scholarly journals Mangrove Diversity and Distribution Based on Substrates Type in Coastal Coast of Syoribo Village East Numfor District Biak Numfor District Papua Province

2019 ◽  
pp. 40
Author(s):  
Laurensius Peri Rambu ◽  
Ferawati Runtuboi ◽  
Frida A. Loinenak
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Bruguiera Cylindrica

One of the mangrove forest area in Numfor Island is the Syoribo Coastal Coast currently the destruction of mangrove ecosystems is increasingly widespread due to the opening of land to be used as residential and development areas so that there is a reduction in the area of mangrove forests. The research was conducted in April 2018 at the Syoribo Village Coastal Coast of East Numfor District of Biak Numfor District of Papua Province. This study aims to analyze the types and distribution of mangroves, Analyze the composition of species and structure of mangrove vegetation (density, frequency, and dominance), Analyze the mangrove habitat is environmental condition affecting mangrove growth, Analyze texture of substrate which is overgrown by mangrove, Analyze the linkage between mangrove density and substrate texture found. The method used in this study is by combination between path method and line method then substrate analysis was conducted in laboratory. The results showed that in the four observation transects in 7 mangroves species were Sonneratia alba, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera cylindrica, Avicennia alba, and Xylocarpus granatum. The highest value index for tree, sapling and seedlings is the highest Bruguiera gymnorrhiza (197,82%), (160,71%), and (166,36%). Environmental conditions that affect mangrove growth are average temperature (27,6 0C – 29,4 0C), Salinity (6 ‰ – 24,3 ‰), Density (0,004 – 0,014), pH (7,12 – 7,57). The texture of the substrate overgrown by mangroves on the Syoribo, East Numfor have substrate criteria are dust silty clay loam, Silt Loam and sandy loam. Modeling the relationship between the density of tree level, spling, and seedling mangroves with substrate using multiple regression shows a close relationship between the two variables.

scholarly journals KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS MANGROVE DI DESA MENDALOK KECAMATAN SUNGAI KUNYIT KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Syahrul Muharamsyah ◽  
M Sofwan Anwari ◽  
Hafiz Ardian
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Sonneratia Caseolaris ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Bruguiera Cylindrica

Mangrove forests are unique ecosystems that have ecological, biological and socio-economic functions. The function of mangrove forests on the environment is very important especially in the coastal and oceanic regions. Mangrove forests providers of wood, leaves as raw material for medicines, and natural dye. This study aims to inventory the diversity of species of mangrove vegetation in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. The benefits of this study are to provide the data on mangrove forest vegetation as basic data for local government and related agencies in efforts to protect and preserve mangrove forests in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency. Inventory the tree in mangrove forest used a line with measured 200 meters. There are 6 lines and the distance between the lines as far as 100 meters. The lines of observation are placed by purposive sampling. The results of research found 11 types of species and consisted of 6 genera. The genera are Avicennia, Bruguiera, Ceriops, Rhizophora, Soneratia and Xylocarpus. The species found were Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Bruguiera cylindrica, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Bruguiera parviflora, Ceriops decandra, Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stylosa, Sonneratia caseolaris, Xylocarpus mollucensis. Diversity of mangrove species in Mendalok Village, Sungai Kunyit Subdistrict, Mempawah Regency was high and should be maintained for conservation and ecotourism area. Keywords : conservation, ecotourism, mangrove, Mendalok Village

scholarly journals MANGROVE FOREST EFFECT ON THE COASTLINE IN RANGSANG ISLAND RIAU PROVINCE

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-37
Author(s):  
Paulinus ◽  
Mubarak Mubarak ◽  
Efriyeldi Efriyeldi
Keyword(s):  
Image Data ◽  
Landsat Image ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Landsat 8 ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Xylocarpus Granatum ◽  
Avicennia Alba

The study was conducted in May-June 2019 on Rangsang Island. This study aims to determine the effect of mangrove forests on coastline found on the island of Rangsang in Riau Province. The sampling location was determined by purposive sampling, namely 3 station points, namely Segomeng Village, Tanjung Kedabu Village, and Sungai Gayung Kiri Village. Landsat image data analyzed at the Oceanographic Physics Laboratory of the Department of Marine Sciences, Faculty of Fisheries and Maritime Affairs, University of Riau. To find out the area of ​​mangroves using Landsad 5 TM satellite imagery and Landsat 8 OLI Tirs imagery and analyzed using Er Mapper Software, Envi 4.5 and Arcgis 10.3. Calculation of the structure of the mangrove community is carried out using the line plot plot method. The results of the analysis of the vast landsat image of mangroves in the coastal areas of Rangsang Island in 1997, 2002, 2007, 2013, 2019 were respectively 11,093 ha, 10,807 ha, 10,393 ha, 10,121 ha and 9,971 ha. Changes in the coastline indicate the occurrence of abrasion and accretion, where the highest abrasion occurs at station three with an average of -7.6 m/year and accretion occurs at station one with an average of 2.68 m / year. Mangrove density at station one is 2266.7 ind / ha and at station two that is 1466.7 ind / ha. Mangrove species found were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Avicennia alba, Sonneratia ovata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Xylocarpus granatum.

scholarly journals Diversitas Gastropoda Berdasarkan Tingkat Kerusakan Mangrove Di Pulau Towea Kabupaten Muna Sulawesi Tenggara

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
La Ode Adi Parman Rudia ◽  
Bahtiar Bahtiar ◽  
Jamili Jamili ◽  
Muhsin Muhsin ◽  
Nasaruddin Nasaruddin
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Diversity Index ◽  
Water Environment ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Dispersion Pattern ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Ecological Index ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Degradation

The purpose of this study was to find out the diversity index of molluscs (gastropods & bivalves) based on mangrove degradation level in Tobea Island of Muna Regency. The data were collected from May until July 2017, in Wangkolabu municipal area of Tobea sub-district, using observation method and direct observation in the research location to find out the index of ecology of molluscs such as index of diversity (H'), evenness (E), density (N), dominance (D), and dispersion pattern (Id) from both gastropod and bivalve classes based on mangrove degradation level. Direct identification in the field is applied to the type of mangrove vegetation and mollusc organisms that have been known by it’s scientific name. But if not, then the samples are taken and the documentation is then done further analysis at the Laboratory of Biology Unit of Ecology and Taxonomy of FMIPA UHO with reference to the guide book of Introduction of Mangrove in Indonesia and book Snail & Shell Indonesian. Then for water environment parameters in the form of water and substrate samples are further analyzed at Biology Laboratory of UHO Forensic and Biomolecular Unit using Miller triangle fraction method and APHA standard method. Statistical analysis is done using Excel Stat to determine the major components affecting the ecological index of molluscs in degraded mangrove areas. The results showed four species mangroves in Wangkolabu Village are Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and Sonneratia alba and that mangrove degradation on the coast of Tobea Island, Wangkolabu village, Tobea sub-district has varied values for good mangrove criteria (Density/RDi = 1.600 individuals/hectare), medium mangrove (Density/RDi = 1.175 individuals/hectare), and mangrove broken/rare (Density/RDi = 375 individuals/hectare). Besides that, Cerithium spp., Nerita costata, Terebralia sulcata, and Clypeomorus sp., type gastropods is able to adapt to mangrove forests that have moderate density (RDi= 1.000–1.500 individuals/hectare), with mangrove substrate types in the form of sandy loam that has soil organic content (BO = 3,18%). While the gastropod type Telescopium telescopium prefers low density mangrove forests (RDi < 1.000 individuals/hectare) with the type of substrate in the form of clay containing organic matter (BO = 2,35%).  Based on the results of the study it is expected that the need for mangrove forest management in the study area for the sustainability of aquatic biota, especially molluscs that can be developed as conservation areas by looking at the level of mangrove damage through non-fish aquaculture activities (shellfish) for the welfare of coastal communities and islands small in Southeast Sulawesi.

scholarly journals Analisis Vegetasi Dan Pemanfaatan Mangrove Oleh Masyarakat Di Solok Buntu Taman Nasional Sembilang Kabupaten Banyuasin Provinsi Sumatera Selatan

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-22
Author(s):  
Rico Febriansyah ◽  
Fitri Agustriani ◽  
Andi Agussalim
Keyword(s):  
National Park ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Excoecaria Agallocha ◽  
Nypa Fruticans ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Xylocarpus Granatum ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation ◽  
Avicennia Alba

Hutan mangrove di Solok Buntu Taman Nasional Sembilang telah mengalami kerusakan akibat aktifitas manusia seperti penebangan hutan untuk aktifitas tambak, kayu bakar, dan pengambilan kayu untuk kontruksi rumah masyarakat. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah menganalisis vegetasi dan pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat di Solok Buntu. Penelitian dilaksanakan bulan Desember 2015. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode transek kuadrat dimana ukuran plot pohon 10 x 10 meter, anakan 5 x 5 meter dan semai 2 x 2 meter. pengambilan data vegetasi mangrove dibagi menjadi dua  cara yaitu transek tegak lurus sungai dan transek sejajar sungai. Hasil yang diperoleh ditemukan 7 jenis mangrove yaitu Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum dan Nypa fruticans. Vegetasi mangrove yang terdapat disepanjang Sungai Solok Buntu Taman Nasional Sembilang yaitu Rhizophora apiculata dengan INP tertinggi sebesar 182,98% pada tingkat pohon sedangkan pada tingkat anakan Rhizophora apiculata dan Excoecaria agallocha memiliki INP tertinggi sebesar 300% dan pada tingkat semai Rhizophora apiculata memiliki nilai tertinggi sebesar 200%. Pemanfaatan mangrove oleh masyarakat di Solok Buntu banyak dimanfaatkan sebagai tempat mencari ikan, udang, kepiting. Jenis mangrove yang banyak dimanfaatkan adalah Avicennia sp karena jenis ini banyak tumbuh disekitar tempat tinggal masyarakat sehingga mudah untuk diambil.   Analysis Of Mangrove Vegetation And Utilization By Communities In Solok Buntu National Park, Banyuasin Regency, South Sumatera Province   The mangrove forests in Solok Buntu Sembilang National Park have suffered damage as a result of human activities such as deforestation for aquacultur, firewood and horsing construction. The purpose of this study was to analyze the mangrove vegetation in Solok Buntu and its utilization. The experiment was conducted in December 2015. The method used is the square of the transect method in which a plot size of 10 x 10 meter tree, 5 x 5 meter saplings and seedlings, 2 x 2 meters. Mangrove vegetation data collection is divided into two ways ie perpendicular transects and river transects parallel to the river. There are 7 mangrove species Avicennia marina, Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, Excoecaria agallocha, Xylocarpus granatum and Nypa fruticans found in the location. Mangrove vegetation found along the Sungai Solok Buntu Sembilang National Park is Rhizophora apiculata with the highest INP at  tree level  is 182.98%, while at the seedling level Rhizophora apiculata and Excoecaria agallocha has the highest INP 300% and for seedlings of Rhizophora apiculata had the highest value 200%. Utilization of mangrove communities in Solok Buntu used by the public to catch fishes, shrimps, and crabs. Species of mangrove that often used are Avicennia sp because this species are widely grown in the community area.

scholarly journals Distribusi Scylla spp. di perairan estuari Sungai Donan Segara Anakan Bagian Timur, Cilacap

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sulistiono Sulistiono ◽  
Nurul Musyariafah Yahya ◽  
Etty Riani
Keyword(s):  
Economic Value ◽  
Scylla Serrata ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Mud Crab ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystems ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Mangrove Crabs

Mangrove forests are ecosystems that make up coastal areas and river estuaries. The examples of mangrove ecosystems found in Indonesia are in Segara Anakan, Central Java. One of the aquatic biota with the economic value found in the mangrove forest ecosystem is the mud crab (Scylla spp.). The purpose of this study was to assess the distribution of mangrove crabs (Scylla spp.) to the presence of mangrove species in the mouth of the Donan River, Segara Anakan. A sampling of crabs and observations of mangrove vegetation were carried out at five stations spread from the river to the sea. The results showed that there were three types of mangrove crabs caught in the vicinity of the study, namely Scylla tranquebarica, S. olivacea, and S. serrata. The types of mangroves found include Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Avicennia rumphiana, A. alba, A. officinalis, and Nypa. Regression analysis showed that mangrove density correlated with the abundance of Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla olivacea, but contradicts the abundance of Scylla serrate. PCA analysis showed that the Crab species Scylla tranquebarica and Scylla olivacea were associated with mangroves of Avicennia alba, Avicennia rumphiana, and Rhizophora apiculata. Meanwhile, Scylla serrata crabs are associated with Avicennia officinalis.

scholarly journals Potential Regeneration of Mangrove Coastal of Payum Beach Merauke District

2019 ◽  
pp. 11-23
Author(s):  
Stenly M.B.S Wairara ◽  
Reny Sianturi
Keyword(s):  
Tree Level ◽  
Sampling Location ◽  
Mangrove Species ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Data Collection Technique ◽  
Aegialitis Annulata ◽  
Important Value Index

The purpose of this study was to analyze the regeneration potential of mangroves found on the coast of Payum, Merauke Regency, Papua Province. This research was conducted in August-October 2018. The data collection technique was purposive sampling using Transect Line Plots. The sampling location was chosen based on the representation of the presence of mangroves in three locations, namely zones A, B and C. The results of this study explained that there were three tree-level mangrove species, namely Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba. Type A. alba dominates in zone A with an important value index (INP) of 205.76%, zone B does not have a certain type that dominates, while Rhizophora apiculata dominates in zone C with INP 185.35%. The potential of the three mangrove species in zones A, B and C is good. Aegialitis annulata species are only found in sapling and seedling levels. In zones A and B are classified as new while in zone C is classified as bad. This study concluded that Avicennia alba, Rhizophora apiculata and Sonneratia alba had the potential to regenerate in all three locations (Zones A, B and C) compared to Aegialitis annulata.

scholarly journals Short Communication: Species composition and density of mangrove forest in Kedawang Village, Pasuruan, East Java, Indonesia

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
Author(s):  
WAHYU ISRONI ◽  
R ADHARYAN ISLAMY ◽  
MOHAMAD MUSA ◽  
PUTUT WIJANARKO
Keyword(s):  
Species Composition ◽  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Short Communication ◽  
Avicennia Marina ◽  
Tree Level ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation ◽  
Avicennia Alba

Abstract. Isroni W, Islamy RA, Musa M, Wijanarko P. 2019. Short Communication: Species composition and density of mangrove forest in Kedawang Village, Pasuruan, East Java. Biodiversitas 20: 1688-1692. Mangrove is one of ecosystems located in estuary and shallow coastal waters and its existence has a significant role for life. The aim of this study was to identify species composition and density of mangrove forest in Kedawang village, Nguling Sub-district, Pasuruan District, East Java, Indonesia. Survey method using belt transects was carried at three sampling points. Results of this study showed that mangrove vegetation in Kedawang includes five species from three families, namely Avicenniaceae (Avicennia alba and Avicennia marina), Rhizophoraceae (Rhizophora apiculata and Rhizophora mucronata), and Sonneratiace (Sonneratia alba). At sampling point 1, A. alba dominated with a density of 37 individuals/ha at tree level, 380 individuals/ha at pole level and 3100 individuals/ha at stake level. At sampling point 2, the tree level was dominated by A. alba with 142 individuals/ha, while R. mucronata dominated the pole and stake level with 1300 and 1467individuals/ha, respectively. At sampling point 3, the pole and stake level was dominated by A. alba with 167 and 933 individuals/ha respectively, while A. marina dominated the sapling level with 800 individuals/ha. At all stations, the density at stake level is greater than that tree level. Therefore, it is necessary to carry out conservation efforts in the form of protection combined with restoration by enrichment planting at all study locations to increase the diversity and density of mangrove vegetation.

scholarly journals Produksi Serasah Musiman pada Berbagai Spesies Mangrove di Pesisir Kabupaten Muna Barat, Sulawesi Tenggara

2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-333
Author(s):  
Rahman Rahman ◽  
Yusli Wardiatno ◽  
Fredinan Yulianda ◽  
Iman Rusmana
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Litter ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Litter Production ◽  
Bruguiera Gymnorrhiza ◽  
Rhizophora Stylosa ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Sonneratia Alba ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
Bruguiera Cylindrica ◽  
Leaf Litter Production

Mangrove litter production is important in the displacement of organic matter from mangrove vegetation to water such as in the coast of West Muna Regency. However, one factor influencing it is the frequency of rainfall. This research, therefore, aims to determine the influence of the frequency of rainfall in mangrove ecosystem by obtaining data through the fractional wet weight. The results showed that the biomass fraction with the largest amount were Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora apiculata, and Sonneratia alba with of 31.59; 31.07; and 30.96%, respectively, while the lowest was Rhizophora stylosa, Bruguiera cylindrica, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza with of 30.07; 30.10; and 31.95%, respectively. The species with the largest leaf litter production was Bruguiera cylindrica, with of 1.72 g.m-2.day-1 which occurred in April and the lowest was Rhizophora apiculata, 0.24 g.m-2.day-1 in August. The species with the largest leaf litter production was Bruguiera cylindrica, 1.96 g.m-2.day-1 which occurred in May and the lowest was Sonneratia alba, 0.29 g.m-2.day-1 in August. In addition, the species with the largest fruit litter production was Rhizophora apiculata, 1.76 g.m-2.day-1 in April and the lowest was Sonneratia alba, 0.32 g.m-2.day-1 in September. The total litter production was 18,75 g.m-2.day-1 consisted of 6,69 g.m2.day-1 leaf litter, 6,54 g.m-2.day-1 branch litter, and 5,52 g.m-2.day-1 fruit litter. The higher the frequency of the rain, the greater the litter production.   Keywords: biomass fraction, seasonal litter production, West Muna Regency

scholarly journals COLONIZATION OF MANGROVE FOREST AT ABANDONED SHRIMP-POND OF SEGARA ANAKAN-CILACAP

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tjut Sugandawaty Djohan
Keyword(s):  
Mangrove Forest ◽  
Mangrove Ecosystem ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Shrimp Ponds ◽  
Shrimp Pond ◽  
Mangrove Tree ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Acanthus Ilicifolius ◽  
Avicennia Alba ◽  
Mangrove Trees

During the 1996 to 1997, large areas of mangrove forest in the Segara Anakan were cleared and converted into intensive shrimp-ponds. After one to two years, these shrimp-ponds failed and were abandoned. These abandoned ponds created large gap areas and canopy gaps, which were colonized by mangrove shrub and liana. The Segara Anakan mangrove also experienced heavy siltation, and there were tree cuttings from the remnant of the mangrove trees. This research aimed to study the colonization of mangrove vegetation at the abandoned-shrimp pond. Vegetation data were collected using rectangular plots of 25 m x 25 m with 4 replicates. The water qualities were also studied. The results revealed that the mangrove forests were composed of two layers: canopy tree and floor-vegetation. The gap areas triggered the pioneer species of mangrove shrubs and liana, Acanthus ilicifolius and Derris heterophylla, to colonize and dominate 100% of the mangrove forest floor. The mangrove trees consisted of natural and planted tree species. The natural trees were Sonneratia alba, Avicennia alba, and saplings of Aegiceras corniculatum, which  varied between 56 – 136, 4, and 4 individuals per ha, respectively. The planted trees were Rhizophora apiculata, which amounted to 4 – 12 individuals per ha, at the island of the ponds. These trees and saplings were entangled by the liana mangrove, which disturbed their growth. The A. ilicifolius and D. heterophylla prevented the mangrove tree propagules to grow, and they colonized and characterized those abandoned shrimp-ponds, which threatened the Segara Anakan mangrove ecosystem. 

scholarly journals STRUKTUR DEMOGRAFI POPULASI Rhizophora apiculata DI KAWASAN INDUSTRI PERMINYAKAN PROVINSI RIAU

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 189
Author(s):  
Syahrial Syahrial ◽  
Dietriech G Bengen ◽  
Tri Prartono ◽  
Bintal Amin
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Sea Water ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Line Transect ◽  
Marine Biota ◽  
Mangrove Forests ◽  
Vegetation Density ◽  
Transect Line ◽  
Rhizophora Apiculata ◽  
Mangrove Vegetation

The decline in mangrove vegetation density and the area of mangrove forests in the coastal province of Riau occurred due to the logging of mangrove forests and the conversion of mangrove forests into other uses such as industrial estates. This study aims to collect a database of mangrove ecosystems which includes the ecological structure of R. apiculata in Riau Province. Collecting data of mangrove vegetation condition was done by transect line and plot. The line transect was drawn from the reference point (the outer mangrove stand) with the direction perpendicular to the coastline to the mainland and made plots according to the category. The results showed that the population of R. apiculata was found in large numbers at Station 3 (350 ind) and a small/small amount was found at Station 1 (137 ind). In addition, Stations 1, 2 and 4 have only one grouping population of R. apiculata based on the Bhattacharya method, while Station 3 has two groupings. Furthermore, the highest R. apiculata density for tree category was obtained at Station 4 (1433.33 ind/m2), saplings category at Station 3 (10488.89 ind/m2) and seedlings category at Station 4 (3666667 ind/m2). Furthermore the water temperature ranged from 28.3 – 30.7°C, salinity 27.3 – 31.3, pH 7.3 – 7.9, DO 5.2 – 6.4 and redox potential ranged from 102 – 124 mV. Based on the standard criteria and guidelines for determining mangrove damage according to the Decree of the Minister of Environment No. 201 of 2004, the population density of R. apiculata at the research location is still classified as medium and refers to the Decree of the State Minister of Environment No. 51 of 2004 concerning Sea Water Quality Standards for Marine Biota, as a whole the range of measured water quality parameters is still within tolerance limits for life mangroves.

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