MDPrePost-Net: A Spatial-Spectral-Temporal Fully Convolutional Network for Mapping of Mangrove Degradation Affected by Hurricane Irma 2017 Using Sentinel-2 Data

Mangroves are grown in intertidal zones along tropical and subtropical climate areas, which have many benefits for humans and ecosystems. The knowledge of mangrove conditions is essential to know the statuses of mangroves. Recently, satellite imagery has been widely used to generate mangrove and degradation mapping. Sentinel-2 is a volume of free satellite image data that has a temporal resolution of 5 days. When Hurricane Irma hit the southwest Florida coastal zone in 2017, it caused mangrove degradation. The relationship of satellite images between pre and post-hurricane events can provide a deeper understanding of the degraded mangrove areas that were affected by Hurricane Irma. This study proposed an MDPrePost-Net that considers images before and after hurricanes to classify non-mangrove, intact/healthy mangroves, and degraded mangroves classes affected by Hurricane Irma in southwest Florida using Sentinel-2 data. MDPrePost-Net is an end-to-end fully convolutional network (FCN) that consists of two main sub-models. The first sub-model is a pre-post deep feature extractor used to extract the spatial–spectral–temporal relationship between the pre, post, and mangrove conditions after the hurricane from the satellite images and the second sub-model is an FCN classifier as the classification part from extracted spatial–spectral–temporal deep features. Experimental results show that the accuracy and Intersection over Union (IoU) score by the proposed MDPrePost-Net for degraded mangrove are 98.25% and 96.82%, respectively. Based on the experimental results, MDPrePost-Net outperforms the state-of-the-art FCN models (e.g., U-Net, LinkNet, FPN, and FC-DenseNet) in terms of accuracy metrics. In addition, this study found that 26.64% (41,008.66 Ha) of the mangrove area was degraded due to Hurricane Irma along the southwest Florida coastal zone and the other 73.36% (112,924.70 Ha) mangrove area remained intact.

Effect of Restoration Actions on Organic Carbon Pools in the Lagoon—Delta Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta, Colombian Caribbean

Mangroves provide multiple ecosystem services and are essential for mitigating global warming owing to their capacity to store large carbon (C) stocks. Due to widespread mangrove degradation, actions have been implemented to restore them worldwide. An important representative case in Colombia is the Ciénaga Grande de Santa Marta’s restoration plan. This management intervention focused on restoring the natural hydrological functioning after massive mangrove mortality (~25,000 ha) due to soil hyper-salinization after river water input from the Magdalena River was eliminated. A partial recovery occurred during subsequent years, and hydrological management is still being implemented today. To understand how the degradation and subsequent management have affected mangrove C stocks, we compared C stocks in stands with different intervention levels reflected in their current forest structure. We found that the total C stock (398–1160 Mg C ha−1) was within the range measured in other neotropical mangroves without vegetation deterioration. The aboveground C was significantly higher in the stands where hydraulic connectivity was restored. By contrast, the belowground C was higher in the stands with low hydraulic connectivity due to channel clogging and a lack of sufficient maintenance. Our results show that hydrological management measures influenced above- and belowground C stocks, even at a 2 m depth. In addition, a strong indirect relationship useful for estimating carbon content from organic matter content was found.

A Visual Assessment Scale for Rapid Evaluation of Mangrove Degradation, Using Examples from Myanmar and Madagascar

Mangroves are globally threatened, disappearing and degraded. They are lost due to land use changes, mostly agricultural expansion and aquaculture, but also degraded by cutting by villagers and logging and timber extraction for domestic and economic purposes. Extent and conversion of mangroves can usually be estimated by applying remote sensing and modern drone technology, but the scale of degradation of mangrove habitats is not easily detected by such methods. In this paper we propose an assessment tool for a rapid evaluation on the degradation, using examples from different regions in Myanmar and Madagascar. We propose a visual and practical guide listing a range of 1–6 to identify and quantify the level of degradation. We demonstrate the application by displaying various examples from Myanmar and Madagascar and how this tool can be used for wider applications, discussing advantages scope, and limitations.

Karakteristik ekologi, kondisi kesehatan dan tingkat kerawanan degradasi mangrove saat penginisiasian KKPD Rupat Utara 2018

The study of ecological characteristics, health conditions and the level of vulnerability of mangrove degradation when initiating North Rupat as a Regional Aquatic Conservation Area (KKPD) was conducted in July 2018 with the aim of future baseline data and comparison. Data collection on the condition of mangrove vegetation is carried out by making line transects and plots drawn from the reference point (outermost mangrove stands) in a direction perpendicular to the coastline to the mainland. The results of the study showed that 12 identified species. The diversity index and dominance are relatively low (H’ ≤ 2.0 and 0 < C ≤ 0.5), while the uniformity is classified as stable (0.75 < E ≤ 1). For the density of mangroves the highest category of trees is at Station 4 (2525 ind/ha ± 638.15), while the density of saplings and seedlings at Station 1 (2800 ind/ha ± 873.48 and 50000 ind/ha ± 17638.34), where Xylocarpus granatum is the dominant species in the tree and seedling category (Importance Value Index/IVI 191.74% and 240.80%), while Avicennia alba was for the saplings category (IVI 216.01%). In the main land part of the North Rupat KKPD area, the mangroves' health condition was increasingly threatened by destruction compared to the small islands around it. However, overall the level of vulnerability of mangrove degradation in the initiating area of North Rupat KKPD is still relatively low.

The Prediction of Plankton Diversity and Abundance in Mangrove Ecosystem

The abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton have correlation with mangrove conditions in coastal area. The mangrove degradation give negative impact for abundance and diversity phytoplankton and zooplankton. The research aimed to analysis and construct prediction model of abundance and biodiversity of phytoplankton and zooplankton in mangrove ecosystem. The research used the transect method (to determine mangrove density), filtering method (to analyze abundance of phytoplankton and zoopankton) and statistical method (to develop estimation modeling of plankton abundance). The results showed that (1) the mangrove density between 250 trees/Ha - 1250 trees/Ha (2) the phytoplankton abundance were 10.675 Indv/L (in mangrove rarely) - 24.290 indv/ L (in mangrove high density), (3) the zooplankton abundance were 261 Indv/L (in mangrove rarely) - 2.204 indv/L (in mangrove high density) (4) The modelling analysis showed that (1) the phytoplankton abundance (y) = 0.0303 x2 - 22.059 x + 13004 and (2) the zooplankton abundance (y) = 0.0057x2 – 5.39 x + 1458.2, with x = mangrove densityKeywords: phytoplankton and zooplankton, mangrove density, abundance, estuary and lagoon

Geomorphic Classification and Assessment of Mangrove Degradation in the Henry’s and Patibania Island, South Western Sundarban

The coast of Henry's island, extending from Saptamukhi River in the east to Bakkhali River in the West. In the hot and humid climate of the Sundarban, a negligible input of fresh water through tidal creeks, high evaporation rate at the surface area are the probable reasons behind the evolution of Hypersaline patches of Henry's and Patibunia Island. The dense salt patches develop in the abandoned portion of the surface then sinks and move out of the tidal estuaries as subterranean flow or a bottom current to make the environment more saline. Development of Saltpan is one of the major hindrances for the growth of mangroves and hampers the ecological balance of Sundarban. Present paper attempts to highlight- I) To study and identification of Geomorphological settings of both island. ii) Analysis of Physico-chemical properties of hyper saline soil. iii) Identification of hyper-saline patches and their impact on mangrove degradation. Application of remote sensing technique and GIS analysis help to find out the relationship between mangrove degradation and salinity within the islands area in the last few decades. Development of hyper saline patches and changing environmental parameters are how much responsible for the mangrove degeneration process are major issues of this paper. The Forest Department has attempted to restore the growth of mangrove and improve fragile ecosystem but without understanding the geomorphology and environmental condition, it is not possible to implement proper managemental strategies for wetland restoration process.

DEVELOPMENT OF MANGROVE ECO-LITERACY STORYTELLING AS ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION LEARNING MEDIA FOR COASTAL CHILDREN IN BANTEN

<p><em>One of the ecological problems on the Serang Coast is the degradation of mangrove ecosystems. Coastal communities suffer various losses due to damage to mangrove ecosystems. Mangrove degradation is triggered by the people's ignorance in utilizing mangrove ecosystems in a sustainable manner. for this reason, preventive solutions through environmental education are needed to increase the understanding of coastal communities about importance of the mangrove ecosystems through eco-literacy. Eco-literacy is environmental education approach to increase the ecological awareness of the community and create an environmental balance. This study aims to create and develop mangrove eco-literacy storytelling as learning media of environmental education for coastal children at SDN Lontar 2 – Serang. The research method used Research and Development by Borg and Gall (2008). The result of this study was learning media for the mangrove eco-literacy storytelling which has been through feasibility testing and field trials. The feasibility testing resulted 83.34 % with a very good category. Field trials showed that there was a significant effect with the pretest and post-test based on the t-test 0.02 &lt; p = 0.05 which means that users of mangrove eco-literacy storytelling influences to increase of mangrove eco-literacy students. The conclusions show that eco-literacy of mangrove storytelling media is very feasible to use for the learning process and mangrove eco-literacy storytelling is proven to be able to improve the ability of eco-literacy mangroves of students in environmental theme learning at SDN Lontar 2 - Serang.</em></p>

Status and Rehabilittion Pattern of Mangrove Ecosystem in the Eastern of Segara Anakan Cilacap

The Segara Ankan Lagoon (SAL) has a potentially reduced mangrove ecosystem. In this year, the mangrove area in SAL is predicted only remaining 1788 ha. The degradation of The Segara Ankan Lagoon (SAL) has a potentially reduced mangrove ecosystem. In this year, the mangrove area in SAL is predicted only remaining 1788 ha. The degradation of mangrove ecosystem often occurres in SAL, especially in Eastern of Segara Anakan Lagoon Cilacap (E-SAL). To reduce mangrove degradation need activities to review their status and recovery activities. This research aims to analysis the activities to support the effort of mangrove rehabilitation. The results of this researchd showed that (1) The potential of mangrove ecosystem in E-SAL was seedling between 15.000 – 34.999 trees ha-1, sapling between 5.199-9.065 trees ha-1 and trees between 533 – 1366 trees ha-1, (2) The status of mangrove ecosystem in E-SAL was damaged – very damaged. (3) the model spesices selection of rehabilitation pattern to reduce mangrove degradation were Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Aegiceras corniculatum, Sonneratia alba, Avicennia marina, and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza

Studi Distribusi Partikel Sedimen Tersuspensi Di Teluk Balikpapan Dengan Menggunakan Pemodelan Dispersal

ABSTRAK Salah satu permasalahan penting sebagai akibat berbagai aktivitas di Teluk Balikpapan adalah erosi dan sedimentasi yang dapat menyebabkan degradasi lingkungan seperti peningkatan kekeruhan, pencemaran air, degradasi mangrove yang mengancam ekosistem perairan dan juga pendangkalan pada kawasan pelabuhan laut Balikpapan. Beberapa kajian erosi dan sedimentasi terdahulu di DAS Teluk Balikpapan menyatakan kandungan sedimen tersuspensi yang tinggi terdapat pada muara sungai-sungai utama yang bermuara ke Teluk Balikpapan. Pemodelan numerik hidrodinamika dan pemodelan dispersal dua dimensi untuk partikel sedimen tersuspensi dilakukan untuk memperoleh gambaran faktor-faktor hidrodinamika yang berpengaruh dan juga identifikasi pola distribusi partikel sedimen tersuspensi di Teluk Balikpapan. Simulasi sebaran partikel sedimen tersuspensi dilakukan pada beberapa skenario sumber partikel, yaitu di muara Sungai Semoi, hulu dan muara Sungai Riko, muara Sungai Wein, dan di bagian mulut Teluk Balikpapan. Simulasi dilakukan selama 15 hari untuk musim barat dan musim timur untuk mengetahui variasi sebarannya terhadap kondisi musim. Kata kunci: partikel sedimen tersuspensi, hidrodinamika, pemodelan dispersal, transpor sedimen. ABSTRACT One of the important problems as a result of various activities in Balikpapan Bay is erosion and sedimentation which can cause environmental degradation such as increased turbidity, water pollution, mangrove degradation which threatens aquatic ecosystems and also silting of the Balikpapan sea port area. Some previous erosion and sedimentation studies in the Balikpapan Bay watershed state that high concentration of suspended sediment is found in the estuaries of the main rivers that flow into Balikpapan Bay. Numerical hydrodynamic modeling and two-dimensional dispersal modeling for suspended sediment particles are carried out to obtain an overview of influential hydrodynamic factors and also to identify distribution patterns of suspended sediment particles in Balikpapan Bay. Simulations on the distribution of suspended sediment particles were carried out in a number of particle source scenarios, i.e. at the Semoi River estuary, upstream and Riko River estuary, Wein River estuary, and at the mouth of Balikpapan Bay. The simulation is carried out for 15 days for the west and east seasons to find out the seasonal variation. Keywords: suspended sediment particles, hydrodynamic, dispersal modeling, sediment transport.