mimus polyglottos) could solve a novel foraging problem to attain food rewards with the least amount of effort. We introduced five subjects to experimental feeders in their winter territories in an urban habitat. Feeders contained different numbers of bamboo sticks at each of two ends. Birds could access a food reward (Tenebrio larvae) by removing all sticks from either end; therefore, the optimal choice was to remove sticks from the end with fewer sticks. Each subject was tested in repeated trials to determine if it preferentially chose the end with fewer sticks. All five birds successfully discriminated between one stick and six sticks as well as between two sticks and five sticks. However, all five birds failed to discriminate between three sticks and four sticks. Wild Northern Mockingbirds thus appear to have a limited capacity to solve novel foraging problems by minimizing the number of obstacles to be removed.

scholarly journals Spectral Analysis of Large Finite Element Problems by Optimization Methods

1994 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 529-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luca Bergamaschi ◽  
Giuseppe Gambolati ◽  
Giorgio Pini
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Conjugate Gradient ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optimization Methods ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Lanczos Method ◽  
Asymptotic Convergence ◽  
Cpu Time ◽  
The One ◽  
Asymptotic Convergence Rate

Recently an efficient method for the solution of the partial symmetric eigenproblem (DACG, deflated-accelerated conjugate gradient) was developed, based on the conjugate gradient (CG) minimization of successive Rayleigh quotients over deflated subspaces of decreasing size. In this article four different choices of the coefficientβkrequired at each DACG iteration for the computation of the new search directionPkare discussed. The “optimal” choice is the one that yields the same asymptotic convergence rate as the CG scheme applied to the solution of linear systems. Numerical results point out that the optimalβkleads to a very cost effective algorithm in terms of CPU time in all the sample problems presented. Various preconditioners are also analyzed. It is found that DACG using the optimalβkand (LLT)−1as a preconditioner, L being the incomplete Cholesky factor of A, proves a very promising method for the partial eigensolution. It appears to be superior to the Lanczos method in the evaluation of the 40 leftmost eigenpairs of five finite element problems, and particularly for the largest problem, with size equal to 4560, for which the speed gain turns out to fall between 2.5 and 6.0, depending on the eigenpair level.

Structural transformation of the capital stock and capital-saving technical change

2007 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 263-279
Author(s):  
A. Szalavetz
Keyword(s):  
Technical Change ◽  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Capital Intensity ◽  
Intangible Capital ◽  
Intensity Increase ◽  
The Us ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sectors

We argue that the information technology revolution has brought about the differentiation of secular capital-using and labour-saving direction of technical change. Based on the example of the US manufacturing industry, asset and sector specific differences in the bias of technical change are documented. While the clear ICT- and intangible capital-using bias of technical change is well-documented in the literature, this paper provides evidence for the non-ICT capital-saving bias of technical change in the fifth Kondratieff cycle. In the past decade the US manufacturing sector displayed a noticeable deceleration of capital accumulation and capital intensity increase, a trend that diverges from the one observed in the other two sectors of the economy: in agriculture and in services. Non-ICT capital-saving technical change provokes increasing divergence between the development strategies of technological followers (characterised by tangible investment-led growth, and increasing capital-output ratios), and of technological leaders (marked by increasing intangible capital-intensity and diminishing tangible capital-intensity).

scholarly journals Bipolar Soft Sets: Relations between Them and Ordinary Points and Their Applications

Complexity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
Tareq M. Al-shami
Keyword(s):  
Sufficient Conditions ◽  
Optimal Choice ◽  
Soft Set ◽  
Soft Sets ◽  
Positive Information ◽  
Separation Axioms ◽  
Essential Properties ◽  
Ordinary Point ◽  
The One ◽  
Two Sides

Bipolar soft set is formulated by two soft sets; one of them provides us the positive information and the other provides us the negative information. The philosophy of bipolarity is that human judgment is based on two sides, positive and negative, and we choose the one which is stronger. In this paper, we introduce novel belong and nonbelong relations between a bipolar soft set and an ordinary point. These relations are considered as one of the unique characteristics of bipolar soft sets which are somewhat expression of the degrees of membership and nonmembership of an element. We discuss essential properties and derive the sufficient conditions of some equivalence of these relations. We also define the concept of soft mappings between two classes of bipolar soft sets and study the behaviors of an ordinary point under these soft mappings with respect to all relations introduced herein. Then, we apply bipolar soft sets to build an optimal choice application. We give an algorithm of this application and show the method for implementing this algorithm by an illustrative example. In conclusion, it can be noted that the relations defined herein give another viewpoint to explore the concepts of bipolar soft topology, in particular, soft separation axioms and soft covers.

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